Prevention of infectious diseases in animals. Methodological manual for the course “Organization and Economics of Veterinary Affairs” for independent work of full-time and part-time students Measures for the prevention of infectious diseases of animals

Pet owners need to learn to recognize the main signs of disease. By these signs you can distinguish a sick animal from a healthy one.

Thus, sick animals can long time take a standing position (tetanus, brain diseases, etc.) or lie down more, which is especially typical for pigs with many diseases accompanied by fever. In this case, the pigs burrow into the bedding. Fur-bearing animals, dogs, cats lie huddled in a corner.

Sick animals take unnatural poses, for example, take the pose of an unnaturally sitting dog or stand against a wall or a feeder, take a urination pose, throw their heads back, etc. With some diseases, forced involuntary movements are possible.

Animals can wander aimlessly, stumble, climb walls, feeders, stop in a daze, and suddenly change direction. With some diseases, the animal uncontrollably strives to move forward or tries to move backward, which leads to a fall.

With unilateral brain damage, animals move in a circle in one direction and cannot change their movement in the opposite side. This movement can continue for hours until the animal falls. It is possible to rotate around one leg clockwise or counterclockwise.

The disease of an animal can be judged by the mucous membranes of the oral or nasal cavities, conjunctiva of the eyes, and genitals. The visible mucous membranes of healthy animals are usually pale pink, sometimes with a faint yellowish tint.

If the animal is sick, the mucous membranes become pale, yellow, blue or red. The mucous membranes become swollen, various erosions, overlays, cracks, frames, blisters, ulcers, etc. appear.

Swelling may appear in various areas of the skin. Some diseases, such as Aujeszky's disease, may cause severe itching of the skin. The disease is indicated by the appearance of a rash on the skin in the form of various spots, nodules, erosions, bumps, blisters, crusts, blisters or ulcers.

When examining an animal, you should pay attention to the condition of the subcutaneous lymph nodes. In sick animals, the lymph nodes may be enlarged, painful, inactive, and dense.

Almost all infectious diseases in animals increase their body temperature. Body temperature is determined with a veterinary or medical thermometer in the animal's rectum. In birds, temperature is determined in the cloaca. In females, temperature can be measured in the vagina. As a rule, such actions should be performed by a veterinarian who knows how to properly restrain animals, since when measuring temperature they can behave restlessly and injure a person.

Healthy animals have the following temperature indicators:

Cattle up to 2 months - 38.5–40.2

cattle up to 6 months - 38.5–40.5

cattle older than one year - 37.5–39.5

Sheep under one year old - 38.5–41.0 sheep over one year old - 38.5–40.5

Horse under five years old - 37.5–38.5 horse over five years old 37.5–38.0

Pig up to one year old - 39.0–40.5 over one year old - 38.0–40.0

Dog - 37.5–39.0

Cat - 38.0–39.5

Rabbit - 38.5–39.5

Chicken - 40.5–42.0

Duck - 40.0–41.5

Goose - 40.0–41.0

Turkey - 40.0–41.5

Dove - 41.0–44.0

If an animal is sick, its pulse and breathing rates change, so it is necessary to learn how to determine the animal’s pulse.

In cattle, the pulse is examined in the transverse facial artery, and sometimes in the middle caudal artery.

In small cattle, the pulse is examined in the femoral or brachial arteries.

In horses - on the external maxillary artery in the vascular notch of the lower jaw.

In pigs - on the femoral artery.

In carnivores, the femoral artery is examined on the inner surface of the thigh or brachial artery on the inner surface humerus above the elbow joint.

Count your heart rate for a minute or 30 seconds.

Pulse rate (bpm) in healthy animals

Cattle

in a newborn - 120–160

in adult animals - 50–80

In horses

in a newborn - 80–120

in an adult animal - 24–42

In small cattle

in a newborn - 145–240

in adult animals - 70–80

In a newborn pig - 205–250; in an adult animal - 60–90

In a newborn dog - 180–200; in an adult animal - 70–120

In a newborn cat - 230–260 In an adult cat 110–130

In a newborn rabbit - 180–300; in an adult animal - 120–200

In an adult bird - 120–130

The animal's respiratory rate is determined by counting respiratory movements over one minute. Respiration rate per minute in healthy animals Cattle - 12–25

Sheep and goat - 16–30

Pig - 15–20

Horse - 8–16

Dog - 14–24

Cat - 20–30

Rabbit - 50–60

Chicken - 12–30

Goose - 9–20

Duck - 16–30

Dove - 16–40

The frequency of defecation and the characteristics of feces indicate the state of the animal's digestive system. In healthy cattle, defecation occurs every 1.5–2 hours, in horses - every 2–5 hours.

When bleeding in the hind intestine, uncoagulated blood gives feces cherry red color. If there is bleeding in the anterior intestine, the stool may turn dark brown. If there is bleeding in the stomach or duodenum, the feces will be black and tar-colored. With intestinal diseases, especially with diarrhea, stool is usually foul-smelling.

In cattle, the normal frequency of urination is 10–12 times a day, in small cattle 3–5 times, in pigs 5–8 times, in horses 5–7 times. In healthy ruminants, urine may be light yellow to light brown in color; in horses, the urine is pale yellow to brownish-yellow; in pigs, the urine is light yellow. Freshly excreted urine is clear, except in horses.

In painful conditions, cloudiness, pus or blood may appear in the urine. The smell of urine changes, the smell of ammonia, acetone, putrid odor, etc. may appear.

Serious illness is indicated by drooling. For example, with rabies, botulism, and stomatitis, quite a lot of saliva is released from the oral cavity. Saliva can be thick, sticky, foamy, viscous, transparent, cloudy, red, or grayish.

With many diseases, several animals become ill at the same time. Thus, with foot and mouth disease, up to 95% of animals become ill.

Action of various medicines and physical means can be directed to one or another link pathological process: the cause of the disease, the main pathogenetic mechanisms or symptoms of the disease. Depending on this, etiotropic (causal), pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is distinguished. The first two types are considered the main ones; symptomatic therapy is used in cases where it is necessary to eliminate symptoms that threaten the animal’s life. Occupies an intermediate place between etiotropic (causal) therapy and pathogenetic replacement therapy, since in some cases its action is aimed at eliminating the cause, in others - at various pathogenetic links of the disease.

Etiotropic therapy

Etiotropic (causal) therapy is aimed at eliminating the cause of disease. It is used if etiological factor continues to adversely affect the animal’s body. In some cases, this may be: violations of the conditions of keeping, feeding, exploitation of animals, acting as the main cause of the disease or factors that reduce the body’s resistance, in others - causative agents of various diseases, in others - toxins, foreign bodies, etc.

Etiotropic therapy includes the use of the following agents:

antimicrobials;

specific hyperimmune serums;

immunoglobulins;

anaroxins;

bacteriophages;

probiotics;

antidotes for poisoning;

surgical operations by removal foreign bodies from the mesh, pharynx, esophagus.

Pathogenetic therapy

Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at:

mechanisms of development of the pathological process;

restoration of functions of organs and tissues;

normalization of the composition of the internal environment by influencing the nervous and endocrine systems;

stimulation of adaptive and regenerative processes, nonspecific resistance.

Based on knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. Pathogenetic treatment includes:

therapy regulating neurotrophic functions;

nonspecific stimulating therapy (protein-, organ- and tissue);

reflexology;

immunostimulating therapy,

physiotherapy;

diet therapy.

Replacement therapy

Replacement therapy is a treatment based on the introduction into the body of substances whose production has decreased or stopped altogether. Replacement therapy includes:

vitamin therapy;

mineral therapy;

enzyme therapy;

hormone therapy;

blood transfusion.

Replacement therapy is closely related to both etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy. This connection can be seen especially well in the example of vitamin therapy. Hypovitaminosis can develop due to insufficient intake of provitamins or vitamins from feed. In such cases, the use of vitamin preparations to treat sick animals is an element of etiotropic therapy. At the same time, many diseases in the body disrupt the absorption, synthesis and storage of vitamins. For example, with liver and kidney diseases, the synthesis of biologically active metabolites of cholecalciferol decreases; with gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and hepatosis, the synthesis, absorption, transportation and deposition of vitamin A decreases. In such cases, the use of vitamin preparations is considered as an element of pathogenetic therapy.

Symptomatic therapy

Symptomatic therapy is the use of means aimed at eliminating or weakening the most life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Examples symptomatic therapy can be:

elimination of pain in case of significant injuries or diseases occurring with colic syndromes;

the use of astringents for diarrhea if dehydration threatens the life of the animal;

antitussives if the cough causes oxygen deprivation;

administration of lobeline for severe oligopnea.

Symptomatic therapy is carried out in combination with etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy, since the elimination of symptoms of the disease is not an indicator of recovery. Sometimes it is part of pathogenetic therapy, since the body is an integral system and the effect on the symptom of the disease can be directed at any link in the pathogenesis.

The main treatment methods are:

diet therapy;

pharmacotherapy;

physiotherapy:

electrotherapy;

inhalation therapy;

hydrotherapy;

thermotherapy;

mechanotherapy.

Diet therapy

Diet therapy is specially organized feeding of sick animals for therapeutic purposes. Its main tasks are:

elimination of the pathological process through balanced feeding;

regulation and stimulation of the functions of various organs and metabolism (pathogenetic therapy);

replenishment of the deficiency of macroelements and microelements, vitamins, essential amino acids necessary for the body (etiotropic and replacement therapy).

When prescribing diet therapy, you should adhere to the following rules:

take into account the functional state of the stomach, intestines, liver, excretory organs and, in case of their dysfunction, limit the intake of those feeds, the digestion or excretion of which is difficult and is accompanied by intoxication;

provide dietary feeding that meets the species and age characteristics animals;

determine the diet therapy regimen taking into account the individual characteristics of the animals and the nature of the disease;

provide variety and change of feed in the diet;

combine diet therapy with eliminating the causes of the disease, means of pathogenetic therapy, improving the maintenance and care of sick animals.

Diet therapy includes:

selection of necessary feed;

preparation of dietary feed (yeasting, sprouting, grinding, steaming, etc.);

development of rational norms and feeding regimen.

Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy is a set of treatment methods based on the use medicines for certain diseases. As a method, pharmacotherapy is used in etiotropic, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy. Most often, complex pharmacotherapy is used.

With the help of medicines, you can purposefully influence the functions of individual organs and systems and restore metabolism. For example, individual medicinal substances affect the central nervous system (hypnotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, antipsychotics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, blocking autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular transmission of impulses);

stimulate the central (caffeine, strychnine, corazole) and autonomic nervous system(N- and M-cholinomimetics, N- and M-anticholinergics, adrenomimetic agents);

stimulate the heart (cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic drugs);

enhance the excretory functions of the kidneys, motor and secretory functions of the digestive organs;

regulate metabolism (hormones, vitamins, enzymes, minerals and other substances);

have an antibacterial effect, etc.

Currently, up to 35% of all medicines used are derived from plants. They are fundamental for the treatment of diseases of cardio-vascular system, are used as expectorants, enhance appetite and intestinal motility, choleretic, diuretic, etc. In practical veterinary medicine, they are returning to such ancient methods as herbal medicine and apitherapy.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is a treatment method based on the use of natural forces: sun, air, water, light, heat, cold, electrical energy, magnetic field, ultrasound, X-ray and radioactive radiation, etc., that is, natural or artificial environmental factors . During physiotherapeutic procedures, energy (light, electrical, mechanical, thermal) is introduced into the body, which irritates the receptors and causes a response from the body: the permeability of cell membranes changes, activation chemical reaction, active hyperemia develops, metabolism increases, and immunoglobulin synthesis increases.

Physical factors soothe, eliminate pain, tone, increase resistance and formation in tissues biologically active substances(histamine, acetylcholine, vitamin D, etc.), some have a bactericidal effect. Physical factors have a local, reflex and reflex-segmental effect on the body. The local effect is manifested by hyperemia, swelling of the skin, pain, etc.

The reflex effect begins with irritation of the exteroceptors of the skin, which enters the cerebral cortex or subcortical centers of the visual thalamus and is then transmitted to the working organs using sensory-visceral reflexes through vegetative nerve plexuses, where impulses enter the body.

In addition to physical therapy, the method of physical prevention is often used by exposing animals to active exercise, radiant energy, and creating an artificial environment.

There are the following main methods of physiotherapy:

phototherapy, or phototherapy (natural and artificial irradiation;

electrotherapy;

thermotherapy (compresses, heating pads, paraffin therapy, ozokerite therapy, mud therapy, psammotherapy, clay therapy);

creation of an artificial air environment (aero- and hydroaeroions, aerosols, electric aerosols);

hydrotherapy (showering, bathing, dousing, washing, baths, rinsing);

mechanotherapy (massage, vibration, ultrasound).

The cause of infectious diseases in farm animals is the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. These microorganisms can be bacteria, spirochetes, microplasmas, rickettsia, chlamydia, viruses, microscopic fungi, etc.

Most pathogenic microbes multiply and accumulate only in a sick animal or human body, causing tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, smallpox, etc. However, there are also those that can multiply in the environment - pathogens of botulism, stachyobytriotoxicosis, etc.

An object that serves as a place of natural residence and reproduction of pathogens, in which the process of accumulation of an infectious principle takes place and from which the pathogen can infect healthy animals in one way or another is a source of the infectious agent. As a rule, such an object is a sick animal or person. The source can also be healthy carriers of pathogenic microbes.

Microbes are released from the source at different periods of the infectious process. For example, with rabies, the virus is released in the animal’s saliva 10 days before the appearance of clinical signs of the disease, that is, during the incubation period. With foot and mouth disease, the virus is released in 3–7 days, with swine fever - in 3–4 days, etc.

The greatest intensity of microbial release is observed during the clinical manifestation of the disease. Animals that have recovered from the disease are also dangerous to others, since many of them remain carriers of the pathogen for the rest of their lives. The pathogen is excreted in milk, saliva, urine, feces and other secretions. The corpses of fallen and forcedly killed animals, as well as the raw materials obtained from them - skins, hair, bones, hooves, horns - also contain and transmit infectious agents to the external environment.

The pathogen can be transmitted from a sick to a healthy animal through food, water, animal care items, soil, manure, air and other ways. There are the following routes of transmission of the infectious agent:

contact path;

air route;

stern path;

waterway;

transmission path;

vertical path.

The contact route of transmission of the infectious agent occurs through contact (contact) of a sick animal with a healthy one. Thus, transmission of the rabies pathogen occurs through a bite. Transmission of the causative agent of brucellosis and stonelobacteriosis occurs during mating, transmission of the causative agent of smallpox, foot-and-mouth disease, ringworm- by contact, etc. Indirect contact of pathogen transmission through harness, care items, clothing and shoes of service personnel, etc. is also possible.

Airborne transmission of the pathogen occurs through the air in the form of an aerosol of liquid or solid particles containing pathogenic microorganisms. In this way, microorganisms of influenza, tuberculosis, paterellosis, etc. are transmitted. When sneezing, coughing, snorting, a sick animal releases the pathogen with tiny droplets of sputum and mucus. With air currents, the pathogen moves over considerable distances. The pathogen can be found in large quantities in dust.

Many diseases (nutritional) are characterized by feed and water transmission of the pathogen. In this case, pathogenic microbes enter the water and feed with the secretions of sick animals, with particles of infected soil and manure. Nutritional infections often occur after feeding non-neutralized kitchen waste, meat and bone meal, non-neutralized skim milk and milk.

Live carriers (lice, ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, horse flies, etc.) carry out the transmission route of transmission of the pathogen.

Transmission of the pathogen of one disease is possible in several ways. For example, with anthrax, the main route of infection is nutritional (usually through feed, less often through water). Transmissible, aerogenic and contact routes of infection are also possible.

With vertical transmission, the pathogen is transmitted from parents to their offspring through the egg, milk, placenta or colostrum.

Thus, the occurrence of an infectious disease is possible if there is a source of the pathogen, a mechanism of transmission and a susceptible animal. Only with the presence of these links is an epizootic process possible. All preventive and health measures must be carried out taking into account these components of a single chain of the epizootic process.

One of the most important measures for the prevention of infectious diseases is to prevent the introduction of the pathogen. To do this, when purchasing animals to replenish the herd or breeding purposes, you must make sure that they were bred in a prosperous farm and examined for such chronic diseases, such as leukemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, etc. This must be recorded in the veterinary certificate.

The purchased animal must be kept in isolation for 30 days. During the period of preventive quarantine, veterinary specialists conduct clinical and other studies for the presence of latent (hidden) infections, and also, if necessary, carry out preventive vaccinations.

If it is necessary to purchase feed, it can only be purchased from farms that are free from infectious diseases. Particular care must be taken when purchasing animal feed and food industry waste from meat processing plants, dairies, creameries, canteens, etc., since meat and bone meal, skim milk, whey, rejected offal, etc. may contain pathogens of dangerous diseases.

The carriers of pathogens are often stray and wild animals - foxes, rats, mice, stray dogs and cats. Therefore, protection against access of these vectors to the territory of farms and livestock complexes is essential in prevention.

Rodents, carriers and vectors of many pathogens, can be found in feed warehouses and animal housing facilities. Systematic and constant control of rodents is one of the important preventive measures acceptance.

Strangers can also introduce pathogens to the farm, so access of strangers to the territory of the farm or farm should be limited. Personnel caring for animals must be provided with shoes and overalls. All farm workers must undergo medical examination and strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene.

Of great importance in the prevention of diseases is the presence on the farm of an isolation ward, a maternity ward, a dispensary, a slaughter area, a manure storage facility, a biothermal pit, a warehouse for storing feed and a warehouse for storing livestock products.

The system of measures aimed at preventing diseases in a prosperous farm involves increasing the general immunoreactivity and natural resistance of animals with simultaneous sanitization of the environment, as well as carrying out specific immunoprophylaxis.

Increasing the immunoreactivity and natural resistance of animals is achieved in the following ways:

feeding that is complete in nutrients and balanced in microelements, macroelements and vitamins;

providing animals with quality water;

compliance with zoohygienic requirements for the care and maintenance of animals;

fight against rodents and insects;

timely removal and disinfection of manure and biological waste;

disinfection.

Used for disinfection the following substances:

bleach;

chloramine B;

slaked lime;

alkalis (caustic soda, caustic soda);

phenol (carbolic acid);

formaldehyde, etc.

Bleaching powder

Bleach is a gray-white, hygroscopic powder with a pungent odor of chlorine. Has antimicrobial and deodorizing effects. For disinfection, a solution containing 2–5% chlorine is used.

Method for preparing a 2% solution of active chlorine:

To prepare a 2% solution, you need to take 8 kg of lime and dissolve it in 98 liters of water.

Method for preparing a 5% solution of active chlorine:

To prepare a 5% solution, you need to take 20 kg of lime and dissolve it in 95 liters of water.

To increase antimicrobial activity solution, add 10% sodium chlorine solution (table salt) to it. Solutions are prepared in a wooden barrel.

When disinfecting, the solution strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Therefore, when disinfecting animals, it is necessary to remove them from the premises. Due to the high aggressiveness of the drug, cotton fabrics and metal products cannot be disinfected. Bleach and other chemicals containing chlorine are used for disinfection in the following infectious diseases:

erysipelas and swine fever;

tuberculosis;

brucellosis;

comibacteriosis;

salmonellosis;

pasteurllosis;

Aujeszky's disease;

listeriosis;

rabbit diseases;

washing horses, etc.

Bleach should be stored in a hermetically sealed wooden container. It is prohibited to store it in bulk due to possible spontaneous combustion and explosion. Explosive and flammable substances cannot be stored in the same warehouse with bleach.

Chloramine B

Chloramine B is a white, slightly yellowish crystalline powder with a faint odor of chlorine. It dissolves well in water. Used to disinfect any objects in the form of 1–10% solutions.

Slaked lime

For disinfection and whitewashing of walls, ceilings, feeders, troughs, manure chutes, cages, fences, machines, etc., use a 20% slurry of slaked lime by whitewashing three times with an interval of 2 hours. Consumption of the drug: 1 liter per 1 sq. m.

Alkalis (caustic soda, caustic soda)

Unpurified caustic soda - caustic soda - is used for disinfection. In 3–4% concentration the drug is used for viral infections for foot and mouth disease, swine fever, parainfluenza-3, influenza, etc.

The solution is used hot (80 degrees Celsius) and left for three hours. A 10% hot solution with the addition of a small amount of 10% sodium chloride solution is used for disinfection against anthrax.

A mixture of 3% sodium hydroxide solution and 3% formaldehyde solution in a 1:1 ratio is used for tuberculosis and fungal infections.

When working with caustic soda, you must strictly follow safety precautions and be very careful. If it comes into contact with the skin, the drug causes a deep burn. If the drug gets inside, poisoning occurs, which is accompanied by vomiting, bloody diarrhea, severe pain, difficulty urinating. To prevent eye damage, it is necessary to wear safety glasses when working.

The antipode is weak organic acids, for example a 1–2% solution of boric acid.

Phenol (carbolic acid)

Phenol is colorless, hygroscopic crystals with a specific odor. The crystals are soluble in water, alcohol and oil. When exposed to air and light, the crystals turn pink.

A 3–5% phenol solution is used to disinfect livestock buildings, wastewater, and animal care items. Use phenol and its preparations (cresol, creosote, creolin, etc.) in rooms where they are kept milk cows and animals before slaughter, it is impossible, since milk and meat retain an unpleasant odor for a long time.

Formaldehyde

A 2–4% solution is used for disinfection for the following infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, swine fever, erysipelas, Aujeszky's disease, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, chicken culorosis, sheep pox, as well as tuberculosis, dermintoses, etc.

The room temperature during disinfection should be 25–30 degrees Celsius, humidity 95–100%. The solution consumption is 100–200 ml per 1 cubic meter. with exposure 10–24 hours. To fill disinfection barriers, use a mixture of 3% formaldehyde solution and 3% sodium hydroxide solution.

In addition to formalin, other formaldehyde preparations are used for disinfection: paraform, lysoform, thiazone, metaphor, phospar, etc. For bacterial, spore, fungal, and viral infections, glutaraldehyde is used, which is a light yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. For preventive disinfection, it is used in the form of a 0.3% solution at the rate of 1 liter per 1 square meter.

0.5% solution at the rate of 0.5 l per 1 sq. m. Glutaraldehyde is used for the following infectious diseases:

swine fever;

cobacteriosis;

pasteurellosis;

listoriosis;

brucellosis;

foot and mouth disease, etc.

1% solution, 1 liter per 1 sq. m. when kept for 4 hours, it is used for tuberculosis;

2% solution, 1.5 liters per 1 sq. m. with an exposure of 3 hours, use twice for Siberian;

4% solution, 1 liter per 1 sq. m. and exposure for 24 hours is used for ringworm and aspergillosis.

Glutaraldehyde preparations, glac and glac C, are also used to disinfect infectious diseases.

Currently, the greatest economic damage to livestock production is caused by internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. The cause of diseases is non-compliance with the standards of conditions for keeping, feeding and using animals in specific farms. Consequently, the leading place in the basis of general prevention is taken by measures aimed at preventing internal non-contagious diseases of animals, creating scientifically based conditions for their keeping:

ensuring an optimal microclimate - air gas composition, temperature, humidity, illumination of livestock premises;

regular active exercise;

adequate and regular feeding;

proper care of animals;

compliance with zoohygienic and sanitary-veterinary rules;

constant veterinary monitoring of the health of animals;

conducting clinical examinations;

conducting routine medical examinations;

constant control over the quality of roughage, juicy, concentrated feed and drinking water etc.

Feeding should be carried out taking into account the species, age and physiological state of the animal. Often internal illnesses arise due to poor water quality and non-compliance with the drinking regime. The health of animals and their productivity depend on physiologically sound exploitation, and cows also on regular milking and timely start-up.

The successful solution of the main problems of livestock farming to obtain high-value food products and high-quality agricultural raw materials is constantly associated with reliable protection of animal health, increasing their service life and increasing productivity. To carry out these tasks, veterinary specialists of farms and livestock complexes periodically send feed samples to veterinary and agrochemical laboratories to determine the content of nutrients, vitamins, microelements, macroelements, residual amounts of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, mycotoxins, pesticides. When assessing the quality of haylage and silage, their acidity and the ratio of organic acids are important. The conclusion of veterinary and agrochemical laboratory specialists serves as the basis for prohibiting the use of substandard feed and water.

To ensure general prevention of internal non-communicable diseases, the following measures must be taken:

introduce protective and restrictive measures for the transportation and movement of animals;

introduce control over the recruitment of farms, the formation of herds, herds and flocks;

preventive quarantine of newly arriving animals;

selection of breeds with hereditary resistance to diseases;

regular cleaning and disinfection of premises;

maintain pastures, cattle routes and watering places in proper sanitary condition;

carry out timely cleaning, neutralization and disposal of manure;

promptly remove and neutralize animal carcasses, industrial and biological waste;

regularly carry out deratization, decarization and disinfestation;

provide service personnel of farms, livestock complexes and poultry farms with special clothing and personal hygiene items;

build livestock buildings that meet modern technological design standards and veterinary and sanitary requirements.

For most animal diseases, the nature of the action of general preventive measures is universal. They must be carried out everywhere and constantly. Underestimating them, especially in conditions of intensive livestock farming, is dangerous for the development of not only non-contagious, but also contagious animal diseases.

Private prevention - specific and nonspecific - is also aimed at preventing specific diseases, for example, diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular, respiratory, macromicroelementosis, hypovitaminosis, etc. Prevention of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases through active exercise and regulation of indoor microclimate is non-specific prevention. Prevention of specific hypovitaminosis, microelementosis and macroelementosis is specific. Specific prevention also includes active and passive immunization of animals against many infectious diseases.

Private prevention should be aimed at preventing various poisonings, gastrointestinal diseases, overheating, hypomagnesemia, etc., especially during the grazing period. Before moving animals out, veterinary specialists need to carry out cleaning and trimming of hooves, filing of horns, and necessary vaccinations. It is necessary to inspect the runs and grazing areas and, if necessary, clear the pastures of foreign objects and poisonous grasses, prepare watering sources, and places of shelter from the sun and wind. In addition, farm workers and animal owners should be instructed in how to provide emergency care. first aid in cases of disease occurrence during the grazing period.

Every year, to prevent animal diseases, veterinary specialists are required to draw up preventive action plans, breaking them down by quarter and month for a specific farm. Before drawing up a plan, you should analyze statistical data on animal morbidity over several recent years And last year, causes of death and disposal of animals, economic damage. The plan must be realistic and feasible, therefore, when drawing it up, one should take into account the food supply, the condition of livestock buildings, their microclimate, the density of animals, herd reproduction rates, mortality and safety of young animals, the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures over the past year and the results of dispensary examinations.

Clinical examination (dispensary examination) is the basis for general and private prevention of internal diseases of animals. Clinical examination is a set of planned diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at creating healthy, productive herds of animals with a strong constitution.

The main goal of clinical examination is the timely detection of disorders in the body of animals on early stages development of the disease, which allows you to quickly eliminate and prevent the spread of the disease. Most often, medical examinations are carried out for dairy cows, stud bulls, breeding gilts and boars.

Being an important part of the technological process, clinical examination does not exclude daily zootechnical and veterinary monitoring of the health of animals, and the implementation of current and planned activities. Dispensary examination of animals is included in the annual plan of veterinary activities. In veterinary laboratories they do blood tests and determine the quality of feed. In agrochemical laboratories they determine nutritional value feed

Clinical examination can be basic and intermediate (current). The main medical examination is carried out, as a rule, twice a year when animals are placed in stalls and before being put out to pasture. Between these periods, every quarter an intermediate medical examination of breeding bulls, boars, sows, rams, sports horses, ewes, etc. is carried out. The main medical examination includes:

studying the conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals;

analysis of the causes of morbidity and culling of animals in previous years;

analysis of the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures;

laboratory testing of blood, urine, milk, etc.;

preventive and therapeutic measures.

Interim medical examination includes the same activities, with the exception of analysis of production indicators for livestock and veterinary medicine. Organizationally, clinical examination is divided into three stages:

diagnostic;

prophylactic;

medicinal.

The diagnostic stage of medical examination includes:

analysis of production indicators for livestock farming;

study of feeding conditions for keeping and exploitation of animals;

analysis of the causes of morbidity, culling of animals in previous years and the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures;

veterinary examination and clinical examination of animals;

laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk, etc.

When analyzing production indicators for livestock farming, they determine the general condition of animals by analyzing production indicators on farms and cattle complexes, that is, milk productivity, feed costs per unit of production, the incidence of animals with non-communicable and contagious diseases, the yield of calves per 100 cows and their live weight , percentage of stillborns, fallen and forcedly killed, duration of the service period.

In beef production farms, attention is paid to the duration of completing sections, the number of supplying farms, their well-being various diseases, average daily increase in live weight, feed costs per unit of production, safety of young animals, duration of the technological cycle and average weight of bulls sent for slaughter.

In pig farms, one should take into account the cost of an increase in one centner of live weight, the number of piglets obtained from one sow, their average weight at birth and weaning, the duration of the suckling period, the number of farrows per year, morbidity by age and physiological groups.

When analyzing the conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals, it is necessary to pay attention to:

state of food supply;

feed quality;

level and type of feeding;

diet structure;

feeding and watering regime;

water quality;

When analyzing the causes of morbidity and the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures, it is necessary:

examine statistical reporting on animal morbidity;

find out the causes of morbidity, retirement and culling of animals;

determine the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures in previous years.

Analysis of economic indicators for livestock and veterinary medicine is very important for the diagnostic stage of medical examination.

When performing a veterinary examination and clinical examination of animals, during the main medical examination you should examine the entire population of cows, heifers, stud bulls, main sows and boars, breeding ewes and rams. Animals of other groups are examined selectively (10–15% of the total livestock). During a veterinary examination of animals, attention is paid to their general condition and fatness, the condition of the coat, bones and hooves, reaction and behavior when distributing feed, watering, grazing, etc.

In 15–20% of cows and heifers of the control groups, a full clinical examination is carried out, which includes cows in the first three months of lactation, then cows in the 7th month of lactation and pregnant dry cows, as well as heifers 3 months before calving. Define:

fatness;

condition of the lymph nodes;

state of cardiac activity;

frequency and depth of breathing;

rhythm and strength of contractions of the rumen and other digestive organs;

liver condition;

bone condition;

state of movement organs;

condition of teeth, horns, udder and genitourinary organs.

If there are signs of illness, the temperature is determined. It is also measured in hot weather.

Laboratory studies make it possible to determine the state of metabolism, predict and diagnose various pathological conditions and diseases, monitor the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures.

Simultaneously with the clinical examination, blood, milk, urine, feces and, if necessary, rumen contents are analyzed in 7–10 cows. The content of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes is determined in the blood. In the blood serum, reserve alkalinity, the level of total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, and vitamin A are determined. If necessary, the content of ketone bodies, glucose, magnesium, vitamins and microelements is determined.

Urine and milk are examined using express methods, determining density, pH, the presence of ketone bodies, sugar, protein, and bile pigments. The presence of ketone bodies and fat content in milk is determined, and tests are performed to detect hidden mastitis. If necessary, they study acidity, density, the presence of somatic cells, the level of protein, vitamins, microelements, macroelements. By examining the contents of the rumen, the physical and mechanical properties and microflora are determined.

Preventive and therapeutic stage

Based on the results of the medical examination, organizational, economic, zootechnical and veterinary measures are determined aimed at preventing and eliminating the identified pathology. Veterinary specialists, taking into account the planned activities, conduct group prevention and therapy, as well as individual treatment of sick animals.

The main types of veterinary sanitation are disinfection, disinsection, and deratization.

How to perform deratization

Preventive measures to combat harmful rodents consist of creating conditions that prevent rodents from accessing food, as well as depriving them of shelter where they could breed. The main preventive measure against rodents is cleanliness and compliance with sanitary requirements in livestock buildings and on farms. To do this you need:

timely remove manure and feed residues from the premises and territory of farms and farms;

store concentrated feed in rat-proof rooms and containers;

seal all openings (hatches, vents, windows, etc.) located in the lower part of the building with a metal mesh with a cell diameter of no more than 12 x 12 mm;

constantly monitor the condition of floors, walls, doors and window frames and promptly repair them;

seal all cracks and holes with iron, cement or clay with glass (9 parts cement and 1 part broken glass);

get rid of unnecessary waste in livestock buildings, warehouses, storerooms

containers and other items that can serve as a refuge for rodents;

prevent the territory of farms and farms from becoming overgrown with weeds and other weeds;

fill up unnecessary holes, ditches and cellars;

liquidate abandoned and deteriorating buildings.

Rodents are exterminated by chemical, biological and mechanical means.

Before commencing the extermination of rodents, farms, individual premises and places inhabited by rodents are inspected. In this case, it is necessary to find out where and what food rodents use, the main routes of their movement, what methods of deratization and given conditions should be used, and prepare the necessary means for deratization.

In addition, rodent burrows are taken into account, as well as the average daily consumption of unpoisoned test bait. To record residential burrows, all discovered burrows are covered with earth at night, covered with clay or filled with tampons made of tow, paper, or straw. The holes that were opened in the morning are residential.

To take into account the amount of test bait eaten by rats on average per day, the bait is accurately weighed and laid out overnight in 4–6 places of the object inaccessible to animals. The bait must be prepared without poison. In the morning, the remains of the bait are collected and weighed. The bait is laid out and its edibility by rodents and for 3 days in a row are taken into account, then the average nightly edibility is calculated. Laying out a test unpoisoned bait is necessary to determine the population of objects with rodents and attract them to the places where the poisoned baits will be laid out.

After determining the degree of population of objects by rodents, calculate the amount of deratization agents and products necessary to prepare bait for all premises and territory to be treated.

The degree of population of an object by rodents is determined by counting the number of residential burrows and the ingestibility of a test bait per 100 square meters. m of room area. With a large population, the average daily consumption of test bait per 100 sq. m area is approximately 0.5 kg, and more than five residential burrows are found in this area. If it is small - 0.1 kg or one hole, respectively.

Before deratization, it is necessary to explain to farm workers how to exterminate rodents, the properties of poisons and precautions for this work. In all cases, the corpses of rodents are removed and burned.

On livestock and poultry farms, poisons are used to exterminate mouse-like rodents fast acting(zinc phosphide, thiosemicarbazide, fluoroacetamide, etc.) and slow-acting (anticoagulants).

Zinc phosphide is a dark gray powder, with a faint odor of garlic, insoluble in water. 3% of the drug is added to the bait; it is dangerous for animals and humans. Repeated use of this drug is recommended no earlier than after 3.5 months.

Calcium arsenite is a soft light gray powder, insoluble in water, odorless. It is used in field farming by pollinating green baits.

Sodium arsenite is a dark powder, highly soluble in water. It is used in food baits by soaking the grain in a 5% solution.

Fluoroacetamide is a white crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless, highly soluble in water. 0.25–0.5% is added to baits. All uneaten bait is collected and burned in the morning. When working with the drug, strict safety precautions must be observed.

Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants are zoocoumarin, penocoumarin, ratintsan, etc. Death of rodents occurs within a few days.

Zookoumarin is a white powder, tasteless and odorless, insoluble in water, has cumulative properties, contains 0.5–1.0% of the active substance. Used as food bait and by pollination. 2% of the drug is added to the bait.

Bactocoumarin is a preparation containing rodent typhoid bacteria and the sodium salt of zoocoumarin, and looks like wet grain. Cooked with grains (wheat, oats, etc.). Used as regular bait. Relatively safe for animals.

Penocoumarin is the sodium salt form of zoocoumarin; contains 2% active ingredient. It is a foam-forming composition in aerosol packaging, used mainly for blocking burrows with poisonous foam, as well as for preparing food baits.

How to perform pest control

Preventive disinsection and decarization at poultry farms is carried out, in addition, at any time of the year, before each new acquisition of workshops, poultry houses, etc., with chickens and adult bird. Disinsection and decarization consists of preliminary thorough mechanical cleaning of livestock buildings and farm areas from manure and debris, washing hot water feeders and cages, all equipment and inventory, followed by treatment with insecticides or acaricides.

All activities involving the use of insecticides must be carried out in accordance with sanitary rules for the storage, transportation and use of pesticides (pesticides) in agriculture. Workers are required to strictly monitor compliance with personal hygiene and safety regulations.

One of the main methods of disinfestation is the chemical method. It is based on the use of insecticides with various mechanisms effects on arthropods. The main ones are:

Baytex (fenthion, leibacid, tiguvon) is a colorless or brown liquid with a specific odor, poorly soluble in water. Moderately toxic for warm-blooded animals. Recommended for treating bitops of mosquito larvae, for creating insecticidal barriers to protect caged fur-bearing animals from mosquitoes and midges;

hesachloran (HCCH) is a white crystalline powder, insoluble in water. It is one of the most effective insecticides against many types of insects, but its use is limited due to its accumulation in the body and excretion in animal milk. Recommended for creating insecticidal barriers to protect caged fur-bearing animals from midges and mosquitoes.

Diphos (abath) is a white crystalline substance or

brown liquid. Insoluble in water. Low toxicity for warm-blooded animals. It is the most effective insecticide against mosquito larvae and winged insects.

Karbofos (malathion) is a yellowish or brown liquid with an unpleasant odor. Insoluble in water. Moderately toxic. It is used for the treatment of fly breeding bits, treatment of premises, insecticidal barriers in the area, against winged insects.

Oxamate is a light yellow or light brown liquid. Slightly toxic. Used as a repellent on cattle and horses.

DDVF (dichlorvos, vapona) is a colorless liquid with a specific odor. Let's dissolve in water. Highly toxic in contact with skin and inhalation. It is a fast-acting insecticide with a wide range of applications. It is used to exterminate insects locally and indoors by spraying and aerosols.

Cyodrine is a straw-yellow liquid. Practically insoluble in water. It is a potent substance for warm-blooded animals. Used against flies for treating premises and cattle by spraying or aerosol.

Chlorophos (trichlorfon) is a crystalline or paste-like substance. It dissolves well in water. With systematic use, insects develop high resistance to its actions. An alkaline solution of chlorophos is used, since in weakly alkaline solutions it turns into DDRP. The ratio of chlorophos and alkali in such solutions should be 5: 1. It is used against various arthropods.

Benzimine (hexamide-B) is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid. Low toxic. Almost insoluble in water. Used as a repellent (insect repellent) for treating cattle and horses.

Trichlorometaphos-3 is a colorless or brown oily liquid with an unpleasant odor. Insoluble in water. Moderately toxic. It has a wide spectrum of action and cumulative properties (excreted in the milk of treated animals). Highly effective against fly larvae, as well as winged mosquitoes and other insects.

How to disinfect

Disinfection is the destruction of environmental objects or the removal from them of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. In agriculture, the objects of disinfection are:

territories of farms and farms and all livestock, auxiliary and household premises located on them, other structures and equipment available in them, vehicles, used for the transportation of animals, feed, raw materials and products of animal origin, equipment and animal care items, clothing and footwear of service personnel, manure and other objects with which animals or service personnel may directly or indirectly come into contact and which may be a factor in the transmission of pathogens diseases from sick animals or bacteria-producing animals to healthy ones. Disinfection can be forced and preventive.

Preventive disinfection is carried out in safe areas infectious diseases animals (poultry) farms to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogenic microorganisms inside them, as well as the accumulation of opportunistic flora in livestock buildings and other objects.

Forced disinfection, current and final, is carried out in farms that are vulnerable to infectious diseases of animals (poultry) to localize the primary source of infection, prevent the accumulation of pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment and their spread within the farm and beyond. Current disinfection is carried out periodically throughout the entire period of recovery of the farm or farm to reduce the level of contamination of environmental objects with pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the risk of reinfection of animals within the farm and the spread of the disease beyond its borders.

The frequency of current disinfection and the list of objects subject to disinfection are established taking into account the nature of the disease, the epizootic situation for this disease, the specifics of production technology, natural and climatic conditions and other features of the disadvantaged point or zone of its location, as well as the requirements of current instructions for combating this disease. or other illness.

In a healthy farm, after stopping the isolation of sick animals and taking measures to ensure the elimination of the source of the causative agent of an infectious disease, final disinfection is carried out.

Final disinfection consists of two sequential operations:

thorough mechanical cleaning;

actual disinfection.

Before starting cleaning and disinfection work, the room or part of it is cleared of animals (birds), equipment that can be damaged by water and disinfectant solutions is removed from it or covered with plastic film, if necessary, the surface is moistened with a disinfectant solution, then using a scraper and a stream of water remove the bulk of manure, feed residues and other contaminants. This performs pre-cleaning.

Thorough mechanical cleaning is a degree of cleaning at which the nature of the surface and the color of its material are clearly visible and large particles of manure, feed or other mechanical contaminants are not visually detected even in the most inaccessible places. For disinfection, use products approved for use by the veterinary department that have manufacturer certificates certifying their compliance with the requirements of state, industry standards or technical specifications.

Premises, equipment, inventory and other objects are treated with solutions of chemical disinfectants by uniformly irrigating surfaces until they are completely wetted. Aerosols obtained from disinfectant solutions are also used to disinfect enclosed spaces. Individual objects are disinfected using other disinfection methods - thermal, gas, radiation, air, steam, steam-air, steam-formalin and other disinfection in accordance with current instructions.

For one-time irrigation, depending on the nature of the object, the degree of its cleaning and purpose, disinfectant solutions are prepared at the rate of 0.3–0.5 l/sq.m. m of the total area of ​​the facility.

At the direction of the veterinary specialist responsible for disinfection, in justified cases, the consumption rate of solutions may be increased. When determining the total area to be moistened with disinfectant solutions, the area of ​​the floor, walls, ceilings, partitions, external and internal surfaces of all elements of equipment of livestock buildings and other objects are taken into account.

The surface of the premises is treated with disinfectant solutions in the following order: first, starting from the end of the room closest to the entrance, the floor in the machines, inter-machine partitions, equipment, walls are evenly moistened, then the ceiling, and the floor in the aisle.

At the same time, animal care items and equipment used in this room are disinfected. If a suspension of freshly slaked lime is used for disinfection using the whitewash method, first treat the walls, interstitial partitions, ceiling and other objects to be whitewashed, and then irrigate the floor, feeders, premises and equipment with another disinfectant solution. After applying disinfectant solutions, the premises are closed for 3–12 hours.

After disinfection is completed, the room is ventilated, drinking bowls, feeders, and manure removal channels are cleared of drug residues. Areas of the surface of premises and equipment accessible to animals are washed with water. The building is ventilated until the smell of the drug completely disappears.

Equipment removed before disinfection is wiped with a rag moistened with a disinfectant solution, and after one hour, wiped again with a rag moistened with water. After this, the equipment is installed indoors. The concentration of working solutions of disinfectants is determined based on the purpose of disinfection (preventive or forced) and the belonging of the pathogen to the group corresponding to its resistance to the action of chemical disinfectants.

Based on their resistance to chemical disinfectants, the causative agents of the main infectious diseases of animals and poultry are divided into several groups:

low-resistant;

sustainable;

highly resistant;

especially resistant.

The low-resistant group includes:

pathogens of leukemia, brucellosis, leptospirosis, Aujeszky's disease, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, trichomoniasis, campylobacteriosis, trypanosomosis, toxoplasmosis, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza and viral diarrhea of ​​cattle, contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep and goats, edema disease, infectious atrophic rhinitis, dysentery , transmissible gastroenteritis , balantidiasis, hemophilus pleuropneumonia and erysipelas of pigs, rhinopneumonia of horses, pollurosis-typhoid, poultry mycoplasmosis, myxomatosis of rabbits, diarrheal diseases of young animals caused by opportunistic microflora (Proteus, Clubsiella, Morganella, etc.).

The resistant group includes: pathogens adenoviral infections, aphura, tularemia, ornithosis, diplococcosis, staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, rabies, plague, necrobacteriosis, aspergillosis, candidiamymia, trichophytosis, microsporia, other mycoses of animals and poultry, chlamydia, rickestsiosis, enterovirus infections, flu agricultural animals and poultry, flu -animal animals and poultry. malignant catarrhal fever, peripneumonia, actinomycosis of cattle, infectious bluetongue, foot rot and infectious mastitis of sheep, vesicular disease of pigs, infectious anemia, infectious encephalomyelitis, epizootic lymphangitis, glanders and washing of horses, hepatitis of ducklings, viral enteritis of goslings, infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, Marek's disease, Gumboro's disease, infectious encephalomyelitis and Newcastle disease of birds, viral enteritis, Aleutian disease, pseudomonosis and infectious hepatitis of carnivores, viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits.

According to the regimes of the second group of pathogens, disinfection is also carried out for diseases caused by unclassified viruses.

The causative agents of tuberculosis in animals and poultry and paratuberculous enteritis in cattle are highly resistant to the action of chemical disinfectants.

Particularly resistant pathogens include anthrax, anaerobic dysentery of lambs, anaerobic enterotoxemia of piglets, bradsitis, malignant edema, infectious enterotoxemia of sheep, emakara, other spore infections, and coccidiosis.

According to the regimes of the next, fourth, group of pathogens, disinfection is carried out for acute infectious diseases of animals (poultry) of unknown etiology. For rare infectious diseases, disinfection is carried out in accordance with current instructions for combating these diseases.

Disinfectant concentrations:

formalin, paraformaldehyde, bleach, neutral calcium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, Lysol, phenosmolin, technical solution of sodium phenolates, DP-2, preparations based on peracetic acid and fresol are indicated according to active substance, and sodium hydroxide, desmol, iodine monochloride and soda ash are indicated according to the drug. Solutions of sodium hydroxide, soda ash and fresota are used hot (90 degrees Celsius). A suspension of freshly slaked lime and soda ash are used only for preventive and routine disinfection.

For paratuberculosis and tuberculosis, sodium hydroxide or fresot, formalin or paraform are used in the form of an alkaline solution of formaldehyde containing 3% alkali and 3% formaldehyde, and for mycoses - 1% and 2%, respectively.

With avian aspergillosis, everything disinfectants, except desonol, are used after moistening the surfaces with a 0.5% solution of OP-7 or OP-10 at the rate of 0.3% l/m2. or they are added to the disinfectant solution. When washing horses, bleach and neutral calcium hypochloride are used in a concentration of 4%. For dermatophysotitis and aspergillosis in birds, 4% glubaraldehyde is used.

When disinfecting vehicles after transporting animals with tuberculosis, 3% glutaraldehyde and fresot (without formaldehyde) are used. Solution consumption - 0.5 l/sq.m. Exposure - 1 hour. For final disinfection in case of tuberculosis, the drug DP-2 is used at a concentration of 5%. For anthrax of fur-bearing animals, a 7% (based on active substance) solution of hydrogen peroxide with the addition of 0.2% lactic acid and the same amount of OP-7 detergent is used to disinfect shads and cages. The treatment is carried out twice every 1 hour.

In case of rabies in fur-bearing animals and dogs, metal cages are burned with a blowtorch, observing fire safety measures. In case of streptococcosis of nutria, premises freed from animals are disinfected with a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide with the addition of 2% sodium metasilicate, 2% solution of formaldehyde or chloramine, and mesh walks in premises occupied by animals in case of streptococcosis and colibacillosis are treated with a 2% solution chloramine or desmol.

When disinfecting the surfaces of a room, for the 1st group of resistance of lime pathogens, burnt quicklime consumes 10 g/m2, for the 2nd group - 20, for the 3rd group - 40 g/m2, and when disinfecting with DP-2 preparations, bleach, neutral calcium hypochlorite, according to the groups, the consumption of active chlorine should be 1 g/m2, 2 g/m2, 3 g/m2.

How to neutralize manure

Manure is a very valuable organic fertilizer. However, manure from sick animals can contain pathogens of many infectious diseases, so untimely cleaning and disinfection of manure can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.

Manure from sick animals and those suspected of having anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, glanders, infectious anemia, rabies, encephalomyelitis, epizootic lymphangitis, bradzot, rinderpest is first moistened with a disinfectant solution and then burned.

For foot and mouth disease, swine fever and erysipelas, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, invasive diseases, etc., manure is subject to biothermal disinfection. Biothermal disinfection of manure occurs due to the high temperature created by thermophilic microorganisms that multiply in manure.

Disinfection is carried out in manure storage facilities. To make a manure storage facility, a pit 3 m wide and 0.5 m deep is dug on the site. The bottom of the pit must be compacted with a layer of clay 15 cm thick. Then a layer of straw or uninfected manure 35–40 cm thick is laid out. Next, the manure to be disinfected is laid in height 2–2.5 m, length - arbitrary, angle of inclination of the sides 70 degrees.

The stacking of manure is loose. Stacks of manure are covered on all sides and on top with uncontaminated manure or a layer of straw 10 cm thick, then with a layer of earth or sand - 10 cm. For biological disinfection, the manure is kept in the warm season for 1 month, in the cold season - 2.

To increase the resistance of animals to infectious diseases, vaccines, serums, immunoglobulins and other drugs are used. When these drugs are used, immunity against a specific pathogen is formed in the animal’s body.

Vaccines are made from microorganisms that are individual structural components microbes or from their metabolic products. Vaccines can be live or inactivated (killed). Live vaccines contain live, weakened, that is, with a sharply reduced pathogenic ability, microorganisms. When used, the immune system is strengthened and has high level protection for a long period. The vaccine is administered once, in a small amount.

However, the use of live vaccines has a number of disadvantages:

in weakened animals, complications are possible due to residual virulence;

1–2 days before vaccination and 7 days after vaccination, when using live vaccines, you cannot use drugs that act on the vaccine strain (antibiotics, sulfonamides, nitrofurans and other drugs), as this interferes with the formation of immunity;

If the technique of vaccine administration, transportation, storage is violated, or if vaccine residues and utensils are insufficiently disinfected, the vaccine strain of the microbe may spread in the environment.

Inactivated, that is, killed vaccines, are prepared from whole virulent microorganisms killed by physical ( high temperature) or chemical (formalin) methods, as well as from toxic products neutralized different ways.

Inactivated vaccines do not harm the animal's body, but their immunogenicity is much lower compared to live ones, and the duration of immunity is shorter. To increase immunogenicity, killed vaccines are administered to animals in larger volumes and two or three times with an interval of 7–14 days.

After use inactivated vaccines Immunity is formed 8–14 days after the last injection of the vaccine. The use of live and killed vaccines makes it possible to create immunity to diseases for 6–12 months.

Hyperimmune serums are used for preventive and therapeutic purposes. They are prepared in biofactories by repeatedly administering a large amount of vaccine to producing animals, first, and then virulent microorganisms. In producing animals (horses, oxen, donkeys, sheep) the blood serum accumulates a large number of protective bodies - immunoglobulents, which are used for the prevention and treatment of animals.

When hyperimmune serum is introduced into the animal’s body, immunity occurs within 2–4 hours and lasts from 8 to 15 days.

For the prevention and treatment of animals in veterinary practice, gamma globulins are used, which are obtained from hyperimmune sera. Gamma globulins are widely used against anthrax, foot and mouth disease, Aujeszky's disease, etc.

Natural resistance to disease can be increased by using normal globulins. Normal (nonspecific) globulins are a complex of gamma globulins and beta globulins obtained from normal animal blood serum. Vaccines, serums and globulins must be administered by veterinary specialists.

How to neutralize toxic fungi from food

Many diseases of farm animals arise from the use of poor-quality feed and water, as well as from violation of the rules of feeding and watering animals. Such diseases are called nutritional. Molds can render food unusable. As a rule, they reproduce on hay, straw, crumb, grain and its processed products. Most often, feed is affected at high humidity and stored in poorly ventilated structures.

Molds reproduce most intensively when the feed moisture content is 18–30%. The optimal temperature for food to mold is 18–25 degrees Celsius, but many toxic fungi can grow at temperatures of 0–10 degrees Celsius. On well-dried hay or straw at a moisture content of 14%, mold fungi usually do not develop. Growing on feed, molds produce toxins. The breakdown products of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in feed as a result of exposure to fungi can also be toxic. Fungal toxins cause mycotoxicosis.

The species of mushrooms and their toxicity are determined in a veterinary laboratory. More often, fungi affect alfalfa, vetch, clover, and pea hay. The grain affected by fungi is in most cases puny and matte. A black, pink, yellow or brown coating is found on its surface. Some fungi can cause potato mycoses.

Phytoflora, dry rot, rhizotopia, and scab are quite common. In this case, round or nodular ulcers covered with brown scabs, dry grayish-brown hard spots, and sometimes the skin is covered with a white coating are visible on the surface of the tuber.

Horses, chickens, geese, and ducks are very sensitive to mycoses and mycotoxicoses. Cattle and sheep are less likely to get sick. Recommendations for the prevention of mycotoxicoses and mycoses, as a rule, are given by a veterinary doctor who has specific results laboratory research.

Animal owners can take effective measures on their own. First of all, when preparing feed, it is necessary to dry it to a humidity level at which the fungus does not develop.

If roughage is heavily affected by toxic fungi, it should not be used for feeding or bedding. At initial stage To prevent the development of fungi, hay can be disinfected by additional drying in the sun, ventilation, shaking, and mechanical removal of affected areas.

If the damage is significant, hay can be disinfected by heat treatment. To do this, feed is placed in wooden, metal, concrete, etc. containers in layers of 40–50 cm, watered evenly at the rate of 80–100 kg per 100 kg of feed, and compacted. The container is covered with a lid or tarpaulin and steam is released through the holes in the bottom of the container. Steam treatment is carried out for 40 minutes, starting from the moment the steam jet leaves the container. After this time, the food is kept in the steamer for another 8 hours and given to the animals.

Roughage can be processed chemically. To do this, 15 kg of soda ash is dissolved in a small amount warm water, then the total volume is brought to 300 liters and 1 kg of table salt is added. Then chopped hay is placed in the solution, it is well moistened and transferred to a concrete area or wooden flooring, kept for 24 hours, after which it is fed to the animals without washing. The solution can be used several times.

It is best to disinfect grain feed by boiling or steaming it in a feed steamer at 100 degrees Celsius for 2 hours in a 0.1% solution of soda ash.

Root tubers (potatoes, etc.) affected by fungi and bacteria can be fed boiled. Before cooking, the tubers are sorted, damaged ones are removed and washed well. running water. After cooking, the water is drained.

How to improve your farm's health from infectious diseases

If there is a suspicion of an infectious disease in animals, it is necessary to immediately inform veterinary specialists. Veterinary specialists will work to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Based on the results of the epizootological study, they will identify the source of introduction of the pathogen and the routes of spread of the disease. If necessary, they will give instructions on isolating sick and suspected animals, declare the farm unsafe for an infectious disease, and decide on the imposition of quarantine; will take measures to treat sick animals; organize disinfection, deratization, disinfestation; will carry out other veterinary activities.

To combat infectious diseases important event is the identification and isolation of sick carriers and microbial carriers. Sick and suspected animals are isolated from the main herd in a separate isolation room.

The isolator must be no closer than 200 m from residential and livestock premises. Separate stalls, stalls, pens, etc. are installed in the isolator for animals. A disinfection barrier is installed at the entrance to the isolator. To disinfect hands, there must be a washbasin, soap and a disinfectant solution in the room for service personnel.

To eliminate the source of infection for some diseases, sick animals, and sometimes all susceptible animals, are slaughtered. Animals must be slaughtered for the following diseases:

rabies;

tuberculosis;

bovine para-tuberculosis;

equine infectious anemia;

swine fever;

chicken pox-diphtheria;

phintosis of birds.

Depending on the epizootic situation, animals are slaughtered for foot and mouth disease, brucellosis and other diseases. In particularly dangerous cases, the entire livestock of a dysfunctional farm is slaughtered. In case of a number of infectious diseases, a quarantine is imposed on a dysfunctional farm or restrictive measures are taken.

Quarantine is a complex of organizational, economic and veterinary-sanitary measures aimed at completely separating groups of animals unfavorable for an infectious disease and the territory where they are located from safe farms and territories in order to eliminate the disease and prevent its spread beyond the boundaries of the epizootic focus. Quarantine is established for the following diseases:

anthrax;

vesicular stomatitis;

porcine vesicular disease;

rinderpest;

horse glanders;

trichinosis;

sheep and goat pox;

Newcastle disease;

bird plague;

classical swine fever;

African swine fever;

peste des petits ruminants;

contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle.

IN dysfunctional farms According to quarantine conditions it is necessary:

isolate sick and suspected animals;

prohibit the introduction and removal of susceptible animals from the farm;

prohibit the export of products and raw materials of animal origin, fodder and other crop products;

prohibit the holding of bazaars, exhibitions, fairs, and travel through it;

the farm should immediately begin to carry out health-improving measures in relation to a specific disease.

When especially dangerous diseases such as foot and mouth disease, swine fever, etc., it is necessary:

stop ties with other farms;

suspend the movement of private transport;

cancel bus routes;

to intern persons located in an epizootic outbreak;

prohibit the export of animals and livestock products from railway stations, airports, and seaports;

stop accepting parcels with livestock products.

The procedure for quarantine, restrictions and implementation of health measures in disadvantaged farms and populated areas is determined by the relevant instructions. On roads leading to disadvantaged areas it is necessary to:

organize quarantine posts;

install barriers and bypass road signs;

equip disinfection barriers and transfer areas. It is mandatory for quarantine posts to have security guards around the clock.

In cases of infectious diseases that do not tend to spread widely, such as cowpox, necrobacteriosis and others, restrictive measures are taken. Restrictions for a period of up to one year are also introduced in case of especially dangerous diseases after quarantine is lifted.

Complex measures for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases animals includes:

- registration of cases of non-communicable animal diseases;

- identifying the causes of mass disease and mortality of animals;

- treatment of sick animals;

- injury prevention;

- organizing rational and nutritious feeding and changing the diet;

- eliminating deficiencies in keeping animals (microclimate, exercise, etc.);

- improvement of the area around livestock farms, complexes, camps;

- carrying out mass outreach work.

Also, for the timely detection of preclinical forms of metabolic disorders, mass laboratory and clinical studies various production groups of animals. Veterinarians must systematically monitor the level of metabolic processes and productivity of animals, keeping in mind that a decrease in milk yield in cows, live weight of young cattle, pigs and sheep are signs of the onset of a pathological process. Important promptly exclude infectious and invasive diseases through special studies.

At establishing a diagnosis of a non-communicable disease , begin to identify the causes of mass disease and mortality of animals in order to eliminate the impact of negative factors on the rest of the livestock. Analysis of the causes of mass disease in animals comes down to a detailed study of feeding and housing conditions, the completeness of diets, the quality of feed and water, and the state of metabolism in animals. As with routine medical examination, attention is paid to the condition of those organs and systems whose disorder causes the clinical manifestation of the disease. In addition, they examine the feed that made up the diet before and during the period of the animal’s illness.

For many non-contagious diseases, sick animals must be kept in hospital or in a separate box at the farm. The basis for identifying sick animals are clinical signs and the results of biochemical studies of blood, urine and milk samples.

Sick animals can be grouped by age, sex, diagnosis, which makes it possible to use group therapy and prevention. Animals are placed in sanitary pens, isolation wards (boxes), medical and sanitary points (MSP), where they provide the necessary conditions for keeping and feeding. Animals are assigned separate service personnel, who is instructed on the care and maintenance of each group. Recovered animals are transferred to herds, flocks, and farms after their physiological state has been fully restored.

The effectiveness of medical work depends on timely and correct diagnosis and the qualifications of a veterinary specialist. The main goal of a veterinarian or paramedic when treating sick animals is to restore their health, productivity and performance. Depending on the severity of the disease, a distinction is made between emergency medical care, treatment of animals that do not require urgent care, and routine treatment.

Emergency (emergency) assistance They are used for acute bleeding, irregular birth, abdominal wounds, acute tympany of the scar, blockage of the esophagus and colic. To provide emergency assistance, veterinary specialists immediately go to the scene of the incident (to pastures, livestock farms, citizen farms, etc.). If urgent care is not required, animals are treated on site, outpatient and inpatient. In farmyards, pastures, when driving, transporting animals, it is necessary to allocate the necessary means for restraining animals when providing them with medical care.

Ambulatory treatment animal is associated with delivery to a medical institution of the state veterinary network or to a veterinary station and its return to the farm after each treatment procedure. This form of medical work is possible in cases where the health status of the animals does not interfere with their movement. Treatment is more effective in a hospital setting, an isolation ward, where it is possible to organize favorable conditions for feeding and keeping animals, use sophisticated equipment, and perform surgical operations. If it is necessary to limit the movement of animals and monitor the effectiveness of treatment, the animals are placed in a hospital.

Medical work on farms is organized by veterinary specialists from agro-industrial complex enterprises and state veterinary network institutions. Farm veterinarians provide medical care to sick animals more often directly on the farm, less often on an outpatient basis. Stationary provide assistance to especially valuable animals (highly productive cows, stud bulls, breeding stallions, etc.) in need of long-term treatment.

Forms of organization of medical work at complexes depend on the type and production direction. At milk production complexes where mastitis, gynecological diseases, limb injuries, metabolic disorders are relatively common, treatment of animals is organized in full. The capacity of the hospital located in the veterinary block is planned here at the rate of 2.5-03 % from the number of cows.

On pig-breeding complexes Depending on the number of sick animals, treatment can be organized in sanitary pens, and in case of mass cases of disease - at the place where they are kept. In specialized sheep farms carry out hospital treatment in special LSPs, where weak, emaciated and sick sheep from flocks and farms identified as a result of inspection or examination are sent (several times a month). Veterinary specialists carefully examine incoming sheep, establish a diagnosis, and group animals depending on the diagnosis and course of the disease. Sick sheep are prescribed dietary feeding and appropriate treatment.

In livestock farms Group therapy is often carried out, combining it with individual treatment of animals. At poultry farms carry out only group therapy by giving appropriate medications with food, water or aerosol method.

At regional veterinary stations, in local veterinary hospitals and areas provide outpatient and inpatient treatment of animals. These institutions usually have well-equipped arenas for receiving sick animals and providing them with medical care. The playpens are equipped with fixation machines, tables for instruments, a dispensary pharmacy, and are provided with hot water and sewerage. In well equipped medical institutions(in large cities) X-ray and physiotherapy rooms have been organized.

At regional and city stations for the control of animal diseases, medical work is carried out in full, including complex surgical operations, therapeutic, obstetric and gynecological care, etc.

Medical work in peasant and farm households organize veterinary institutions transferred to self-financing, commercial veterinary institutions and veterinary entrepreneurs. Most often, medical care for sick animals is provided directly at the place where they are kept. Animals requiring long-term treatment are treated as inpatients.

Veterinarians lead patient register animals, and a medical history is kept on animals in the hospital. All cases of medical assistance are recorded in the journal. Medical history filled out for each animal accepted for inpatient treatment. Using the medical history, veterinary specialists have the opportunity to trace the impact of treatment procedures on the progress of the animals’ recovery.

In the complex of measures to prevent non-communicable diseases, it is of great importance organization of rational and nutritious feeding. If, when analyzing the causes of non-contagious diseases, the inferiority of diets and the feeding of poor-quality feed are established, then an indispensable condition for preventing the disease is change in diet. For example, if animals are poisoned, feeding them according to previously prepared rations is immediately stopped. Poor quality food is excluded from the diet, and instead it includes proven and good quality food. If necessary, special treatment of feed is carried out before feeding.

Option 6. Planning activities to combat non-communicable animal diseases

Introduction 3

1. Measures to prevent non-communicable diseases of young animals 5

2. Organization of implementation of the action plan 7

3. Planning activities to combat non-communicable animal diseases in research institutions 8

Conclusion 12

References 13

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that non-contagious diseases of young farm animals are still widespread on livestock farms and cause great economic damage to farms, which consists of mortality, forced slaughter, decreased weight gain, and the cost of treating patients. Among young animals, the most common are gastrointestinal diseases of newborns (dyspepsia), pulmonary diseases (bronchopneumonia) and diseases caused by vitamin and mineral deficiency.

The main factors for the mass spread of non-communicable diseases among young animals on farms are the birth of weakened offspring with reduced vitality and violation of zoohygienic standards for raising them during the colostrum and milk feeding periods.

The birth of underdeveloped young animals - hypotrophic animals with low live weight and increased susceptibility to diseases is caused by violations of the rules of insemination and mating, inadequate and monotonous feeding of pregnant animals, improper preparation of animals for childbirth, and non-compliance with sanitary rules for receiving newborn young animals. In weakened newborn hypotrophic animals, there is a violation of thermoregulation, a weakening of cardiac activity and gas exchange, a decrease in the secretory, enzymatic and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract, a decrease in immunobiological reactivity and a weakening of resistance to adverse environmental conditions. In such animals, growth and development slow down, and they are primarily susceptible to disease.

Violations of the rules of feeding and keeping suckling queens in postpartum period, standards for drinking colostrum and milk, non-compliance with the sanitary and zoohygienic regime for raising young animals weakens the resistance of the young animal’s still immature body to the adverse influences of the external environment, which leads to diseases.

The purpose of the work is to characterize the process of planned organization of measures to combat non-communicable animal diseases.

1. Measures to prevent non-communicable diseases of young animals

Non-communicable diseases of young animals in most farms are seasonal; mass diseases and mortality of newborns and young animals in the post-colostrum period are mainly observed in spring and autumn, which is due to unstable weather and a relatively weaker food supply in the spring. In areas with a dry and hot climate (Central Asia, southern regions of Ukraine, etc.), mass diseases of young animals are also observed in the hot summer months, which is due to the weakening of young animals due to overheating and burning of pastures. In certain zones and areas, diseases of young animals can be endemic in nature, which is caused by a deficiency of macro- or microelements (calcium, phosphorus, manganese, iodine, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, etc.) in the soil, water and plants of these zones.

Prevention of morbidity in young animals on farms is carried out by constantly implementing a set of general preventive measures aimed at obtaining viable offspring and creating optimal zoohygienic growing conditions for newborn young animals. The main parts of the complex of general preventive measures are the following: compliance with the rules of animal mating and artificial insemination; feeding of breeding stock that is complete in terms of overall nutritional value, protein content, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, especially during deep pregnancy; providing exercise to pregnant animals; preparing animals for childbirth and carrying out births in maternity wards, pig pens and greenhouses; compliance with the necessary veterinary and sanitary rules during the birth and reception of newborn animals; complete feeding of suckling queens; prevention of the development of mastitis and low milk production in breeding stock; compliance with the rules and regulations for feeding colostrum and milk to newborn animals; creation of normal sanitary and zoohygienic conditions for feeding and housing for young animals during the colostrum and dairy periods; compliance with the rules for weaning young animals and raising them in the post-weaning period.

In addition to general preventive measures, in the system of combating non-contagious diseases of young animals, special veterinary measures aimed at strengthening the health of animals and treating patients are of great importance, especially in farms that are unfavorable for diseases of young animals. These measures include: feeding the breeding stock and young animals with grass flour, hydroponic greens, pine needle infusions, fish oil, vitamin preparations, yeast, yeast feed, acidophilus broth, gastric juice, the use of biostimulants, mixtures of salts from macro- and microelements, fortification of breeding stock by injection of vitamins A and D, irradiation of animals with infrared and ultraviolet rays, ionization of air in premises for young animals, etc.

The key to success in the fight against non-communicable diseases of young animals is the correct selection, placement and high qualifications of livestock personnel associated with raising young animals (milkmaids, calves, cattlemen, shepherds, pig farmers, etc.).

Livestock specialists and veterinary specialists, in the process of daily work on the farm, during routine examinations and medical examinations of breeding stock and young animals, identify and eliminate observed violations of the rules for obtaining and raising young animals. Only through the joint efforts of farm managers, livestock breeders, livestock specialists and veterinary specialists, aimed at providing livestock with a solid feed supply, premises that meet zoohygienic requirements and good personnel, can the prevention and elimination of diseases of young animals be achieved, which will significantly increase the profitability of livestock farming.

In the work of the veterinary service, one of the leading places is given to the prevention of infectious animal diseases, especially diseases from list A of the International Bureau of Epizootics. These diseases are serious potential threat biological safety of the state.

The emergence of certain particularly dangerous infectious animal diseases (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.) is a socio-economic disaster for the state. These diseases are also dangerous because people are susceptible to them.

Prevention of infectious animal diseases in our state is based on:

♦ protecting borders from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from other countries;

♦ carrying out veterinary and sanitary supervision during the movement of animals, procurement and transportation of raw materials of animal origin by road, rail, water and air transport;

♦ veterinary and sanitary supervision of markets, exhibitions, procurement bases and other points of temporary concentration of animals;

♦ veterinary supervision of meat processing plants, small meat processing enterprises, slaughterhouses, as well as enterprises and organizations for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin;

♦ protection of livestock farms from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from disadvantaged areas, as well as the organization of preventive measures in specific farms and settlements;

♦ increasing the general resistance of the animal body and veterinary and sanitary culture in animal husbandry.

The nature of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases depends on the characteristics of a particular disease, natural and economic conditions, the availability of biological products for active and passive immunization, the characteristics of livestock farming, etc. At the same time, a distinction is made between general and special measures for the prevention of infectious diseases.

General prevention involves the implementation of a minimum of mandatory rules to protect healthy farms, complexes and other livestock facilities from the occurrence of infectious diseases in them.

The following rules must be observed:

♦ animals must be imported only from farms that are free from infectious diseases;

♦ newly arriving animals must be quarantined for 30 days;

♦ preventive disinfection of livestock premises should be carried out at least 2 times a year;

♦ comply with the rules of keeping, feeding and exploitation of animals, as well as the principle of “everything is occupied - everything is empty” and other technological requirements;

♦ do not allow direct and indirect contact between animals from a prosperous and unfavorable farm;

♦ carry out biothermal treatment of slaughterhouse, biological and food waste used for animal feeding;

♦ procurement of feed must be carried out only in areas free from infectious diseases (this is especially important for soil-borne diseases, anthrax, etc.);

♦""prohibit unauthorized persons from visiting livestock farms;

♦ regularly carry out deratization and disinfestation, protect farms from dogs, cats, wild birds and other species of animals;

♦ improve pastures, cattle routes and watering places;

♦ carry out careful control over the movement of livestock among the population;

♦ dispose or destroy animal carcasses;

♦ observe strict sanitary and access regulations at livestock complexes and farms, etc.

In addition to measures for the prevention and elimination of general infectious diseases, special measures are carried out, including:

♦ carrying out diagnostic studies (tuberculosis, brucellosis, bovine leukemia, glanders in horses, etc.);

♦ mandatory immunoprophylaxis (cattle - against trichophytosis, salmonellosis, in previously unsuccessful farms against anthrax, etc.; pigs - against classical plague, erysipelas, Aujeszky's disease, and sows - against leptospirosis; birds - against Newcastle disease).

Measures to eliminate infectious diseases are regulated by relevant instructions or rules.

Depending on the degree of danger of an infectious disease for people and animals, when organizing measures to eliminate it, a household, farm, department, etc. is declared unsafe and quarantine or restriction is introduced.

Quarantine (from the French quarantaine - forty days) is a special legal regime, which is a complex of veterinary organizational, administrative, economic, veterinary, sanitary, diagnostic and other measures aimed at destroying the causative agent of a dangerous infectious disease of animals in an epizootic outbreak and preventing its further spreading to other territories. To introduce quarantine, the chief veterinarian of the district, having a conclusion on the diagnosis of a contagious animal disease from a state diagnostic institution or a commission inspection report, applies to the district executive committee with a request to consider the issue of the occurrence of a contagious disease and the introduction of quarantine (restrictions) in a disadvantaged area, having a package of documents: document , confirming the diagnosis; a draft plan of health measures (developed by specialists from district veterinary stations together with the veterinary service serving the quarantine point); draft decision of the district executive committee.

Quarantine is introduced in the event of diseases common to animals and humans (anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.), as well as diseases of animals only, which occur in the form of epizootic or panzootic and are accompanied by high morbidity and mortality (classical swine fever, disease Aujeszki, etc.).

Quarantine is established for the following infectious diseases of animals: anthrax and foot-foot disease of animals; Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, widespread pneumonia, spongiform encephalopathy, plague and emphysematous carbuncle of cattle; African plague, influenza, contagious pleuropneumonia, glanders, infectious encephalomyelitis and epizootic lymphangitis of horses; African plague, Aujeszky's disease, vesicular disease, infectious encephalomyelitis and classical swine fever; smallpox and plague of sheep and goats; infectious pleuropneumonia of goats; viral enteritis and mink pseudomonosis; rabbit myxomatosis; Newcastle disease, ospodifteritis, respiratory mycoplasmosis and avian influenza; viral hepatitis ducklings; aeromonosis,

Bronchiomycosis, spring viremia, inflammation of the swim bladder and rubella of carp; infectious anemia and furunculosis of trout and other diseases.

When establishing quarantine, the following measures are taken:

♦ it is prohibited to export (withdraw) animals from the quarantined territory, transport (drive) through this territory and import (introduce) susceptible ones into it, and in necessary cases and animals immune to this disease;

♦ it is prohibited, in cases determined by the Department of Veterinary and Food Supervision, the procurement in the quarantined territory and the removal from it of animal products, hay, straw, and other feed;

♦ within the quarantined territory, markets are closed in cases determined by the Department of Veterinary Medicine and the holding of fairs, bazaars, exhibitions, competitions and circus performances with the participation of animals (including birds, fur-bearing animals, dogs, etc.) is prohibited;

♦joint grazing, watering and other contact of sick animals with healthy ones, and the release from premises of animals that can spread the causative agent of the disease are prohibited;

♦ it is prohibited to regroup (transfer) animals within the farm without the permission of veterinary specialists;

♦ the corpses of animals that have died from infectious diseases, depending on the nature of the disease, are immediately destroyed or disposed of by the owner of the animal in the presence of a veterinary specialist;

♦ manure, bedding and food residues from animals sick or suspected of contracting a contagious disease are destroyed or rendered harmless. Economic use manure from these animals is allowed with the permission of the relevant state veterinary inspection and only after its preliminary disinfection;

♦ access of people and entry of vehicles not related to servicing animals is prohibited into the territory of farms, complexes, premises for animals, herds, flocks, etc.

The procedure for carrying out specific security, quarantine and other veterinary and sanitary measures at quarantined objects (in the quarantined territory) and for implementing restrictive and preventive measures in the threatened zone is determined by the relevant approved rules (instructions).

When especially dangerous diseases(African swine fever, foot and mouth disease, etc.) establish a threatened zone around the quarantined area.

The quarantine period is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period, the duration of persistence of the pathogen in the body of recovered animals and on environmental objects (anthrax - 15 days after the last case of death, recovery or forced slaughter of an animal; classical swine fever - after 30 days, etc.).

In case of some diseases, the quarantine on the farm is lifted, but restrictions for a certain period (from several months to a year) still remain (foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, etc.).

Quarantine is lifted after the established period and thorough cleaning and final disinfection of the premises. At the same time, an act is drawn up on the completeness of the measures to eliminate the disease and the corresponding decision is made by the district executive committee.

Restrictive measures provide for a less high degree of separation than quarantine measures, and are introduced on the farm when diseases occur that do not tend to spread in the form of epizootics or panzootics and do not pose a danger to humans (washing horses, parainfluenza in cattle, etc.). In this case, the corresponding decision of the district executive committee is not necessary.

Exist general principles elimination of infectious animal diseases. When an infectious disease occurs, the most important thing is to establish a reliable diagnosis and identify all potential sources of the infectious agent.

The diagnosis of an infectious disease is established by a complex method, which includes epizootological, clinical, pathological, allergic, microbiological (microscopic, bacteriological, biological or bioassay), virological, serological, immunological, hematological and other methods.

Diagnosis begins with an epizootological examination directly at the troubled point, since priority measures must be taken to stop the epizootic focus.

The essence of the epizootic method is to collect, summarize and analyze all information relating to the development of the epizootic process in the event of an infectious disease, taking into account:

1. susceptibility (depending on the type of animal, age, physiological state, gender and resistance of the body) of laboratory animals and humans;

2. source of the infectious agent;

3. reservoir of the infectious agent;

4. mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent:

a) gate of infection;

b) factors of transmission of the infectious agent;

c) ways of releasing the pathogen into the external environment;

5. seasonality, stationarity, periodicity and natural focality of the disease;

6. intensity of the epizootic process (sporadia, enzootic, epizootic, panzootic);

7. morbidity;

8. lethality.

The clinical diagnostic method aims to recognize an infectious disease by identifying the most constant and characteristic clinical signs for it. All livestock of this species of animals in a disadvantaged area are subjected to clinical research. The role of the clinical diagnostic method in certain infectious diseases is decisive. For example, with swine erysipelas (urticaria) or calf trichophytosis, the clinical signs are so characteristic that there is no need to use other diagnostic methods. With many infectious diseases, the clinical signs are similar, and the same disease can manifest itself with different clinical signs. In this case, an important role is played by differential diagnosis.

The pathoanatomical method is mandatory when diagnosing infectious diseases of animals. Using this method, the most permanent and characteristic changes in the organs and tissues of corpses or forcedly killed animals are revealed. In case of certain diseases (anthrax), autopsy of corpses is prohibited. For tuberculosis in cattle, glanders in horses and some other diseases, the pathoanatomical method is the leading one; for certain diseases, it is, to varying degrees, additional to the main diagnostic methods. A pathoanatomical autopsy, as a rule, is accompanied by the collection of pathological material for bacteriological, virological, histological and other studies.

The allergic method is widely used in the republic to diagnose glanders in horses, tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in cattle, and tuberculosis in birds.

In farms that are free from bovine tuberculosis, planned allergy tests of sires and cows, regardless of the period of pregnancy, as well as heifers older than one year, are carried out 2 times a year - in spring and autumn.

All adult horses in the republic are examined for glanders once a year - in the spring, through double ocular malleinization. This method is also used to clarify the diagnosis in animals suspected of disease (having glanders-like changes), imported and with positive results of RSK.

The reliability of the allergic method cannot be considered high (in some cases it does not exceed 70%), which is associated with the occurrence of nonspecific reactions (paraallergic, pseudoallergic) to allergens, as well as with the phenomena of anergy (lack of reaction in sick and weakened animals).

The microbiological method allows you to determine the type of isolated microorganism and carry out diagnostics of this disease which includes:

♦ microscopic, with the help of this method they establish mainly the morphological, tinctorial properties of microbes in preparations - smears prepared from microbial cultures and the material being studied;

♦ bacteriological, involves inoculating microbes on nutrient media, isolating pure cultures and studying their biochemical and other properties;

♦ biological (bioassay), used to determine the patho- and toxigenicity of microorganisms. It is carried out by infecting susceptible laboratory or other animals using various methods.

The bacteriological method is decisive in the final diagnosis of tuberculosis, anthrax and other infectious diseases.

The virological method involves the detection of a virus or its antigen, isolation of the virus by infecting cell cultures, chicken embryos, susceptible laboratory animals and its

Identification using various serological reactions, electron and fluorescent microscopy, PCR and other reactions.

The hematological method is an auxiliary one. When diagnosing some infectious diseases of animals, it complements the main ones. For example, when making a diagnosis of equine infectious anemia, it is necessary to take into account pronounced anemia (the number of red blood cells decreases to 1-2 10 12 / l), and for classical swine fever - leukopenia (the number of leukocytes decreases to 2 10 9 / l), etc. d.

The histological method aims to identify structural changes at the cell, tissue or organ level that are characteristic of a specific infectious disease. This method is auxiliary, but for certain infectious diseases it significantly complements the main methods. Characteristic histological changes are found in tuberculosis, equine glanders, paratuberculosis, listeriosis and other infectious diseases of animals.

The serological diagnostic method is based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood serum of sick or recovered animals. To diagnose bacterial infectious diseases, RA is used - brucellosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis; RMA - leptospirosis; RSK - glanders, brucellosis, chlamydia, listeriosis and other reactions.

In virology they use: RID - enzootic leukemia of cattle, infectious anemia of horses; RIF - rabies; ELISA - enzootic leukemia of cattle, etc.

For certain infectious diseases, the serological method is decisive in the diagnosis final diagnosis for the corresponding disease (bovine leukemia, infectious anemia and glanders of horses, etc.). It forms the basis for retrospective diagnosis. In these cases, blood serum is taken from animals at the stage of obvious clinical disease, and then, during the period of convalescence or complete recovery, i.e. after 2-3 weeks (method of studying paired sera). When the level of antibodies increases (for leptospirosis - 5 times or more, for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - 4 times or more, etc.) in the blood serum, the diagnosis of the corresponding disease is considered established.

The serological method has also found application for the detection of the corresponding pathogen in pathological material using specific serum (RP - for anthrax). This method is also widely used to control the level of immune response when vaccinating pigs against classical plague, birds against Newcastle disease, etc., as well as for serogroup differentiation of infectious disease pathogens isolated from pathological material.

Among other diagnostic methods in veterinary practice, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), electron microscopy, histochemical method, DNA hybridization, microchip technology, etc. are increasingly used.

However, most often a set of methods is used to diagnose infectious animal diseases, although for each infectious animal disease there are legalized methods on the basis of which the diagnosis is considered definitively established. For example, with bovine tuberculosis, the diagnosis is considered definitively established in one of the following cases: when pathological changes in organs typical for tuberculosis are detected or lymph nodes; when isolating a culture of mycobacteria of bovine or human species from the test material; upon receipt positive result bioassays.

Exists general scheme carrying out measures to eliminate infectious diseases, the essence of which is as follows. Based on the results of clinical or other research methods of animals from a disadvantaged herd (farm, complex, etc.), regardless of whether quarantine or restrictions are introduced, animals are divided into three groups:

1) obviously sick animals with typical clinical signs of the disease. In their regard, the diagnosis is considered to be finally established using methods legalized for diagnosing the relevant disease;

2) suspicious for the disease, having unclear clinical signs of the disease, characteristic of many infectious diseases (fever, refusal to feed, depression, etc.) or questionable results of diagnostic studies;

3) those suspected of infection (conditionally healthy), other animals kept together with patients (carriers of the infectious agent) or in contact with certain factors of transmission of the agent.

One of the most important conditions for the successful fight against infectious diseases is the identification and removal of the source of the infectious agent. For this purpose, sick animals (animals of the first group) are isolated from the main herd in a separate room (isolator). Separate personnel are allocated to service such animals. At the same time, sick animals are treated (trichophytosis of calves, erysipelas of pigs, pasteurellosis, etc.). If treatment is not economically profitable or ineffective, or sick animals are dangerous to people (tuberculosis and brucellosis in cattle, classical swine fever, etc.), they are killed.

In some cases, when sick animals (rinderpest, African swine fever, etc.) pose a huge danger to other animals or people (rabies, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.), they are destroyed.

Another important condition for carrying out measures after isolation or destruction of sick animals is to break the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen. Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are to play a great role in measures regarding the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent. It should be taken into account that each infectious disease has its own strictly specific transmission mechanism.

Thus, for diseases with a nutritional transmission mechanism, disinfection is carried out, pastures are changed, grazing of animals is stopped, feed is changed or disinfected, etc. (EMKAR, anthrax, etc.). For vector-borne diseases, blood-sucking insects are destroyed (horses, etc.), and for infectious diseases transmitted aerogenously (parainfluenza, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, etc.), aerosols of disinfectants (lactic acid, formaldehyde, etc.) are used. Only by isolating or destroying sick animals and breaking the transmission mechanism of the infectious agent can the further spread of many infectious animal diseases be prevented.

Animals suspected of having the disease are examined further. Depending on the results of the study, the nature of their further use is determined, whether they are recognized as sick or conditionally healthy. In most cases, animals of this group are classified as sick and treated in the same way as animals of the first group.

Table 2.2. Measures regarding the source of the infectious agent depending on the characteristics of the infectious disease

Animals suspected of being infected (conditionally healthy) are under enhanced veterinary supervision. Depending on the characteristics of the identified disease, animals in this group are vaccinated or treated with hyperimmune serum. In the absence of biological products, treat animals with antibiotics or take other measures aimed at preventing the disease.

Measures to eliminate a specific infectious animal disease are regulated by relevant rules (instructions).

Thus, measures to eliminate infectious diseases must be comprehensive and aimed at all links of the epizootic chain: elimination (isolation, neutralization) of the source of the infectious agent; rupture of the pathogen transmission mechanism; creating immunity in animals to infectious diseases. -

Control questions

1. What are the main measures to prevent the introduction of pathogens into healthy farms?

2GWhat is the difference between sick animals suspected of having a disease and animals suspected of being infected?

3.What is the essence of general and specific prevention of infectious animal diseases, what are their similarities and differences?

4.What is comprehensive diagnostics infectious diseases? What methods are used for this? Give their comparative characteristics.

5.What is the role of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including in the final diagnosis?

6. Describe the concepts of “quarantine” and “restrictions”. What are the rules and procedure for their application (introduction) and removal, what is their anti-epizootic significance?

7.List the diseases that are subject to quarantine.

8. How do they deal with patients suspected of having a disease, or suspected of being infected by animals during the elimination of infectious diseases?

Related information.

In the system of veterinary measures aimed at the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases, the leading place is occupied by general preventive actions. Along with economic and zootechnical measures (providing animals with complete feed, premises, proper inspection), they provide for monitoring compliance with zoological and veterinary-sanitary standards and rules on farms, constant monitoring of the condition of herds with clinical reviews and medical examination of animals. This also includes control over the quality of roughage, succulent and concentrated feed and drinking water.

The main activity of veterinary medicine specialists is the fight against costs in animal husbandry, for the creation of herds of healthy, highly productive animals on all farms, and for the production of animal products that are of good quality in veterinary and sanitary terms.

The healthy state of the herd is achieved through a whole range of measures.

The set of measures for the prevention, treatment and elimination of non-communicable animal diseases includes:

Assessment of conditions and technologies for keeping, quality of feed and characteristics of animals;

Animal Clinical Review;

Medical examination of farm animals;

Introduction of zoological and veterinary-sanitary rules into animal husbandry practice;

Veterinary control over the reconstruction of the herd;

Registration of cases of non-communicable diseases;

Identification of the causes of mass disease and death of animals;

Isolation and treatment of sick animals;

Prevention of injuries;

Changing your diet;

Elimination of deficiencies in animal welfare (microclimate, exercise, etc.);

Improvement of the area around livestock farms, complexes, summer camps;

Massive educational work.

A set of measures for certain non-communicable diseases is listed and carried out in accordance with approved guidelines and recommendations, taking into account scientific achievements in this industry. For example, Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of poisoning of farm animals with nitrates and nitrites, Recommendations for combating cow mastitis, etc.

Clinical examination of animals has diagnostic and preventive value. It is carried out by veterinary medicine doctors from farms and the state veterinary network.

There are individual, group, general, planned and unscheduled reviews.

Depending on the direction and purpose of the farm and local conditions, animals are reviewed twice a year, quarterly, 1-2 times a month. In the presence of acute illness animals are examined daily or several times throughout the day.

On ordinary farms, a planned livestock survey of animals is organized in the spring, before the cattle are sent out to pasture, and in the fall, before they are put into stabling. Cattle that are sent to seasonal pastures are inspected before driving.

In industrial complexes, the survey is carried out twice or more once a month.

An unscheduled clinical examination of animals is organized when mass infectious or non-infectious diseases occur, as well as before sale or slaughter, especially forced slaughter.

A veterinary medicine specialist at a farm or complex conducts general review animals, paying attention to changes in the condition of animals during the distribution of feed, taking feed and water, as well as during movement.

Animals that have deviations from the norm are separated into a separate group and subjected to thermometry, careful individual examination and research.

To better organize the review, the veterinary medicine doctor and animal engineer inform the farm managers about the day of the review and agree with them on the procedure for conducting it. Sometimes the inspection of animals on farms is combined with bonituvannyam or mass preventive treatments.

The results of the work are followed by a list of examined animals and an act on the allocation of patients for treatment or isolation.

The list provides general data about the animals, and the report indicates the detected pathology, previous diagnosis, treatment prescribed, feeding regimen and living conditions.

An organized survey of animals in the population is carried out with the participation of a representative of the village council, the animals are taken to the institution of state veterinary medicine or another place (if the epizootic situation allows) or they go around the courtyards of citizens.

In the complex of measures that make it possible to detect the presence and causes of animal diseases, clinical examination becomes important.

Clinical examination is a system of planned diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures aimed at timely detection of subclinical and clinical signs of diseases, disease prevention and treatment of patients, especially highly productive animals.

This is the so-called preventive diagnosis and therapy.

Specialists who serve breeding farms, breeding plants or stations, as well as institutions of the state veterinary network include livestock medical examination in the annual plans of veterinary activities. Managers, chief doctors of veterinary medicine and the chief livestock specialist of farms, if necessary, specialists from the district hospital of state veterinary medicine, take part in its implementation.

Clinical examination is conventionally divided into three stages: diagnostic, preventive, therapeutic.

The first stage involves general research each animal (its general condition, mucus membranes, lymph nodes, skin, hair, skeleton, including the condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves, udder, etc.); study of systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, genitourinary, nervous, movement and sensory organs.

Systems and organs that deviate from the norm are examined more thoroughly: laboratory tests are carried out on blood, urine, milk, and the like.

In breeding farms, blood is taken for biochemical studies from 30-40%, urine and milk - from 10-15% of cows and 100% - from bulls.

In other farms with highly productive livestock, blood, urine and milk are examined in 5-15% of cows and heifers in the state laboratory of veterinary medicine.

The results of the first stage of medical examination are compared according to data obtained from previous studies.

According to objective data from clinical and laboratory studies, animals are conventionally divided into 3 groups:

Clinically healthy, without deviations from the norm;

Clinically healthy with abnormalities in blood, urine and milk parameters;

Sick animals.

At the second stage of medical examination, all sick animals are examined again and more thoroughly to confirm the diagnosis and prescribe individual or group treatment.

At the third stage, the causes that caused or caused the disease in animals are eliminated

The results of the medical examination of animals are entered into the medical examination card. The map serves as the basis for drawing up an act and making specific proposals to the management of the farm and has the following form:

Veterinary, sanitary and zoological rules for keeping, feeding and exploitation of animals are established by the Department of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine, taking into account the achievements of science and best practices.

They are included in the Veterinary legislation and are subject to mandatory implementation on all farms.

Responsibility for compliance with these rules rests with the managers of livestock farms, farms, and brigades.

Veterinary medicine specialists take an active part in introducing these rules into the practice of each farm and monitor their implementation.

The implementation of the rules begins with their study by managers and livestock workers. Compliance with their implementation is controlled by veterinary medicine specialists from farms and state veterinary medicine institutions.

Veterinary control over the reconstruction of the herd. Veterinary medicine specialists from farms and state veterinary medicine institutions constantly monitor the organization of herd reconstruction. In addition, they monitor compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules for the insemination of animals, and constantly monitor the operation of the artificial insemination point.

Farm veterinary medicine specialists are responsible for timely testing of fruit trees for brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculous enteritis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, and trichomoniasis.

The quality of animal sperm is controlled by veterinary doctors at state breeding enterprises.

Doctors of farms are obliged to monitor the health of pistils, prevent the insemination of sick animals, check them for pregnancy, establish the causes of long-term infertility and barrenness, treat sick animals, and in case of irreversible processes (bilateral oophoritis, salpingitis, cystic degeneration of the ovaries, etc. ) discard them for slaughter.

Registration of cases of non-communicable animal diseases. In case of mass non-communicable diseases, timely registration of disease cases is of particular importance, as it allows increasing the efficiency of treatment and preventive work. Establishing the first cases of the disease is important for diseases associated with metabolic disorders, poisoning, acute tympany of the rumen, and diseases of young farm animals.

Veterinary doctors must systematically monitor the level of metabolic processes and productivity of animals, keeping in mind that a decrease in the milk yield of cows and the live weight of young cattle, pigs, and sheep are signs of the onset of a pathological process. It is important to promptly exclude infectious and invasive diseases using special studies.

All cases of non-contagious diseases are recorded in the Register of Sick Animals.

Identification of the causes of mass disease and death of animals. Veterinary medicine specialists, having established a diagnosis, find out the causes of mass disease and death of animals in order to eliminate the effect of negative factors on the rest of the livestock. Analysis of the causes of mass disease in animals comes down to a detailed study of feeding conditions and the content of complete diets, the quality of feed and water, and the metabolic state of animals. As during a routine medical examination, attention is paid to the condition of those organs and systems whose disorder causes clinical manifestation diseases. In addition, they examine the feed that was included in the diet before and during the period of animal illness.

Isolation of sick animals. For many non-contagious diseases, sick animals must be kept in a hospital or in a waterproof box at the farm. The basis for identifying sick animals is clinical signs, results biological research blood, urine, milk samples.

Sick animals can be grouped by age, age, diagnosis, which allows the use of group therapy or prevention. Animals are allocated to sanitary pens, an isolation ward, boxes, treatment and sanitary points (LSP), they are provided with Better conditions maintenance, organize dietary feeding.

The animals are assigned separate attendants, who are instructed on the specifics of inspection, feeding and maintenance of each group.

Animals that have recovered are transferred to groups, flocks, or farms after their physiological state is completely restored.

In the complex of measures for the prevention of non-communicable diseases, the organization of rational and nutritious feeding is of great importance. If, when analyzing the causes of non-contagious diseases, it is established that diets are inadequate, feeding poor-quality feed, then a prerequisite for preventing the disease is a change in the feeding diet. For example, in case of poisoning of animals, they immediately stop feeding the previously prepared diet. Poor quality food is excluded from the diet, and proven and good quality is included instead. If necessary, special treatment of feed is carried out before feeding.

The main disadvantages in keeping animals include an increase in relative air humidity, malfunction of ventilation, heating and heating devices, doors, windows, lighting, the presence of drafts, gas pollution in the premises, crowded keeping of animals, gender inequality, and the like.

To eliminate shortcomings in feeding and keeping animals, it is necessary to ensure conscientious work of livestock breeders and high responsibility of managers of livestock farms, complexes, farmers and other owners.

Organization of medical work. It is known that the veterinary welfare of livestock farming is based on prevention. Thanks to well-organized veterinary preventive work and daily attention to the issue of preserving livestock and poultry, advanced farms have almost no losses from disease and death of animals.

However, therapeutic work should not be underestimated. It should have its proper place in the activities of veterinary medicine specialists. Neglecting the possibility of restoring the health of sick animals means allowing large losses among the livestock population.

The main principles of treatment for non-contagious animal diseases are physiology, activity and complexity, the observance of which ensures a faster recovery of animals with the restoration of their productivity and reproductive properties.

Usually, the costs of treatment are completely worth it. The exception is for diseases that require long-term treatment and are hopeless in understanding the prognosis. In such cases, the veterinary doctor recommends slaughter (destruction) of the animal.

The goal of treatment is not only to preserve the life and restore health of the animal, but also to quickly return to productivity or performance.

Veterinary medical work includes treatment for non-communicable and contagious diseases, surgical operations and obstetric and gynecological care.

Depending on the urgency of providing assistance and the severity of the disease, a distinction is made between emergency medical assistance, treatment of animals that do not need urgent assistance, and routine treatment.

Emergency (immediate) assistance is provided for acute bleeding, abdominal wounds, irregular births, uterine prolapse, acute tympany of the scar, blockage of the esophagus, colic, and if an infectious disease is suspected.

Help is provided out of turn. To provide emergency care, veterinary medicine specialists immediately go to places (livestock farms, pastures, farms of individual owners, etc.).

Treatment can be carried out:

At the place where the animal is located (in sanitary premises, navigula, pasture, on the road during transportation, distillation);

On an outpatient basis, when the animal is delivered to state medical facilities, hospitals or veterinary medicine centers on farms and the skin treatment procedure is returned to the farm, to the herd. This form of medical care is used when the animal can remain in normal conditions of detention, and bringing them in does not negatively affect the course of the disease;

Inpatient, when the animal needs to be provided with rest, special housing and feeding, systematic treatment using conventional methods or surgical intervention (rumenotomy, Caesarean dissection, the use of radiation energy). Inpatient treatment is predominantly
the most valuable animals (highly productive cows, fertile cows, breeding stallions that require long-term treatment).

Medical work on farms is organized by veterinary medicine specialists from these farms or institutions of the state veterinary network. They provide medical care to sick animals most often directly on the farm, less often on an outpatient basis. When examining animals, the doctor of veterinary medicine makes a diagnosis, prescribes treatment, and himself or his subordinates provide therapeutic, surgical or obstetric care.

The ratio of medical, surgical and obstetric care varies. With regard to pathology in cattle, the largest number of visits to farms from the experience of hospitals falls on the share of obstetric care, in second place are diseases of the digestive and respiratory organs, and least of all - for surgical operations (not counting castration).

Animals that require long-term treatment are transferred to special stationary pens, to a hospital, and those with infectious diseases are transferred to an isolation ward.

The forms of organization of medical work in complexes depend on the type and production direction. In dairy production complexes, where mastitis, gynecological diseases, limb injuries, metabolic disorders are more often recorded, animal treatment is organized in full. The capacity of the hospital, which is located in the veterinary block, is planned at the rate of 2.5-3% of the number of cows.

In pig-breeding complexes, depending on the number of sick animals, treatment can be organized in sanitary pens, and in case of mass cases of the disease - in the place where they are kept. In specialized sheep farms, inpatient treatment is provided in special medical and sanitary points (LSP).

LSP as one of the new organizational forms therapeutic work were created in the 60s of the last century in conditions of keeping animals on seasonal pastures. The purpose of their creation is to systematically select sick, weak, emaciated animals from flocks, concentrate them in a certain place for qualified treatment and better feeding and thereby prevent death, which is almost certain with constant movement of flocks.

The LSP will equip a room for keeping animals, a pharmacy with an arena, sheds, a slaughterhouse, and premises for veterinary medicine specialists, shepherds, and drivers.

Stockpiles of feed are created at the LSP, and there are vehicles for transporting animals from the flocks. After recovery, the animals are returned to the flock or, after fattening, sent for slaughter.

In livestock farms, group therapy is often carried out, combining it with individual treatment of animals. At poultry farms, only group therapy is carried out by assigning medications with food, water or aerosol method.

IN district hospitals, local veterinary medicine hospitals, areas provide outpatient or inpatient treatment of animals. Most of these institutions have well-equipped playpens for receiving sick animals and providing them with medical care. The playpens should have strong restraints, tables for instruments, and a first aid kit for dispensing medications for the purpose of providing primary medical care. Playpens must have heat, water and sewerage.

In well-equipped medical institutions, especially in cities, both public and private, narrow specialization is being introduced and therapeutic, surgical, dental, and gynecological departments are being created. In addition to clinical research of animals, multilateral diagnostic studies, X-ray machines, physiotherapeutic devices are used, there are sets of various instruments, a supply of medicines and dressings.

Good equipment allows us to fully carry out treatment for non-communicable diseases, complex surgical operations and treatments, and treatment for gynecological diseases.

Medical work in peasant and farm households is organized by state veterinary medicine institutions, veterinary cooperatives and physician-entrepreneurs.

Better provision of institutions and farms with equipment and instruments opens up opportunities for better diagnosis of animal diseases. Timely establishment and correct diagnosis helps to increase the effectiveness of treatment.

In improving the quality of diagnosis of animal diseases, councils of veterinary medicine specialists (from neighboring farms, local institutions, hospitals, laboratories of state veterinary medicine) play a positive role.

In ordinary farms, in livestock complexes, in institutions of state veterinary medicine, veterinary cooperatives, private doctors keep a register of sick animals, and medical histories are created for animals in a hospital. The journal records all cases of provision of medical care.