What are "effervescent tablets"? Excipients Effervescent tablets benefits

Pharmacy course

Toolkit for independent work

pharmacists of interns and students of improvement cycles

BBK 35.66 UDC 615.014.21 Published by decision of the Central Coordinating and Methodological Council of the Kazan State medical university

Compiled by:

head FPDO Pharmacy Course, Professor

Egorova Svetlana Nikolaevna,

Head of the Central Laboratory of KPKhFO

Tatkhimfarmpreparaty Galiullina Tatyana Nikolaevna,

Technologist of the Central Laboratory of KPKhFO

"Tatkhimfarmpreparaty" Vorobieva Natalya Vladimirovna

Reviewers:

head of department pharmaceutical technology, Professor L.A. Potseluyeva,

Head of the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Associate Professor S.A. Sidullina

Technology and range effervescent tablets: A manual for pharmacists of interns and students of improvement cycles / S.N. Egorova, T.N. Galiullina, N.V. Vorobyeva. - Kazan: KSMU, 2003. - 10 p. The methodological manual is intended for independent work of pharmacists of interns and students of improvement cycles on the topic "New dosage forms". The general characteristics of effervescent tablets as a dosage form, their advantages over other dosage forms are presented. The composition and general technological principles for the production of effervescent tablets are considered, their main groups and manufacturers are indicated. Tests for self-control of assimilation of material are given. © Kazan State Medical University, 2003 Introduction. In the range of drugs in pharmacies, an increasing share is occupied by new dosage forms, in particular, effervescent tablets. The purpose of this manual is to familiarize pharmacists with the technology, quality control and nomenclature of effervescent tablets. The supervisor must know:

• advantages and disadvantages of effervescent tablets as a dosage form;
• features of the composition and technology of effervescent tablets;
• specific requirements for the standardization of effervescent tablets;
• range of effervescent tablets of domestic and foreign production.

Aspirin® Express

effervescent tablets 500 mg; strip 2, cardboard pack 6; No. P N016188/01, 2009-12-10 from Bayer ZAO (Russia); manufacturer: Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH (Germany)

Latin name

Active substance

ATH:

Pharmacological group

Indications

CHD, presence of several risk factors for CHD, silent myocardial ischemia, unstable angina, myocardial infarction (to reduce the risk re-infarction myocardial infarction and death after myocardial infarction), recurrent transient cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke in men, valvular heart valve replacement (prevention and treatment of thromboembolism), balloon coronary angioplasty and stent placement (reducing the risk of recurrent stenosis and treatment of secondary coronary artery dissection), and non-atherosclerotic lesions coronary arteries(Kawasaki disease), aortoarteritis (Takayasu disease), valvular mitral defects hearts and atrial fibrillation, mitral valve prolapse (prophylaxis of thromboembolism), recurrent thromboembolism pulmonary artery, Dressler's syndrome, pulmonary infarction, acute thrombophlebitis. Fever due to infection inflammatory diseases. Pain syndrome low and medium intensity various genesis, incl. thoracic radicular syndrome, lumbago, migraine, headache, neuralgia, toothache, myalgia, arthralgia, algomenorrhea. In clinical immunology and allergology, it is used in gradually increasing doses for prolonged "aspirin" desensitization and the formation of stable tolerance to NSAIDs in patients with "aspirin" asthma and the "aspirin" triad.

Rheumatism, rheumatic chorea, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious-allergic myocarditis, pericarditis - is currently used very rarely.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, incl. "aspirin" triad, "aspirin" asthma; hemorrhagic diathesis(hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, telangiectasia), dissecting aortic aneurysm, heart failure, acute and recurrent erosive and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute renal or liver failure, initial hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pregnancy (I and III trimester), breastfeeding, children and adolescents up to 15 years of age when used as an antipyretic (risk of developing Reye's syndrome in children with fever due to viral diseases).

Use during pregnancy and lactation

The use of large doses of salicylates in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of fetal developmental defects (cleft palate, heart defects). In the second trimester of pregnancy, salicylates can only be prescribed based on an assessment of risk and benefit. The appointment of salicylates in the III trimester of pregnancy is contraindicated.

Salicylates and their metabolites pass into breast milk in small amounts. Accidental intake of salicylates during lactation is not accompanied by the development adverse reactions in a child and does not require termination breastfeeding. However, with prolonged use or appointment in high doses breastfeeding should be stopped.

Side effects

From the side of cardio-vascular system and blood (blood formation, hemostasis): thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia.

On the part of the digestive tract: NSAID-gastropathy (dyspepsia, pain in the epigastric region, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, severe bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract), decreased appetite.

Allergic reactions: hypersensitivity reactions (bronchospasm, laryngeal edema and urticaria), formation based on the hapten mechanism of "aspirin" bronchial asthma and "aspirin" triad (eosinophilic rhinitis, recurrent nasal polyposis, hyperplastic sinusitis).

Others: impaired liver and / or kidney function, Reye's syndrome in children (encephalopathy and acute fatty degeneration of the liver with the rapid development of liver failure).

With prolonged use - dizziness, headache, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment, interstitial nephritis, prerenal azotemia with increased blood creatinine and hypercalcemia, papillary necrosis, acute kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome, blood diseases, aseptic meningitis, increased symptoms of congestive heart failure, edema, increased levels of aminotransferases in the blood.

Precautionary measures

Undesirable joint application with other NSAIDs and glucocorticoids. 5-7 days before surgical intervention it is necessary to cancel the reception (to reduce bleeding during the operation and in the postoperative period).

The likelihood of developing NSAID gastropathy is reduced when prescribed after meals, using tablets with buffer additives or coated with a special enteric coating. The risk of hemorrhagic complications is considered the lowest when used in daily doses.

It should be borne in mind that in predisposed patients, acetylsalicylic acid (even in small doses) reduces the excretion of uric acid from the body and can cause an acute attack of gout.

During long-term therapy, it is recommended to regularly perform a blood test and examine the feces for occult blood. In connection with the observed cases of hepatogenic encephalopathy, it is not recommended for the relief of febrile syndrome in children.

Storage conditions for Aspirin® Express

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of Aspirin® Express

Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.

2000-2015. Register of Medicinal Products of Russia
The database is intended for healthcare professionals.
Commercial use of materials is not permitted.

Possible product names

• Aspirin Express tab.d/app. effervescent drink 500mg №12
• ASPIRIN EXPRESS 500 MG TAB. THORN. #12
• ASPIRIN EXPRESS 0.5 N12 SHIP TABLE
• ASPIRIN EXPRESS TABLE SHIP. 500 MG X12
• ASPIRIN EXPRESS TAB. THORN. 500MG #12
• ASPIRIN EXPRESS 500MG TAB. Fizzy X12
• (Aspirin Express) Aspirin Express tablets 500mg №12

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• Introduction
• Nomenclature
• Excipients
• Conclusion
• Literature

Introduction

One of the most important tasks of modern pharmaceutical technology is to create dosage forms, contributing to the increase in the bioavailability of drugs. This is achieved different ways, among which the use of special excipients (gas-forming mixtures, superdisintegrants, complexing agents, solubilizers) and technological methods (obtaining solid dispersions) that increase the solubility or dispersibility of medicinal components can be distinguished. Among the group of instant dosage forms, a special place belongs to effervescent preparations, in which the effect of rapid disintegration is achieved by introducing gas-forming components. The advantages of instant dosage forms include high bioavailability, the possibility of reducing side reactions, combining components that react with each other, and correcting the unpleasant organoleptic properties of medicinal substances.

Effervescent tablets include dosage forms containing, in addition to the active substance, such a ratio of organic food acids and carbonates that allows you to completely or partially undergo an "effervescent" (with carbon dioxide release) neutralization reaction when the tablet enters water or into the oral cavity.

Characteristics of effervescent tablets

Effervescent tablets are divided into soluble and dispersible. Soluble effervescent tablets form a transparent solution in water, and dispersible tablets form a finely dispersed suspension of medicinal and excipients. Gas evolution is generally required to speed up the dispersion and dissolution of the active ingredients, as well as to give the resulting solution a pleasant "carbonated drink" organoleptic quality.

The principle of action of effervescent tablets is the rapid release of active and excipients due to the reaction between organic carboxylic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid) and baking soda(NaHCO 3) in contact with water. As a result of this reaction, unstable carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) is formed, which immediately decomposes into water and carbon dioxide (CO 2). The gas forms bubbles that act as a super baking powder. This reaction is only possible in water. Inorganic carbonates are practically insoluble in organic solvents, which makes the reaction impossible in any other medium.

Technologically, a rapid dissolution reaction occurs between a solid and a liquid dosage form. This delivery system medicinal substance - the best way avoid the disadvantages of solid dosage forms (slow dissolution and release of the active substance in the stomach) and liquid dosage forms (chemical and microbiological instability in water). Dissolved in water, effervescent tablets are characterized by rapid absorption and healing action, they do not harm digestive system and improve the taste of the active ingredients.

The ratio of the effervescent part and active substance in effervescent dosage forms may vary depending on the purpose of the drug.

Thus, vitamin and mineral preparations have a mass of 3-4 g, where the effervescent part is up to 95% of the mass, aspirin-containing preparations - up to 90%, and Mukaltin antitussive tablets weighing 0.3 g have 83% of the effervescent part.

Nomenclature

On the Russian pharmaceutical market, effervescent tablets are represented by both foreign companies and Russian manufacturers. Effervescent tablets such as Berocca, Antigrippin, ACC, Aspirin C, Efferalgan, Prospan, Alka-Seltzer and others are known.

berocca

Excipients: anhydrous citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, aspartame, beetroot red, betacarotene 1% CWS, orange flavor, sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol.

Antigrippin

Effervescent tablets, white, with a fruity odor.

Effervescent tablets, white, round, flat, with a blackberry odor.

Excipients: citric acid anhydride - 679.85 mg, sodium bicarbonate - 291 mg, mannitol - 65 mg, ascorbic acid - 12.5 mg, lactose anhydride - 75 mg, sodium citrate - 0.65 mg, saccharin - 6 mg, blackberry flavor "B" - 20 mg.

Aspirin C

Effervescent tablets, white, round, flat, beveled to the edge, with an imprint in the form of a brand name ("Bayer" cross) on one side, the other side is smooth.

Excipients: sodium citrate - 1206 mg, sodium bicarbonate - 914 mg, citric acid - 240 mg, sodium carbonate - 200 mg.

Efferalgan

Effervescent tablets, brownish, interspersed, round, scored on one side, with the taste and smell of orange.

Excipients: anhydrous citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, mannitol, simethicone, sodium saccharinate, sodium cyclamate, sodium citrate, sorbitol, triglycerides, macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate, orange flavor.

1 tablet contains 382 mg of carbohydrates (0.03 XE).

Alka-Seltzer

1 effervescent tablet contains: acetylsalicylic acid 324 mg,

anhydrous citric acid 965 mg,

sodium carbonate monosubstituted 1625 mg.

Effervescent tablets are becoming increasingly popular due to a number of advantages over other solid forms:

1. ease of use by all age groups, because before taking the tablet dissolves (or disperses) in water;

2. the speed of therapeutic action, because the active ingredient is dissolved or dispersed in water;

3. high level absorption and high bioavailability;

4. the absence of a psychological barrier to admission, because organoleptic properties are close to food products(drinks, juices);

5. reduction in the number of adverse reactions from the gastrointestinal tract

6. dosing accuracy,

7. storage convenience,

8. the possibility of combining mutually reacting components.

Application in the form of a solution (or aqueous dispersion) is especially effective when an urgent therapeutic effect is needed, for example, for antispasmodic, analgesic, cardiovascular, diagnostic, antipyretic drugs, as well as to increase the bioavailability of tablet components containing vitamins, trace elements, adaptogens, and etc.

Excipients

The important role of excipients in realizing the potential activity of active substances in dosage forms, as well as in the technological process, is determined by a number of requirements for them. They must have the necessary chemical purity, stability of physical parameters, and pharmacological indifference. Together, they must ensure the optimality of the technological process, have a residual production base, and an affordable cost. Each case of the use of specific excipients and their quantity requires a special study and scientific justification, as they must ensure sufficient stability of the drug, maximum bioavailability and its inherent spectrum of pharmacological action.

dosage form effervescent tablet

All raw materials used for the production of effervescent tablets must have good water solubility.

Baking powders.

organic acids.

The number of organic acids suitable for the production of effervescent tablets is limited. Best Choice- citric acid: a carboxylic acid containing three functional carboxylic groups, which usually require three equivalents of sodium bicarbonate. Anhydrous citric acid is commonly used in the production of effervescent tablets. However, the combination of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate is very hygroscopic and tends to absorb water and lose reactivity, so the humidity level in the work area must be strictly controlled. Alternative organic acids are tartaric, fumaric, and adipic, but they are not as popular and are used when citric acid is not applicable.

Bicarbonates

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) can be found in 90% of effervescent tablet formulations. In the case of using NaHCO 3 , the stoichiometry must be precisely determined depending on the nature of the active substance and other acids or bases in the composition. For example, if active substance is acid-forming, it is possible to exceed the norm of NaHCO 3 to improve the solubility of the tablet. However, the real problem with NaHCO 3 is its high sodium content, which is contraindicated in people with high blood pressure and kidney disease.

As baking powder wide application found highly effective disinfectants, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, crospovidone) trademarks Kolidon CL, Poliplasdon XL, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) trademarks Ac - Di-Sol, Primellose; sodium starch glycolate, represented by the brands Primelose, Explotab, Vi - vastar P 134. These super-zentegrants can be added before granulation (inside the granules) or after granulation (dusting). They are added in a small amount of 0.5-5%.

As fillers (to obtain tablets with a dosage of the active substance up to 10 mg), potato starch is most often used, introduced into the granulate, as well as sucrose, lactose, glucose, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, urea, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, etc.

When pressing complex powders and granulates special meaning have binders used to improve fluidity, increase the accuracy of dosing of powdered material, ensure the necessary properties of granules and tablets. The choice of binders and their quantity depends on physical and chemical properties pressed materials, which eliminates the use of microcrystalline or powdered cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, etc. Mainly, only two water-soluble binders can be used in production - sugars (dextrates or glucose) and polyols (sorbitol, mannitol). Since the size of an effervescent tablet is relatively large (2-4 g), the choice of excipient is crucial in tablet production. A filler with good binding characteristics is needed in order to simplify the formulation and reduce the amount of excipients. Dextrates and sorbitol are commonly used excipients. The table compares both excipients.

Comparison of dextrates and sorbitol for effervescent tablets

Sorbitol is suitable for the production of sugar-free tablets, although this polyol can cause bloating and discomfort at high levels. Adhesion to tablet press punches is a particular difficulty associated with the use of sorbitol, but good compressibility makes this excipient suitable for formulations that are difficult to manufacture. The hygroscopicity of sorbitol may limit its use in effervescent tablets due to the high susceptibility of these tablets to moisture. But despite this, sorbitol remains one of the most used polyols in the production of effervescent tablets.

Dextrates are spray crystallized dextrose containing a small amount of oligosaccharides. Dextrates are a high-purity product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Dextrates are a high-purity product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres

This material has good fluidity, compressibility and the ability to crumble. Excellent water solubility results in fast disintegration and the requirement to use less lubricant. Dextrates have good fluidity, which allows the production of engraved tablets, eliminating the problem of material sticking to punches.

To ensure the manufacture of high-quality tablets, increase the flowability of the granulate, prevent sticking of the tablet mass, facilitate the ejection of the tablet from the matrix, reduce the energy consumption of the pressing process and increase the wear resistance of the press tool, a group of antifriction auxiliary substances is widely used. They are divided into three subgroups:

sliding (starch, talc, kaolin, aerosil, skimmed milk powder, polyethylene oxide-4000);

Lubricants (stearic acid and its salts, vaseline oil, tween, polyethylene oxide-400, silicon carbons);

Anti-caking agents (talc, starch, stearic acid and its salts).

However, some widely used antifriction agents, such as talc, stearic acid and its salts, are used only in dispersible effervescent granules and tablets, since they are not soluble in water and cannot be used in the technology for the manufacture of drugs intended to obtain clear solutions. .

Preservatives used in the manufacture and storage of granules and tablets include benzoates, sorbic acid salts, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters. Antimicrobial activity benzoates and salts of sorbic acid depends on the pH value and rapidly decreases at pH over 4.0; p-hydroxybenzoates do not have this drawback. The activity of parabens is influenced by the way they are introduced into tablets: dry mixing with granulate, wet mixing of a preservative solution with granulate, spraying an aqueous solution of a preservative on a granulate, spraying alcohol solution preservative (the last two methods give the best results).

According to the classification of excipients, there are the following types corrigents: color, taste and smell. Dyes and pigments in the production of solid dosage forms, including tablets, are used to improve the presentation of the finished product, as well as markers indicating special properties. this drug: its belonging to a certain pharmacotherapeutic group (hypnotics, drugs); high level of toxicity (poisonous) and others. From domestic pharmaceutical dyes, indigo carmine (blue) is used; tropeolin 0 (yellow); acid red 2C (red); titanium dioxide (white), etc. Abroad, for coloring solid dosage forms, coloring substances belonging to the group of pigments are used.

The compositions may include substances that correct the taste and smell of a fizzy drink: cinnamon, mint, anise, laurel, eucalyptus, clove, thyme, citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit), cedar, nutmeg, sage, etc. oils. odorants also use vanillin and fruit essences.

Requirements for excipients:

1. Chemical purity.

2. Stability.

3. Pharmacological indifference.

4. Must ensure the optimality of the technological process.

5. Must have a residual production base.

6. Affordable cost.

Manufacturing technology of effervescent tablets.

The technology of effervescent tablets is determined by the specifics of their composition, as well as the physicochemical and technological properties of the components. As a rule, these are uncoated multicomponent tablets of large diameter (up to 50 mm) and large weight (up to 5,000 mg), the moisture content in them should not exceed 1%, and the disintegration time should not exceed 5 minutes. in 200 ml of water.

The main difficulty in creating effervescent dosage forms is to prevent chemical interaction organic acids and alkali metal salts included in them. Even small amounts of moisture in the tablet mass can provoke interaction between these components. During the chemical reaction, water is formed, which can significantly affect the quality of the tablets, leading to their further destruction. To obtain conditioned tablets that meet the stability requirements, tableting masses are often used by wet or dry granulation, or by direct compression.

Obtaining effervescent tablets by direct compression of the components of the tablet mass is reduced to the fact that the dry powder mixture without granulation is pressed on a tablet press. According to the opinion of a number of authors, when obtaining effervescent tablets by direct compression, high-speed tablet machines should be used with powdering punches and matrices with fine magnesium stearate powder. Direct compression technology is the most modern, most acceptable technology for the production of solid dosage forms. Effervescent tablet powder is very susceptible to moisture and the presence of even a small amount of water can cause chemical reaction. Direct pressing is a cost-effective technology that saves production time and reduces the number of production cycles. The direct pressing technology does not require special equipment and is suitable for water-sensitive materials. The main advantages of direct pressing are the simplicity and low cost of the technology. Equipment for direct pressing consists of fewer elements, requires less space, and its maintenance is less costly in financial and time terms. Reducing the number of steps in the process itself leads to more cost-effective production.

The mass fraction of the gas-forming mixture in effervescent tablets is 25-95%. In preparation for pressing, it is necessary to exclude the contact of the tablet mass with water, so as not to cause a gas formation reaction and loss of carbon dioxide. Direct compression of the powder mixture is therefore considered the first choice technology, since it does not require the use of wet granulation. However, it is known that in the solid phase, when acidic and alkaline components come into contact, they interact and lose carbon dioxide. For example, when storing a mixture of anhydrous citric acid and sodium bicarbonate for 50 hours, the loss reached 1% of the mass and was inversely proportional to the particle size of the powders. To reduce such losses before pressing, the components are dried at acceptable gentle temperatures and tableting is started immediately after dry mixing, avoiding technological downtime.

In direct compression, the powder mixing step is critical to tablet quality. In order to achieve a uniform distribution of all components in the mixture, to prevent the rejection of tablets in appearance (marbling or mosaic) and in the uniformity of dosing of the active substance, it is necessary to resort to fine grinding of powders. This negatively affects such technological properties of tablet mixtures necessary for pressing as flowability (fluidity), compressibility and slip. The modern assortment of excipients and modern designs of tablet presses sometimes make it possible to solve emerging technological and technical problems, but in other cases it is necessary to apply preliminary wet granulation of a mixture of powders. In the technology of effervescent tablets, it is necessary to ensure the stability of both the gas-forming mixture and the active substance. When is direct compression technology not applicable?

* in the case where there is a large difference between the bulk densities of the materials used, which can lead to desegregation of the tableting powder;

* active substances having a small particle size are used in a small dosage. In this case, there may be a problem associated with the uniformity of the composition, but this can be avoided by grinding part of the filler and pre-mixing it with the active substance;

* Sticky or oxygen sensitive substances require fillers with very good flow, water solubility and absorption characteristics, such as dextrates with their porous, round particles. This adjuvant used in direct compression technology is suitable for complex formulations and does not require additional binders or anti-binding agents.

Obviously, direct compression technology cannot be applied in every case, but should be the number one choice in the production of effervescent tablets, but in other cases, the wet granulation method should be used.

Three methods are commonly used:

Separate granulation. The powder mixture is divided into two parts, while the acidic and alkaline components are introduced into different parts. As a granulating liquid, aqueous solutions of macromolecular substances are used. This method is convenient for introducing moisture-containing ADV (crystal hydrates, hygroscopic substances, liquid, thick, dry plant extracts, etc.) into the PC composition. The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

Joint granulation. The powdered mixture of components is granulated using 96% as the granulating liquid ethyl alcohol or alcohol solutions of IUDs (collicut, collidones, povidone, shellac, etc.). The dried granulate is powdered and tableted.

Combined granulation. The gas-forming mixture is granulated using 96% ethyl alcohol or an alcoholic solution of IUD as the granulating liquid. The mixture of the remaining components is granulated aqueous solution Navy. The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

Thanks to the first method, fragmentation of the components is achieved, a decrease in the specific contact surface and reactivity; the use of the second and third methods also reduces the reactivity of the active and excipients of the drug. From the point of view of the simplicity of the technology and the stability of the preparations obtained, the method of joint granulation is more preferable. However, the reaction mixture of gas-forming components can affect the stability of the medicinal substance. Therefore, this method can only be recommended for dry substances of a neutral nature, stable when exposed to weak acids and alkalis. The separate granulation method is more versatile and can be used to introduce moisture-containing components (liquid, thick and dry plant extracts, crystalline hydrates, hygroscopic substances) into the composition of effervescent tablets or granules, as well as substances that are stable in an acidic or alkaline environment. In addition, separately prepared granules do not require special conditions storage (at low air humidity) until they are mixed. The negative aspects of separate granulation are: a two-stream scheme, the duration of the process, the lower stability of the granulates after mixing, the possible mosaic or marbling of the surface of the tablets.

There are 2 main problems in the technology of obtaining effervescent tablets.

1. Upon receipt of granulates of gas-forming components and their subsequent drying, the issue of the permissible residual moisture content of the granules is resolved. On the one hand, granules with low moisture content are poorly compressed, on the other hand, high moisture content of granules or tablets activates the interaction of gas-forming components during storage and, thus, contributes to the decomposition of the drug. As a rule, the value of this indicator is considered optimal in the range of 0.5-2%. However, an increase in residual moisture over 1.5-2% does not exclude the possibility of a reaction between the components during storage. Moisture that can be released from the effervescent part during storage of granules or tablets can be absorbed by a special adsorbent placed in the package, such as silica gel. In this regard, a significant part of the produced effervescent drugs is packaged in special polypropylene cases, the lids of which contain silica gel. The technology of effervescent tablets also uses substances (water repellents), which, when evenly distributed among the particles of the pressed material, are able to some extent to prevent the interaction between incompatible components in an environment with high humidity, and also partially localize the areas of the mass in which the chemical reaction has occurred. Applied to the granulate particles, for example, as a solution in non-aqueous, volatile solvents, these substances form films several molecules thick on the surface of the granulate particles, preventing the penetration of moisture and the reaction between gas-forming components. In this capacity, for example, cellulose derivatives, paraffin and others are used.

2. Effervescent granules and tablets require rapid dissolution or dispersion when water is added. Accordingly, excipients (binders, diluents, sliding agents, etc.) should not prevent rapid wetting, penetration of water deep into the tablet and effervescent reaction throughout the entire volume of the medicinal product.

Among the difficulties in obtaining effervescent dosage forms, the adhesion of their components, sticking to the metal surfaces of the mold, which leads to the production of low-quality tablets, is sometimes called. The elimination of such phenomena is achieved by the introduction of small amounts of antifriction substances that prevent sticking of materials on the surface of the punches.

Despite these difficulties in creating effervescent granules and tablets, these dosage forms are effective and easy to use, which clearly illustrates their wide and constantly growing range in the modern pharmaceutical market.

Figure 2 - The main stages in the development of technology for effervescent tablets and granules (flow diagram).

Standardization.

Quality control of tablets is usually carried out according to the following indicators: description, authenticity; determination of the mechanical strength of tablets; carbon dioxide content; residual moisture; Microbiological purity; quantitation; average weight and deviation in the average weight of tablets; dissolution time.

Description. The evaluation of the appearance of the tablets is carried out when viewed with the naked eye of 20 tablets. Provide a description of the shape and color of the tablets. The surface of the tablet should be smooth, uniform, unless otherwise justified. On the surface of the tablet, strokes, marks for division, inscriptions and other designations can be applied. Tablets with a diameter of 9 mm or more must be at risk.

Authenticity, foreign impurities. Tests are carried out in accordance with the requirements of a private pharmacopoeial monograph.

Determination of the mechanical strength of tablets. The determination of the mechanical strength of tablets is carried out on devices, some of which allow you to determine the compressive strength (split), others - for abrasion. An objective assessment of the mechanical properties of tablets can be obtained by determining their strength in both ways. This is due to the fact that a number of tablet preparations, while meeting the requirements for compression, have easily abraded edges and, for this reason, turn out to be of poor quality. It should be noted that the determination of compressive strength is not a pharmacopoeial method.

Average weight and variation in weight of individual tablets. Weigh 20 tablets to the nearest 0.001 g and divide the result by 20. The mass of individual tablets is determined by weighing 20 tablets separately to the nearest 0.001 g, the deviation in the mass of individual tablets (with the exception of tablets coated by the extension method) is allowed within the following limits:

For tablets weighing 0.1 g or less ± 10%;

weighing more than 0.1 g and less than 0.3 g ± 7.5%;

· weighing 0.3 and more ± 5%;

The weight of individual coated tablets obtained by the extension method should not differ from the average weight by more than ± 15%.

Only two tablets may have deviations from the average weight exceeding the specified limits, but not more than twice.

Coefficients of gas formation and gas saturation. The gas formation coefficient is the ratio of the mass fraction of released carbon dioxide M E to the theoretically possible M T: , characterizes the degree of reaction of the gas-forming mixture during production and storage. The gas saturation coefficient is the ratio of the mass fraction of carbon dioxide in the resulting solution M R to its mass fraction in the effervescent tablet M e: characterizes the actual saturation of the solution with carbon dioxide. To determine carbon dioxide in effervescent dosage forms, you can use the Chittick method, according to which its volume is fixed, displaced from the dosage form under the influence of a sulfuric acid solution, then the mass fraction of carbon dioxide in the dosage form is calculated using special tables.

Dissolution. A dissolution test is mandatory. It is carried out in 200-400 ml of water at a temperature of 37°C without stirring. The maximum allowable dissolution time is 3 minutes.

Residual moisture. This test is mandatory because the water content can affect the properties of the active substance, the stability of the formulation, etc. The determination is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the general pharmacopoeial articles "Loss on drying" or "Determination of water"

Microbiological purity. The purity test is carried out in accordance with the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Microbiological purity".

Quantitation. For analysis take a portion of crushed tablets (at least 20 tablets). If crushing of the tablet would result in degradation of the active ingredient or it would be difficult to obtain a uniformly divided powder, the test is carried out on the whole tablet or tablets. In this case, it is recommended to use at least 10 tablets.

For the result quantification the average value obtained in the dosing uniformity test may be taken.

Marking. The packaging of soluble, effervescent and dispersible tablets should contain a warning about the need to pre-dissolve the tablets before use.

Pack of effervescent tablets.

Due to the physical properties of auxiliary materials, the packaging of effervescent tablets must protect them as effectively as possible from the ingress of moisture from the outside and from residual moisture that may be released during storage. The most common types of packaging are strip packaging using laminated paper or composite films (buflen, polyflen, multifoil) and canisters. The volume of the strip pack should be large enough to hold the tablets without stressing the foil and as small as possible to minimize the amount of "room" air - this can act as a trap for the tablets. Considering the very low air humidity during operations with effervescent tablets, the residual moisture in them is so low that a relative air humidity of even 10% is quite high for close contact in a closed package. The canisters are made of plastic, glass or extruded aluminum with built-in caps containing desiccants (granulated silica gel, anhydrous sodium sulfate) to trap this moisture.

A modern effervescent tablet packing machine is the Romaco Siebler HM 1E/240, where the products fed to the horizontal line for packing effervescent soluble tablets can be controlled at eye level. The entire strip packaging process takes place in a horizontal plane at a comfortable working height of 90 cm. The smart separation system places the products precisely in the sealing section of the heat sealing machine.

Effervescent tablets are fed along conveyor belts specially designed for this purpose to four horizontal feed channels. In the next step, the products are placed into the nests by means of servo controlled movements. Packing speed is significantly increased due to the direct feeding of tablets into the horizontal sealing section.

Another advantage is that the effervescent tablets, which are sensitive to changes in humidity and temperature, are no longer exposed to the heat and fumes generated by the heat sealing section when packed horizontally. As a result, the amount of waste is significantly reduced. Integrating a horizontal heat sealing section into the line has the advantage that the product no longer has to be conveyed from the tablet press to the top of the machine, as is the case with the vertical feed. Accordingly, Romaco Siebler horizontal line sections are shortened, saving time, space and money.

Horizontal line for packing Romaco Siebler HM 1E/240 effervescent soluble tablets.

The robotic transfer station can quickly be adapted to new packaging formats. When effervescent tablets are sealed in coated aluminum foil, the strip packaging is perforated and cut to size. The Siebler FlexTrans FT 400 transfer station transfers the finished tablet packs to the Romaco Promatic P 91 intermittent machine to place the products in carton boxes. Loading robots transfer sealed packages from the conveyor belt to special trays at a speed of up to 400 packages per minute. The stacked packages are transferred directly to the cartoning machine. The robotic transfer station thus eliminates the need for complicated stacking sections.

Based on the principle of servo motor control, the robotic grippers can handle strip packs of various sizes and formats, from strips of ten for clinical use to single packs for the Asian market. For the first time on an effervescent tablet packaging line, fast format changes are possible thanks to in-line robotics. The robotic systems themselves are virtually maintenance-free and operate without the use of format change tools, resulting in lower operating costs. This innovative Siebler technology provides a new level of packaging line versatility and affordability, meeting the key requirements of contract packaging manufacturers.

The highly automated Romaco Siebler line makes it easy constant control production process. Defective packages are instantly detected and removed from the line individually. Mandatory separation of complete cutting cycles is a thing of the past. More than twenty servo drives guarantee the accuracy and efficiency of the process. The four-row Siebler HM 1E/240 line for packing effervescent soluble tablets provides a maximum packing speed of 1500 pcs. in a minute. This approximates the capacity of an eight-row vertical effervescent tablet heat sealer. With a length of only 14 m and a width of 2.5 m, this line is compact. In general, the horizontal packaging line provides a high level of overall efficiency equipment.

One of India's largest generics manufacturers has relied on Romaco Siebler technology. Two horizontal packaging lines for effervescent tablets are currently in operation at this pharmaceutical company.

Conclusion

Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets, usually containing acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates, which react rapidly in water to release carbon dioxide.

After dissolving in water, effervescent tablets form a solution that looks like a carbonated drink with a pleasant taste. This dosage form is characterized by fast pharmacological action and causes less harm to the stomach compared to the tablet form. In this regard, effervescent tablets are in demand by both consumers and manufacturers.

In the production of effervescent tablets, direct compression of non-granular powders is preferred, but its use is not always possible. The use of various variants of wet granulation is also technologically justified and can significantly expand the range of drugs produced in such a modern dosage form as effervescent tablets. The choice in favor of one or another technology option for effervescent tablets of a specific composition can only be made after studying the physicochemical properties of the components and is always the result of experimental research work.

Literature

1. Stoyanov E.V. Production of effervescent tablets / Stoyanov E.V., Vollmer R.V. // Industrial Review. - 2009. - No. 5. - P.60-61.

2. Belyatskaya A.V. Features of the technology for the manufacture of instant (effervescent) granules and tablets / Belyatskaya A.V. // Pharmacy. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.38-39.

3. Kachalin D.S. Effervescent granules and tablets / Kachalin D.S., N.Yu. Father // Pharmaceutical Chemistry. - 2010. - No. 3. - P.17-19.

4. Gromova L.I. / Features of the technology of effervescent tablets / Gromova L.I., Marchenko A.L. // GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical Academy - 2008. - P.60-65.

5. Gumerov R.Kh. Effervescent tablets in the assortment of drugs / Gumerov R.Kh., Galiullin T.N., Egorova S.N. // New pharmacy. - 2002. - No. 5. - P.17-19.

6. Galiullina T.N. Development of the composition and technology of soluble effervescent tablets acetylsalicylic acid/ T.N. Galiullina. // Pharmacy. - 2003. - No. 8. - P.9-11

7. Shevchenko, A.M. Features of the production of instant dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Medical business. - 2005. - No. 2-3. - P.50-51.

8. Shevchenko, A.M. Methodological aspects of the development of technology of solid instant dosage forms: Ph.D. Dis. doc. farm. Sciences / A.M. Shevchenko; PGFA. - Pyatigorsk, 2007. - 48 p.

9. Shevchenko, A.M. Development of criteria for the selection of auxiliary components and the method of granulation of effervescent dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Pharmacy. - 2004. - No. 1. - S.32-34.

10. Standardization of dosage form "Pills" Kovaleva E.L., L.I. Mitkina, N.V., Zainkova, O.A. Matveeva p.3-7

11. http://www.dissercat.com // Development of the composition and technology of effervescent tablets containing calcium carbonate with vitamins Atlasova, Irina Afanasievna 2008

12. http://www.dissercat.com // Methodological aspects of the development of technology of solid instant dosage forms Shevchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich 2009

13. Propatent website [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.propatent.ru, free

14. Reference book of medicines Vidal [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.vidal.ru free

15. Medical market of drugs [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.mr.ru free

16. State Pharmacopoeia Xl issue 2, pp. 154-160

17. Product Profile: effervescent-PAK® Süd-Chemie Performance Packaging, 2003

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in plastic tubes 10 or 20 pieces; in a pack of cardboard 1 or 2 tubes.

Characteristic

Round tablets from white to white with a yellowish tint.

pharmachologic effect

Inhibits the synthesis of PG, affects the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus. Blocks cyclooxygenase I and II, mainly in the central nervous system. In inflamed tissues, cellular peroxidases neutralize the effect of paracetamol on cyclooxygenase, which explains practically complete absence anti-inflammatory effect. Does not block the synthesis of PG in peripheral tissues, which leads to the absence of a negative effect on water-salt exchange(sodium and water retention) and gastrointestinal mucosa.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption is high, plasma protein binding is 15%. Cmax in plasma is reached in 0.5-2 hours. It passes through the BBB, passes into breast milk (less than 1% of the dose taken). Effective therapeutic plasma concentration is achieved when administered at a dose of 10-15 mg / kg.

Metabolized in the liver: 80% conjugates with glucuronic acid and sulfates to form inactive metabolites, 17% is hydroxylated to form active metabolites, which conjugate with glutathione and form inactive metabolites. With a lack of glutathione, these metabolites can block the enzyme systems of hepatocytes and cause their necrosis. T 1/2 - 2-3 hours, in elderly patients, the clearance of the drug decreases and the half-life increases. Excreted by the kidneys - 3% unchanged.

Indications for Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Pain syndrome of mild or moderate intensity (headache, neuralgia, myalgia, arthralgia, algomenorrhea, toothache), lowering of elevated body temperature in infectious and inflammatory diseases (including colds).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, renal and hepatic insufficiency, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pregnancy, breast-feeding, childhood up to 6 years old.

Side effects

Allergic reactions - skin rash, itching, urticaria, angioedema; nausea, epigastric pain; anemia, thrombocytopenia. With prolonged use in large doses - hepatotoxic effect, nephrotoxic effect ( renal colic, aseptic pyuria, interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis), hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, methemoglobinemia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis. Very rarely - lowering blood pressure, hypoglycemia, dyspnea, vasculitis.

Interaction

Stimulants of microsomal oxidation in the liver (phenytoin, ethanol, barbiturates, rifampicin, phenylbutazone, tricyclic antidepressants, estrogen-containing contraceptives) increase the production of hydroxylated active metabolites, which makes it possible to develop severe intoxications with small overdoses. Ethanol promotes development acute pancreatitis. Microsomal oxidation inhibitors (cimetidine) reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity. Reduces the effectiveness of uricosuric drugs. Enhances the effect of drugs that depress the central nervous system, ethanol. When gastric emptying is slowed down (propantheline), the onset of action of paracetamol may be delayed, and when accelerated (metoclopramide), the drug begins to act faster. Increased toxicity of chloramphenicol. Caution should be exercised with prolonged use of paracetamol and simultaneous therapy with oral drugs that inhibit blood clotting.

Dosage and administration

inside, preferably between meals, the effervescent tablet is completely dissolved in a glass of water, and the resulting solution is drunk immediately. Unless otherwise instructed by the doctor, the following dosages should be observed when using the drug:

adults: 500-1000 mg (1-2 effervescent tablets) 3-4 times a day, maximum dose- 4 g / day.

children: dosage according to the body weight of the child implies a dose of 10-15 mg / kg. A convenient dosage scheme is shown in the table.

The recommended interval between doses is 6-8 hours (at least 4 hours). The maximum duration of treatment for children is 3 days, for adults - no more than 5 days when prescribed as an anesthetic and no more than 3 days when prescribed as an antipyretic. After 5 days of treatment, a peripheral blood test is performed.

Overdose

Symptoms: pallor skin, anorexia, nausea, vomiting; hepatonecrosis (the severity of necrosis due to intoxication directly depends on the degree of overdose).

Treatment: gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal.

Precautionary measures

With caution should be prescribed for blood diseases (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis), constitutional (Gilbert's syndrome) and congenital (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome) hyperbilirubinemia, alcoholism, in old age.

special instructions

The simultaneous use of other drugs should be agreed with the doctor.

After 5 days of using the drug, it is necessary to control the picture of peripheral blood and the functional state of the liver.

To avoid toxic liver damage, paracetamol should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages, and should not be taken by people prone to chronic alcohol consumption.

There is evidence that the frequent use of paracetamol-containing drugs leads to a worsening of the symptoms of bronchial asthma.

Storage conditions of Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.

Synonyms of nosological groups

After dissolving in water, effervescent tablets form a solution that looks like a carbonated drink with a pleasant taste. This dosage form is characterized by a rapid pharmacological action and causes less harm to the stomach compared to the tablet form. In this regard, effervescent tablets are in demand by both consumers and manufacturers.

The principle of action of effervescent tablets is the rapid release of active and auxiliary substances due to the reaction between organic carboxylic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid) and baking soda (NaHCO3) in contact with water. As a result of this reaction, unstable carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed, which immediately decomposes into water and carbon dioxide (CO2). The gas forms bubbles that act as a super baking powder. This reaction is only possible in water. Inorganic carbonates are practically insoluble in organic solvents, which makes the reaction impossible in any other medium.

Technologically, a rapid dissolution reaction occurs between a solid and a liquid dosage form. Such a drug delivery system is the best way to avoid the disadvantages of solid dosage forms (slow dissolution and release of the active substance in the stomach) and liquid dosage forms (chemical and microbiological instability in water). Dissolved in water, effervescent tablets are characterized by rapid absorption and healing action, they do not harm the digestive system and improve the taste of active ingredients.

Which excipients are most suitable for the production of effervescent tablets? Is it possible to avoid long and costly laboratory research to develop a suitable dosage form? Which production technology can be used: direct compression or wet granulation? These are the questions we would like to answer in this article by demonstrating effective ways production of effervescent tablets.

Excipients

All raw materials used for the production of effervescent tablets must have good water solubility, which excludes the use of microcrystalline or powdered cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, etc. Mainly, only two water-soluble binders can be used in production - sugars (dextrates or glucose) and polyols (sorbitol, mannitol). Since the size of an effervescent tablet is relatively large (2–4 g), the choice of excipient is crucial in tablet production. A filler with good binding characteristics is needed in order to simplify the formulation and reduce the amount of excipients. Dextrates and sorbitol are commonly used excipients. Table 1 compares both excipients.

Sorbitol is suitable for the production of sugar-free tablets, although this polyol can cause bloating and discomfort at high levels. Adhesion to tablet press punches is a particular difficulty associated with the use of sorbitol, but good compressibility makes this excipient suitable for formulations that are difficult to manufacture. The hygroscopicity of sorbitol may limit its use in effervescent tablets due to the high susceptibility of these tablets to moisture. But despite this, sorbitol remains one of the most used polyols in the production of effervescent tablets.

Dextrate is spray-crystallized dextrose containing a small amount of oligosaccharides. Dextrates are a high-purity product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres (Fig. 1).

This material has good fluidity, compressibility and the ability to crumble. Excellent water solubility results in fast disintegration and the requirement to use less lubricant. Dextrates have good fluidity, which allows the production of engraved tablets, eliminating the problem of material sticking to punches.

organic acids

The number of organic acids suitable for the production of effervescent tablets is limited. The best choice is citric acid: a carboxylic acid containing three functional carboxylic groups, which usually requires three equivalents of sodium bicarbonate. Anhydrous citric acid is commonly used in the production of effervescent tablets. However, the combination of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate is very hygroscopic and tends to absorb water and lose reactivity, so the humidity level in the work area must be strictly controlled. Alternative organic acids are tartaric, fumaric, and adipic, but they are not as popular and are used when citric acid is not applicable.

Bicarbonates

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) can be found in 90% of effervescent tablet formulations. In case NaHCO3 is used, the stoichiometry must be precisely determined depending on the nature of the active substance and other acids or bases in the formulation. For example, if the active substance is acid-forming, then the NaHCO3 rate can be exceeded to improve the solubility of the tablet. However, NaHCO3's current problem is its high sodium content, which is contraindicated in people with high blood pressure and kidney disease.

Direct compression or wet granulation technology

Direct compression technology is the most modern, most acceptable technology for the production of solid dosage forms. If this technology is not applicable, wet granulation technology can be used. As mentioned above, effervescent tablet powder is very susceptible to moisture, and the presence of even a small amount of water can cause a chemical reaction. Direct pressing is a cost-effective technology that saves production time and reduces the number of production cycles. From our point of view, this technology should be preferred. The direct pressing technology does not require special equipment and is suitable for water-sensitive materials.

When is direct compression technology not applicable?

• in the case where there is a large difference between the bulk densities of the materials used, which can lead to desegregation of the tableting powder;
• active substances having a fine particle size are used in a small dosage. In this case, there may be a problem related to the uniformity of the composition, but this can be avoided by crushing part of the filler and pre-mixing it with the active substance;
• sticky or oxygen sensitive substances require a filler with very good flow, water solubility and absorption characteristics, such as dextrates with their porous, round particles (see fig. 1). This adjuvant used in direct compression technology is suitable for complex formulations and does not require additional binders or anti-binding agents.

Obviously, direct compression technology cannot be applied in every case, but should be the number one choice in the production of effervescent tablets.

Lubricants

Traditional internal lubrication of an effervescent tablet is problematic due to the lipophilicity of the lubricant. Insoluble particles appear on the surface of the water after disintegration in the form of a foamy thin layer. How to prevent such a phenomenon? One way to prevent this problem is to use water-soluble lubricants - adding the amino acid L-leucine directly to the powder. Another way is to replace the lipophilic magnesium stearate with the more hydrophilic sodium stearyl fumarate (PRUV®) as an internal lubricant.

Conclusion

The right choice of excipient and technology for the production of effervescent tablets will save time, reduce production costs and allow the use of various sweeteners and taste masking agents in production. We present to your attention some recipes for the production of effervescent tablets by direct compression.