How to find out if a person is sick. Symptoms of HIV and AIDS - external manifestations and stages of the disease. What is screening

The program “About the Most Important Thing” brought me to this idea. Unfortunately, I turned on the TV late, and the program was about bags under the eyes. So I decided to search on the Internet myself to see how one can diagnose oneself based on external signs (to diagnose, of course, it sounds loud, but it will help to prompt you to think about your own well-being). And this is what I found. I’ll say right away that some things seemed to me not devoid of logic, but some made me laugh! SO:

Some internal illnesses have absolutely clear external signs. If, after a careful examination of your body, you see any of the signs described below, then this is a reason to consult a doctor for a more complete examination.

DETERMINATION OF DISEASES BY EXTERNAL SIGNS OF A HUMAN.

Let's start with human height

Tall people have developed mental capacity, but they are predisposed to colds and nervous disorders. In physically and socially active short people Digestive and circulatory system. People with long and thick arms and legs are mentally strong and very flexible socially and intellectually.

You should also pay attention to the shoulders: if a person has unbalanced shoulders (that is, one is higher than the other), then the organs located on the side where the shoulder is higher are weaker than those located on the side of the lower shoulder.

Sloping shoulders correspond to the feminine principle, a balanced nervous system, active physical and mental activity. People with square shoulders have a masculine character and a lot of physical health.

A person's activity depends on the length of his legs. People with short legs cannot sit for a long time - they love to walk and stand; They assimilate information better while standing. A long-legged person, on the contrary, cannot stand or walk for a long time; he has a constant desire to sit down.

Special attention should be paid to the fingers and toes:

* long fingers they talk about a very emotional, receptive and aesthetic nature;

* short fingers - about high resistance to surrounding negative factors;

* index finger longer than ring finger - possibly present congenital pathology large intestine;

* the index finger is equal in height to the middle finger and lower than the ring finger - heart or stomach diseases are likely;

* fingers equal in length indicate that their owner can perform complex manual work;

* fingers of different lengths are characteristic mainly of creative people - these people work not with their hands, but with their heads;

* the flexibility of the fingers has been lost - this means that the muscles, arteries and veins have hardened not only in the hands, but throughout the body.

Even by a person’s movements and gestures, you can understand what health problems he has:

If at walking the person bends his shoulders forward, as if protecting chest, and throws his head back, and also often clasps his hands on his stomach, this indicates illness gastrointestinal tract, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers and gastritis.

In a person who constantly fidgets and changes frequently pose, most likely back problems: intervertebral hernia or osteochondrosis.

A clear picture of the disease in people suffering from joint diseases: arthritis or arthrosis. When walking, they hardly bend their legs, take very small steps, make an effort to sit down, and even more so to stand up.

If a person tries to barely move head, and even when you need to look to the side, the whole body turns, combined with pallor - this speaks of severe headaches and migraines. But if your head is tilted slightly to one side, this may be a symptom of inflammation neck muscles(myositis).

The person tries to keep the body straight, and even when bending, does not bend back, but moves the entire body forward. This may be a picture of ankylosing spondylitis.

An unsteady gait and constant search for support are a sign of problems with blood pressure, vegetative-vascular distance and dizziness.

A shuffling gait with a low head and shoulders indicates deep depression.

If when walking it feels like a person is stepping on hot coals, most likely he has gout or polyarthritis.

A cautious gait with hands pressed to the body, as if the walker is afraid of touching something, speaks of some kind of chronic pain syndrome.

Trembling hands indicate vascular pathology.

But even a barely noticeable trembling heads may be a sign of cerebral atherosclerosis or neurological problems.

Too active gestures and a nervous gait, even when a person is absolutely calm, speaks of possible neuroses and psychopathy.

Retardation of movements, low mobility, stiffness of the hands are the first symptoms of a mental disorder.

Hands my hands:

Each finger and toe corresponds to specific organs and functions. Often the appearance of the fingers reflects the functioning of these organs.

Fingers:

* thumb - lungs,

* index finger - large intestine,

* middle finger - vital energy, heart and reproductive function,

* ring finger - metabolic activity and release of excess energy from the heart, stomach, intestines,

* little finger - heart and small intestine.

Toes:

* first finger (thumb) - spleen, pancreas,

* second finger - stomach,

* third finger - stomach and duodenum,

* fourth finger - gallbladder,

* fifth finger - bladder.

Failures in the digestive system can be determined using palms: Open your palm and press your fingers tightly together - if there are gaps between the fingers, then something is wrong. The same disease is indicated by the presence of warts on the hands. And if you open your palm and feel pain in its center, then you can assume general mental and physical fatigue.

1. A completely flat Mount of Venus and a large arch on the first bracelet indicate a difficult birth. Unfortunately, this sign was 99% confirmed.

2. As cancer progresses, the skin of the palm often takes on a greenish tint.

3. In case of colon cancer, a tint may appear on the outer side of each of the palms in the spaces between the thumb and index finger.

4. For cancer small intestine- on the outside of the palm, down from the little finger.

5. For lung cancer - on one or both arms.

6. For stomach cancer - on the outside of each leg, especially below the knee.

7. Vertical strokes between the index and middle fingers are a sign of a predisposition to rheumatism.

8. With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, which can be caused, for example, by a tumor, abnormally large hands with huge, thick fingers develop.

9. And, on the contrary, with dysfunction or underdevelopment of the pituitary gland, small hands with too thin fingers are visible.

10. Very cold tips of fingers and toes - vascular disorders, atherosclerosis.

11. For hypofunction thyroid gland, we find, especially in women, a small, fat hand of a white color and soft consistency. The fingertips are usually short and conical, the little finger is exceptionally sharp.

12. In contrast, a person with an overactive thyroid gland has a long, bony arm with thin, bony fingers.

13. Insufficient function of the gonads is noticeable by the infantile shortness of the hands and fingers, and especially the little finger.

14. In patients with gout and rheumatism, changes can be easily identified - swollen and deformed fingers.

15. White or blue wasted hand due to Rhine disease.

16. In those suffering from depression, we usually see a thin, pale and flaccid hand.

17. Schizophrenics have a thin and bluish hand.

18. Intermittent and dark coloring of the health line indicates hot temper and illnesses resulting from the spillage of bile.

19. If the health line is interrupted several times and is angular, then this is taken as a sign of stomach and gastrointestinal ailments.

20. A loop on the health line - speaks of liver disease.

21. A loop on the line of the mind indicates a brain disease.

22. Excessive mobility of the arm allows one to draw the conclusion about low blood pressure, which is expressed in fatigue and loss of energy.

23. Ideal - a long arm shows a predisposition to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and related diseases. Owners of this type of hand are often neurotic and tend toward psychosis.

24. If a person’s thumb is more similar to the finger of an ape (i.e. very large), then this most likely indicates dementia and degenerative tendencies.

25. People who suffer from harmless or insidious spasms, as well as convulsive conditions, for example, epileptics, during an attack, hide their thumb in a fist, which is an expression of their depressive state. People with this position of the thumb experience a general decrease in vitality; these people are depressed and pessimistic, which can cause psychosomatic health problems.

26. Schizophrenics usually have an abnormally long little finger.

27. Too short a little finger indicates not only infantilism, but also “paranoid” schizophrenics, who are very often underdeveloped in the sexual sense.

28. In cases of endocrine system disorders, the little finger is usually not only too short, but also often sharp.

29. If your hands are constantly cold as ice and white or blue in color, then in this case the tips of your fingers may be wrinkled and their skin roughened. All this says (if a person does not suffer from heart disease) vascular diseases), about melancholy, depression, or psychosis. In such cases, the palm is also wet.

30. If the Mount of Venus (near the thumb) is medium in size and smooth, this indicates a short life.

31. A red dot in the cavity between the ring and middle fingers indicates caries.

32. A very short little finger is a serious (and almost always justified) sign of mental imbalance and poor health.

33. If the little finger is noticeably bent to the side ring finger, then in women this is a sign of an abnormal position of the uterus.

34. In men, curvature of the little finger towards the ring finger is a violation of sexual function.

35. Absence of a hole on the nail of the little finger - dysfunction urinary tract.

36. An ugly, randomly indented Mount of the Moon (mountain of the palm, opposite the Mount of Venus, adjacent to the base of the thumb), speaks of the danger of epilepsy, kidney disease and dropsy.

37. A square on the hill of the Moon speaks of violent death from loved ones.

38. A network of lines on the hill of the Moon and on the little finger - speaks of consumption.

39. Star on the hill of the Moon - drowning death.

40. The connection at the very beginning of the lines of the mind and the lines of the heart perpendicular to the straight line is a sign of suicide.

41. A parchment-like hand with a yellowish tint to the skin indicates a disease of the liver and gall bladder.

42. Anemia is indicated by splitting nails.

43. And a weakly expressed line of love (heart) can be associated with hypersensitivity and great human vulnerability. This may also be an indicator of stomach diseases (excessive sensitivity contributes to stomach diseases).

44. An unfavorable sign for a woman in labor is considered to be the combination of a narrow palm (foreshadows a protracted labor) with an upper bracelet line in the middle, rarely curved upward towards the fingers.

45. Dark dot on the Mount of Venus - indicates a predisposition to hearing impairment (on right hand - right ear), on the left hand - respectively, the left ear.

46. ​​Wet hands indicate some kind of internal illness, most often an unhealthy heart.

47. If the color of the hand is “yellow”, this means that the person is sickly and nervous.

48. If the “crescent” on the nails is large or absent at all, then the person may have an unhealthy heart. You also need to look at the Heart line - if it is intermittent, dots or small lines are visible on it, then this is another confirmation of the disease.

49. There are people whose nails “bloom” - they have white, flower-like lines on their nails - this means poor circulation.

50. And striped nails indicate a stomach ailment.

51. If the fingernails are strong, this is evidence of a healthy body.

52. A branch to the Mount of Jupiter from the line of Health, provides for internal diseases.

53. If the Health line is crippled, tortuous, branchy, then this indicates a sick person.

54. A very wide health line indicates poor health.

55. An unhealthy heart is indicated by a broken heart line, on which dots or small lines are visible. This is also evidenced by a line in the form of a chain.

56. If middle part the line of the mind approaches the line of the heart, this may indicate lung disease.

57. If at the end of the line of the mind one can see a cross, a star, or another line intersects it, then the person may be at risk of mental illness.

58. A cross or star on the line of the mind indicates that there is a threat to health.

59. If you can see points on the line of the mind, then they indicate a violation nervous system.

60. Sometimes deep holes are noticeable on the line of the mind, which seem to enlarge this line. And this indicates a disorder of the nervous system that a person has had or will continue to have. In what year of life this can happen, certain years indicate this.

61. If a line or line crosses the line of the mind and it breaks off, as if cut with a knife, this means that human life may end unexpectedly.

62. In rare cases, the line of the mind has branches back. When the line of the mind is broken, this indicates a mental illness.

63. It is bad if the line of the mind ends in two branches, and both of them turn towards the Mount of the Moon. Such formations on the lines of the hand indicate that a person’s life may end with a violation of reason.

64. If the line of the mind is interrupted, then this implies a head injury or a disorder of the nervous system.

76. Narrow nails are a sign of irritability and ambition.

77. Nails that are dull, brittle and have colored marks or highlights, characterized by irregular growth and a color uncharacteristic of the skin - this always indicates poor health, and in some cases these signs portend very bad changes. Only a specialist can determine the essence of them.

78. A healthy nail at its base is bordered by a white hole. The absence or presence of an overly large hole indicates a predisposition to nervous diseases (heart neurosis).

79. White spots on the thumbnail indicate nervousness, anemia, insufficient blood circulation and other diseases.

80. White spots on the index finger (nail) portend heart disease and passions of the heart.

81. On the middle finger - a difficult state of mind, and for some, a tendency towards suicide.

82. If the nail is of normal shape, then the person is practically healthy.

83. Short and flat nail - organic disease hearts.

84. Large crescent size - tachycardia.

85. Absence of a crescent - neurosis of the heart.

86. Very cold tips of fingers and toes - vascular disorders, atherosclerosis.

In general, people who have warts, there is a predisposition to the development of tumors, cysts, cancer, and diseases of the urinary system.

Eyes

WHAT IS IRIDODIAGNOSTICS?
Iridology (from the Latin “iris” - iris) is an informative examination that complements traditional tests. By the iris you can determine diseases of the spine, stomach, heart, ovaries or prostate, diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, a tendency to schizophrenia, hereditary diseases, assess the strength of immunity, give a prognosis of life expectancy. And although it is impossible to talk about a diagnosis exactly, it is possible to identify diseases on such early stages when it is still impossible to diagnose the disease using conventional methods.

WHY DOES THE IRIS DISPLAY DISEASE?
From the anatomy course we know that the eyes are part of the brain. Everything in the body is interconnected, so the condition internal organs displayed by the brain in a unique sign language. The iris is precisely that part of the eyes on which the entire chronicle of our health is “written”, starting from birth.

WHAT DOES EYE COLOR SAY?
If your eyes are light, this means that you have been given strong immunity from birth. In particular, blue-eyed people find it easy to drink vodka. The roots of this phenomenon go back to ancient times, when the blue-eyed Slavs drank this traditional drink like water, which was passed on to their heirs genetically. Black- and brown-eyed people cannot do this - their livers are weaker. So, by the way, you can recognize the Tatar origin of those with mixed eye color: if 200 g makes you feel ill, then your ancestors are from the East.

If the color of the eyes changes, for example, from blue to green, this indicates illness and slagging in the body.

From birth, different eye colors, for example, one eye is brown, the other is green, indicates that their owner is an unbalanced type.

WHAT CAN YOU FIND OUT BY YOUR EYES?
To examine your iris, sit in front of the light and take a magnifying glass in one hand and a mirror in the other. Pay attention to:

1. Iris density

The dense iris resembles the eye of a child's doll: even, smooth, evenly pigmented, without spots. If the iris is dense in the eyes, this is a sign of excellent heredity, endurance, and strong immunity. After illnesses and operations, your health is likely to be restored quickly and completely. There is a good chance that you will live to be 80-85 years old, and maybe even 90.

A loose iris indicates “average” heredity. Under great mental and physical stress, such people may experience nervous breakdowns, excessive irritability, headaches and heart pain, spasms of various organs, and depression. But if the rhythm of your life is moderate, if you do not “throw your health to the mercy of fate,” then you will live to at least 75-80 years without any problems.

A very loose iris, in which the fibers are split and there are many “holes”, is a sign of weak immunity and a low degree of endurance. Even with minor stress or stress, nervous breakdowns and the occurrence of diseases are possible. But nevertheless, you have a chance to live to 70-75 years.

2. Color drawings

There is a yellowish color around the pupil - a sign of slagging in the intestines, liver, and gall bladder.

A white arc along the edge of the iris is a sure sign that you suffer from atherosclerosis. If in its upper part there is atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, in the lower part - of the vessels of the legs.

Half rings or rings passing through the entire surface of the iris, around the pupil, indicate that you are a sensitive person, but you hold negative emotions, resentments, and tension within yourself. The nervous and cardiovascular systems suffer from this mental stress.

Spots indicate disorders in specific organs. In order to determine where the disease “sits”, look at the diagram of the projections of the internal organs and try to determine in which organ these spots are located.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE IRIS

If you divide the iris into sectors and imagine it in the form of a watch dial, you can see your entire body. For example, on the right iris of the eye

From 11 to 12 o'clock the work of the brain is reflected; in the center of the dial, near the pupil, there is the stomach and intestines;

From 13 to 15 hours - nasopharynx and trachea;

From 16 to 17 hours - spine;

From 17 to 18 hours - genitourinary system: ureter Bladder and kidneys;

From 18:00 to 19:00 - appendages;

About 20 hours - liver and gall bladder;

In the middle between 20 and 21 o'clock - mammary gland;

From 21 to 22 o'clock - lungs;

About 22 - thyroid gland;

From 22 to 22.30 - ear.

The left shell is a mirror image of the right one.

Watery eyes indicate a deficiency of potassium in the body, dilated pupils indicate nervousness and anxiety. Redness of the eyes indicates a violation of blood pressure, often intracerebral.

Redness gla h, which appears during fever, indicates long-term damage to the abdomen.

Bags under the eyes are often a symptom of certain diseases. For example, they may indicate problems with the kidneys or thyroid gland. Moreover, if bags under the eyes are a consequence of any disease, then even after recovery they will not go away.

Other signs of illness in appearance person:

Double chin indicates poor digestion.

plump cheeks usually with indigestion.

If red cheeks forms a sharply limited intense red spot on the cheekbones - this means the lungs begin to collapse.

By complexion:

A bluish-green complexion is a sign of liver pathology.

Sallow complexion - in people suffering from diseases of the stomach, spleen, pancreas.

Pale skin indicates disease of the large intestine.

A red complexion often indicates heart disease, while a white complexion often indicates lung disease.

A reddish tint to the skin of the face and body is characteristic of diseases of the heart, pericardium and systems associated with it.

Blackish tint to the face - with diseases of the kidneys and bladder.

A blue complexion indicates diseases of the stomach and spleen.

A yellow complexion indicates liver and gallbladder diseases.

A bloodless complexion with yellowness suggests that the patient has cancer.

Brown red neck indicates inflammation of the organs of the lower abdomen (if the place where you run your finger immediately returns to its previous color).

Thickened back of the head indicates tinnitus, headaches, illnesses spinal cord, mental disorders.

Redness on the bulge breasts indicates inflammation of the head or chest.

. Smell acetone from the mouth indicates liver problems

. Face glitters forehead darkish - signs of a disorder in the hormonal system.

Strong pain in a stomach, hair loss from the head and beard indicate that the spleen is diseased.

Pigmentation on the face

• 
  in a woman after childbirth indicates that the woman has a uterine disease.

Men whose testicles are affected have a dry cough and a hoarse, low voice.

Trembling language indicates a disorder of the mind.

Consider the language:

Language always bears the imprint of one or another internal organ. And it can tell you a lot about your health. It’s not for nothing that they say: the tongue is the mirror of the body.

So a bright pink, moist tongue with a thin white coating of mucus and saliva indicates that you are absolutely healthy.

A red tongue without plaque is the first sign of dehydration.

A pale tongue indicates a slow metabolism.

Grayish-purple - indicates poor circulation.

If the tongue is covered with a yellow coating, this is a sign of indigestion or other digestive disorders.

It’s not in vain that oriental medicine The tongue is considered the most sensitive “window of the body,” so to speak, a mirror of the body’s health. And through it you can influence internal organs (heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs).

Please note that fresh breath depends 70% on the condition of the tongue. And some don’t even think about it and look for problems where there are none.

By the way, if the tongue often bleeds, this means that the body urgently needs vitamin C; if it is rough, dry and has acquired a purple-red color, it lacks vitamin B2; if it is bloody-cyanotic, it lacks vitamin B3.

U healthy person pink nails. If, when pressing on the patient's nail, the pink color, the disease must be treatable. Otherwise, the disease is at a dangerous stage.

Black-gray spots on the nail are signs of mercury intoxication.

White spots on the nail are a disorder of the nervous system.

Dirty gray coloration of nails indicates congenital syphilis.

Cyanotic or blue color of nails indicates birth defects hearts.

Yellowish nails indicate some brain disorders.

Pale nail color is usually due to anemia.

Pale red nails indicate certain blood diseases.

Dark brown coloration of the nails indicates a prolonged, severe fever.

When nails are yellow, liver disease occurs.

Greenish-purulent coloring of nails is usually due to purulent processes.

Here we come to the feet:

Various foot problems can have very unpleasant consequences for any part of the body. human body. Even minor foot pain that causes you to walk more slowly can lead to weight gain throughout your entire body, not to mention loss of coordination, which in turn can lead to falls and fractures. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. You can gain much more knowledge if you study the following information about our feet:

Toenails slightly embedded in the skin, leaving a spoon-shaped indentation in the toes

What could this mean? A spoon-like, almost concave dorsal surface of the ends of the toes, with nails deeply recessed into it, very often indicates anemia (that is, anemia, or iron deficiency). These signs are especially pronounced in severe cases of anemia. The reason for this is usually a lack of hemoglobin and iron-rich protein in the blood cells, which are responsible for transporting oxygen. Internal bleeding and difficult menstrual periods in women can also cause anemia.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: unhealthy pallor may appear on the nails and on the very end phalanges of the fingers (no matter the arms or legs). Nails may be too fragile and break frequently. Sometimes a person’s feet get cold even in warm periods. These are all signs of anemia, as are fatigue, difficulty breathing, dizziness (even when you're just standing), and headaches.
What needs to be done? You need to go through full analysis blood, because it is this that will most accurately diagnose anemia. An examination by a physiotherapist will help identify the causes of the disease. The first measures aimed at curing this disease include the introduction of drugs fortified with iron and a special diet that will allow the body to replenish the lack of iron and vitamin C (which contributes to more rapid dissolution iron in the body).

Lack of hair on legs and toes

What could this mean? Poor circulation, which is often caused by vascular diseases, can cause lack of hair on the legs. For example, when the heart loses its ability to pump enough blood to the outermost parts of the body due to arteriosclerosis (also called hardening of the arteries), the body is forced to set its own priorities. And leg hair obviously has a low priority, which is why it starts falling out in the first place.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Reduced blood circulation is also characterized by the fact that it becomes difficult to feel the pulse in the area of ​​​​the feet (if everything is in order, you can always check your pulse by placing your hand on the inside of the ankle, just above the foot). When a person with poor circulation stands, their feet darken slightly (or take on a slight reddish color). If he lifts his leg, the foot will immediately turn pale. The skin of such people looks polished. As a rule, people with poor blood circulation already know that they have certain problems with their cardiovascular system. They may suffer from various types of heart diseases and diseases carotid arteries, but at the same time not suspecting poor blood circulation.

What should I do? Vascular treatment will help correct the situation lower limbs. Despite the fact that hair on the legs and toes rarely grows back, the treatment does not become less effective.

Frequent leg cramps

What could this mean? Sharp, knife-like pain in the foot - and, in essence, pinched muscles - can signal dehydration, or that you have subjected your feet to great physical activity. If cramps occur too often, this may indicate that your diet does not have enough foods rich in calcium, potassium, or magnesium. These types of cramps are common in pregnant women in the last three months of pregnancy. This happens due to an increase in the volume of circulating blood in the body and at the same time a deterioration in blood flow to the feet.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: spasms (cramps) of the muscles of the feet and legs happen very unexpectedly; as a rule, a person can generally lie in a relaxed state. These can be either single contractions or wave-like rolling spasms that pass gradually. Often the pain from them can persist for a long time.

What should I do? Try to bend your leg and massage the area where the pain is felt. You can also try to relieve the tension by applying an ice pack to your foot, or rubbing your foot with a strong alcohol solution. To prevent cramps, you need to stretch your legs a little before going to bed. A walk in the fresh air wouldn't hurt. Also drink a glass of warm milk before bed - this will add calcium to your body.

Sores on the bottom of the foot that are slow to heal

What could this mean? This is the main symptom of diabetes. Increased level blood glucose levels lead to damage nerve endings feet Usually, slight peeling of the skin of the feet, small cuts, or irritation caused by uncomfortable or tight shoes is not paid attention to. If a person does not know that he has diabetes, he also does not pay due attention to these damages. Meanwhile, in his case, this can lead to catastrophic consequences (even amputation), since in diabetic patients such wounds become inflamed very quickly, spreading the infection throughout the body.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Festering cuts that emit an unpleasant odor should alert anyone, since such signs are possible only if these cuts do not heal already long time. Other signs that may indicate the presence of a disease such as diabetes include constant thirst, frequent urination, increased fatigue, blurred vision, excessive hunger and weight loss.

What should I do? Any wounds or cuts on your legs should be treated immediately and you should make an appointment with your doctor to get treatment. medical examination for the presence of diabetes. Diabetics should generally examine their feet daily. It is often very difficult for elderly people, or very obese people, to do this, and therefore there must be someone who will help them with this. In addition, diabetics should see their doctor regularly.

Cold feet

What could this mean? Very often (more often than men) the weaker sex complains about their cold feet (however, perhaps it is men who complain about the cold feet of their women!). This may mean absolutely nothing, or it may indicate the presence of certain problems with the thyroid gland. The temperature in the very center of the female body is slightly lower than in the male body, which, in principle, makes them more susceptible to the slightest cold snap (even if they are quite healthy). On the other hand, women over forty who complain of cold feet very often suffer from problems with the thyroid gland, which regulates the body's temperature and is responsible for metabolic processes in the body (metabolism). In addition, cold feet (in both sexes) can indicate poor blood circulation.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: symptoms of hypothyroidism (diseases related to the thyroid gland) are very difficult to diagnose. Sometimes they are very difficult to identify, since their manifestation is not characterized by any periodicity or other signs by which they could be easily identified. But you need to know that these may include increased fatigue, depression, weight loss, and dry skin.

What should I do? Clothing made from natural materials that retain heat well is perfect in this case. For example, wool socks and insulated shoes. If you still feel discomfort from cold feet after this, you should consult a doctor. However, unfortunately, the doctor is unlikely to be able to identify any other cause of cold feet other than problems with the thyroid gland. In all other cases, the only explanation will be the specific temperature balance of your body.

Unpleasant-looking, thick, yellow, too even toenails

What could this mean? This may indicate that it has spread under the nails with might and main. fungal infection. Onychomyco can develop in this mode for years. Moreover, this can happen absolutely painlessly. By the time it becomes visible, giving an unpleasant appearance to your toenails, even your fingernails may become infected.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: nails can often have an unpleasant odor and become dark in color. Diabetics fall into the category of the most vulnerable people who are most susceptible to such an infection; people with poor circulation, or people whose body is in a state of immunodeficiency (for example, patients with rheumatoid arthritis). Sometimes, when an elderly person has difficulty moving, this may be due to the fact that his infected nails have become thicker and wider, grown into the skin, and have become impossible to cut without causing severe pain.

What should be done? In this case, it is necessary to constantly be monitored by an appropriate specialist. In the most serious cases, when conventional antifungal drugs do not help, patients are prescribed additional medications to be taken orally. Besides this, it is possible professional removal neglected areas of skin affected by fungus. However, thanks to the fact that medicine is last years has made great progress in this direction, modern antifungal drugs internal use turn out to be very effective and do not provoke serious side effects(unlike drugs of previous years).

Thumb suddenly swollen to an alarmingly large size

What could this mean? Gout (a disease caused by a metabolic disorder, primarily affecting the joints) is quite possible. Yes, no matter how old-fashioned the name of this disease sounds, people still suffer from gout. And not necessarily people of very old age - most of them are not even 65. Essentially, gout is a form of arthritis (it is also called gouty arthritis), which occurs due to an excess of uric acid in the body. Uric acid, which is a natural substance, forms needle-like crystals, especially at low temperatures. And the most low temperature V human body, of course, in the part farthest from the heart - in the big toes. “If, in most cases, when you wake up, you find that your big toe is very swollen and has a bright red color, then this can be regarded as the first signs of gout,” explains the above-mentioned Jane Andersen, MD.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: swelling; shiny (shiny) or purplish skin, along with a feeling of heat and pain in the instep, Achilles tendon, knees, and elbows. Few people get gout, although men over 40-50 years of age are more prone to the disease. In women, exacerbation of gout occurs, often after menopause.

What should I do? Contact your doctor, who will likely prescribe you a special diet that will help control your gout attacks. A good orthopedic specialist will help the patient relieve pain attacks and restore the functionality of the fingers if it has been lost.

Loss of sensation in both feet

What could this mean? Lack of sensation in the feet, or, conversely, a tingling sensation in the heels, may indicate the presence of a disease such as peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the peripheral nervous system cannot be ruled out. This is how the body transmits information about disorders from the brain and spinal cord to the corresponding part of the body. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by many reasons, but the two most likely are diabetes and alcohol addiction(now or in the past). In addition, this may be the result of chemotherapy.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: A tingling or burning sensation may also be felt in the hands and may gradually spread to the palms and down the body (legs). Because of the decreased sensitivity that often accompanies this condition, these tingling sensations may be similar to those felt when putting warm wool socks on bare feet or wool gloves on hands.

What should I do? It is imperative to consult a doctor so that he can accurately determine the cause of this disease (especially in cases where alcohol is clearly not the cause). In general, peripheral neuropathy has no current treatment, but there are a large number of painkillers and antidepressants that can relieve pain and relieve symptoms.

Damaged skin between toes

What could this mean? ABOUT rheumatoid arthritis (inflammatory disease connective tissue with predominant damage to blood vessels) or osteoarthritis (arthritis with damage to the articular ends of the bones). These diseases are felt primarily in small joints, such as, for example, the knuckles.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: pain accompanied by swelling of the fingers and numbness (loss of mobility). As a rule, in the presence of this disease, the pain is symmetrical, that is, it occurs simultaneously in both big toes (or in both index fingers). Rheumatoid arthritis often develops unexpectedly (unlike degenerative arthritis); attacks of pain may appear and also disappear unexpectedly. Women are approximately four times more likely than men to develop this disease.

What should I do? In order to assign correct treatment, in the case of this disease, a detailed examination is always required (as in the case of any other joint disease). There are many therapeutic techniques and medications to relieve pain and restore joint functionality in rheumatoid arthritis; although the most successful option is when, thanks to an early diagnosis, it is possible to avoid deformation of the limbs (with this disease, the big toes often begin to grow incorrectly).

Toenails are dotted with dimples

What could this mean? In almost half of cases of psoriasis, people's nails indicate the presence of this disease. As a rule, we are talking about a large number of small holes - deep and not very deep. More than three-quarters of people with psoriatic arthritis (a disease similar to psoriasis, but affecting the joints in addition to the skin) also have pockmarked nails with small holes.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: the nails of a sick person also become thicker (both on the feet and on the hands). They may have a brownish-yellowish tint, and may be characterized by orange-pink patches. The joints of the fingers closer to the nails are usually covered with dry, red, inflamed skin.

What should I do? Specialist intervention and serious treatment are required. Thanks to the achievements modern medicine, there are now many medications and techniques that can successfully treat both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. In many cases (especially if treatment was started in the early stages of the disease), the nails and the skin under and around the nails are restored.

Impossible to rise on your heels

What could this mean? Foot drop (or as it is also called, foot drop) is a phenomenon that occurs when the peroneal nerve is damaged. It is characterized by the inability to lift the foot, which seriously complicates walking. This can also signal certain damage to the spinal cord - then the problem may be located far from the foot: in the back, forearm, or even in the cervical vertebrae. Often, the reason that a person cannot raise his toes while walking or stand on the back of his foot may be chemotherapy administered with certain medications.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: possible painful sensations in the feet, and their numbness, but not necessarily. Sometimes the pain spreads upward, affecting the upper thighs, or the lower part of the spine, where the pinched nerve is located, the cause of which may be, for example, hernia. Sometimes a sick person drags their feet when walking, although it has rarely been observed that the disease affects both lower limbs at once.

What should I do? It is necessary to inform the doctor about all unpleasant and alarming symptoms. Drop foot may be permanent or completely reversible, depending on the causes of the disease and treatment methods.

Dry, flaky skin on the feet

What could this mean? Dry, flaky skin on your feet should be much more of a concern for anyone than dry, flaky skin on your hands or even your face. The fact is that this may indicate the presence of athlete's foot - fungal disease, in which the skin of the feet, initially dry and flaky, subsequently becomes inflamed and blisters. When these blisters burst, the infection spreads further throughout the body. This disease is often called "athlete's foot", referring to the fact that it is more likely to catch this infection in places such as the floor of a locker room in a gym, or in a swimming pool.

Additional signs that indicate the presence of this disease: Athlete's foot usually begins to appear between the toes. The fungus can then spread to the soles of your feet and even to other parts of the body (such as the armpits or groin). The affected areas itch, and scratching causes the infection to spread very quickly throughout the body.

What should I do? Mild cases of infection can be cured on your own by simply washing your feet more often and drying them. And in the future, you should try to avoid moisture, for which you need to put a special anti-sweat and odor powder in your shoes and even in your socks. If there is no improvement within two weeks, or, on the contrary, the infection begins to spread further, then you need to consult a doctor who will prescribe other ointments or medications for internal use.

Toe color changes

What could this mean? In cold weather, the so-called Raynaud's phenomenon, or vibration disease (a disease in which the tone of the blood vessels) leads to the fact that the toes turn white, then acquire a bluish tint; then they gradually turn red and only then acquire their natural color. For a reason that is not yet fully understood, periodic spasms of blood vessels occur, which, in fact, cause such a riot of colors.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: in the presence of this disease (Raynaud's phenomenon), a similar “play of colors” can also be observed in other parts of the body. The nose, fingers, lips, and earlobes can change colors. They feel cold to the touch and there is a tingling sensation. Women are at greater risk of developing this disease than men, especially those who live in cold climates. Raynaud's phenomenon usually occurs in people under 25 years of age or after 40. Stressful situations can also trigger the onset of this disease.

What should I do? It is necessary to consult with a specialist in order to choose the right drug for vasodilation. Proper treatment will help eliminate or mitigate the symptoms of the disease.

Severe pain in the feet when walking

What could this mean? A stress fracture (that is, a fracture of the bones of the foot or, as it is also called, marching foot), if you do not consult a doctor in time and do not receive a correct diagnosis, can be the cause of such pain. Discomfort can be felt locally, on the sides of the feet, above the soles; or your entire foot may hurt. These fractures - which happen quite often and unexpectedly - can cause another serious problem. We are talking about osteopenia (a disorder of osteogenesis), when the density decreases bone tissue, and, accordingly, its strength. This is most often observed in women after 50 years of age. Sometimes this can be caused by poor nutrition, vitamin D deficiency, problems with calcium absorption, or anorexia.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: very often a person can walk for a long time on such feet; the pain is simply unbearable. However, some people with a high pain threshold may not know about these fractures for years because they rarely see a doctor.

What should I do? Any pain in your feet should make you immediately go to the doctor. Of course, if you made a multi-kilometer forced march for three days over rough terrain and in bad shoes, then the cause of the pain is clear even without a doctor. However, if such pain occurs, for example, in a woman about 55 years old who mainly does sedentary work, then, of course, an examination of the bones of the feet is required. A regular x-ray can reveal the cause of such pain and enable the doctor to prescribe the correct treatment, which should undoubtedly help.

Thickening of the terminal phalanges of the toes

What could this mean? When the terminal phalanges of the toes thicken significantly, the fingers lose their natural flexibility, acquiring unnatural, we can talk about the presence of the so-called drumstick symptom (it is also called Hippocrates’ fingers, since it was the great ancient Greek physician who first described this phenomenon 2000 years ago). These symptoms may indicate the presence of various chronic diseases lungs, including pulmonary fibrosis, or even lung cancer. Also, the causes of the drumstick symptom can be heart disease, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (the so-called Crohn's disease) and others.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: the fingers undergo the same changes as the toes. All fingers may be affected, or only some.

What should I do? Treatment depends on the underlying causes of the disease. This means that only a doctor can prescribe treatment. In addition, during the treatment process, it is necessary to regularly see a specialist so that he can correct its entire course.

Shooting pain in heels

What could this mean? Plantar fasciitis (heel spur) is the name for an inflammatory process of connective tissue (fascia) that spreads along the plantar part of the foot. In this case, there is abnormal tension in the tissue at the site of attachment to the heel tubercle.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Pain begins in the morning, when you take your first steps, and often intensifies during the day. It is usually concentrated in the heels (one or both), but can also be felt on the top or back of the foot. The reason for this may be a strong physical activity- running or jumping, but not only. Sometimes this is observed in those people who walk a lot barefoot; wears old shoes or light flip-flops; this can affect people who are rapidly gaining weight; or those who are forced to walk a lot on small stones.

What should I do? If the pain persists for several weeks, or even intensifies, you should definitely visit an orthopedic doctor. Switch to shoes with low but firm (supportive) soles during treatment. The treatment itself may involve wearing special shoes and taking medications that will help relieve inflammation.

BAD SIGNS IN THE PATIENT.

Loss of speech with hiccups in severe illness.

The appearance of parotid tumors in paralyzed patients.

Blue spots that appear with fever.

Pain in the groin with fever indicates a long and severe illness.

Hemorrhage on opposite side body, for example, bleeding from the right nostril, usually occurs with a diseased spleen.

Beating and pain in the jugular vein during fever ends in dysentery.

SIGNS OF IMMEDIATE DEATH IN A PERSON (Horror!!!).

Sudden loss of vision due to severe illness.

Bleeding from the mouth, nose, ears, eyes, genitals, rectum during a long illness.

If a seriously ill patient has changed skin color, the shine of the eyes is lost, they wrinkle ears, nostrils flatten, breathing becomes impaired.

The appearance of black pimples on the tongue during acute fever.

When patients are already weakened, they cannot see, cannot hear, their lips, eyes or nose are twisted.

Cold, transparent and tight ears.

Bluish, cracked tongue.

Black or yellow tongue.

Blue lips, eyelids or nose.

If in tuberculosis patients the sputum thrown into the fire spreads the unpleasant smell of burnt meat.

If tuberculosis patients experience hair loss.

Various tips (Smile - especially the last tip!!!).

The patient will have an unfavorable course of the disease if he falls ill during the spring or autumn equinox, as well as during the summer or winter solstice, that is, June 22 or December 22.

The most favorable time for surgical operations- for the new month.

Unfavorable time for surgical interventions- full moon, and especially unfavorable - the first quarter after the full moon.

In order to determine whether you have protein in your urine, you need to urinate into an enamel mug, put it on low heat and bring to a boil. Remove from heat and see if white flakes appear in your urine, it means your kidneys are sick (protein coagulates when heated).

To determine the presence of sugar in urine, our ancestors did the following. We urinated near an anthill. If there was sugar in the urine, then ants crawled towards it.

Here are some other signs of specific diseases:

1. Signs of diabetes mellitus:
- brown or black pigmentation in the armpits or back of the neck is a signal that you have enough high risk development of diabetes mellitus;

Small red dots on the lower leg are a sign of diabetes;

Dark or bluish spots on the toes are a sign of advanced diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of a lack of the hormone insulin, resulting in an increase in glucose levels in the blood. Diabetes mellitus can lead to vision loss, myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure and even amputation of limbs. Usually, diabetes occurs in overweight people, so try to get rid of extra pounds.

2. Thyroid gland dysfunction.
If you have very dry, flaky skin, cracked heels, and active hair loss, these may be signs of a low thyroid function - hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism entails a disorder hormonal levels. A blood test for thyroid hormones will help clarify the situation.

Sometimes, signs of thyroid disease don't look like symptoms at all. dangerous disease, but on the contrary, as signs of a person bursting with health. We are talking about the peculiar behavior and appearance of a sick person: he becomes active, more cheerful, his eyes sparkle, and there is a perky blush on his face, besides, he loses weight and looks slimmer.

Upon closer observation of such a person, it is noted that the shine of his eyes is by no means healthy, and weight loss occurs rapidly and uncontrollably. This occurs as a result of increased thyroid function. Due to an imbalance of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, thyroid diseases develop.

Common signs of thyroid disease may include the following:

When hormone levels increase: sharp and sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat (cause of tachycardia), tearfulness, hand tremors, increased sweating, irritability.

When hormone levels decrease: general weakness, fast fatiguability, reduction blood pressure, hair loss, slow heartbeat, swelling and weight gain, dry skin.

The normal functioning of the thyroid gland affects the body's metabolism. When the function of the thyroid gland changes, metabolism increases or slows down. Thyroid disease is a common phenomenon. In many cases, it occurs unnoticed by the patient.

A sign of thyroid disease can be a complete change in a person's character and behavior. For reasons unknown to him, he becomes restless, conflictual, and aggressive. A person is easily offended, becomes whiny, and uncompromising. A person with a thyroid disease becomes fussy, finds it difficult to sit in one place, and worries about something all the time.

His appetite does not change; sometimes, on the contrary, it even increases. At the same time, his body weight becomes inversely proportional to his appetite - he eats enough, but his weight is rapidly decreasing. It is difficult for a person to explain his excessive emotionality. He cannot cope with his absent-mindedness and loss of concentration.

In conversations, he often gets lost in his thoughts and constantly changes the topic of conversation. A person with a thyroid disease often suffers from dizziness, it often seems to him that there is not enough air, he is in a pre-fainting state. A very characteristic sign of thyroid disease is swelling of the lower part of the neck and the appearance of an unnatural shine in the eyes.

If the gland itself begins to increase in size, then this phenomenon cannot go unnoticed by a person. In this case, they appear characteristic features diseases of the thyroid gland: girdling pain in the neck, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, and the voice becomes hoarse. A dangerous sign the development of cervical lymphadenitis occurs, which can cause a malignant formation in the body of the thyroid gland. In such cases, you should immediately contact an endocrinologist.

3. Celiac disease.
Pustular rashes on the buttocks and flexor surfaces are very often a sign of celiac disease. Celiac disease is gluten intolerance. Gluten is a protein found in all grains except buckwheat, rice, corn and millet. With celiac disease, almost all internal organs can be affected. A blood test for certain antibodies can confirm or refute the diagnosis.

4. Disease of the circulatory system.
If you have bruises on your body that are not associated with injury, this may be a sign of a circulatory system disease. The diagnosis is also verified by taking a blood test.

But do not forget that an accurate diagnosis and, especially, treatment can only be established by an experienced doctor!!!

The human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the group of retroviruses and provokes the development of HIV infection. This disease can occur in several stages, each of which differs in clinical picture and intensity of manifestations.

Stages of HIV

Stages of development of HIV infection:

• incubation period;
• primary manifestations - acute infection, asymptomatic and generalized lymphadenopathy;
• secondary manifestations - persistent damage to internal organs, damage to the skin and mucous membranes, generalized diseases;
• terminal stage.

According to statistics, HIV infection is most often diagnosed at the stage of secondary manifestations and this is due to the fact that the symptoms of HIV become pronounced and begin to bother the patient during this period of the disease.

At the first stage of development of HIV infection, certain symptoms may also be present, but they usually occur in mild form, clinical picture is blurred, and the patients themselves do not turn to doctors for such “little things.” But there is one more nuance - even if the patient seeks qualified medical care At the first stage of HIV infection, specialists may not diagnose the pathology. Moreover, at this stage of development of the disease in question, the symptoms will be the same in men and women - this often confuses doctors. And only at the secondary stage is it quite possible to hear the diagnosis of HIV infection, and the symptoms will be individual for males and females.

How long does it take for HIV to appear?

The first signs of HIV infection go unnoticed, but they are there. And they appear on average from 3 weeks to 3 months after infection. A longer period is also possible.

Signs of secondary manifestations of the disease in question may also appear only many years after contracting HIV infection, but manifestations may also occur as early as 4-6 months from the moment of infection.

After a person becomes infected with HIV, no symptoms or even small hints of the development of any pathology are observed for a long time. It is precisely this period that is called incubation; it can last, in accordance with the classification of V.I. Pokrovsky, from 3 weeks to 3 months.

No examinations or laboratory research biomaterials (serological, immunological, hematological tests) will not help identify HIV infection, and the infected person himself does not look sick at all. But it is the incubation period, without any manifestations, that poses a particular danger - a person serves as a source of infection.

Some time after infection, the patient enters an acute phase of the disease - the clinical picture during this period may become a reason for diagnosing HIV infection as “questionable”.

The first manifestations of HIV infection in the acute phase of its course strongly resemble the symptoms of mononucleosis. They appear on average from 3 weeks to 3 months from the moment of infection. These include:

When examining a patient, a doctor can determine a slight increase in the size of the spleen and liver - the patient, by the way, may also complain of periodic pain in the right hypochondrium. The patient's skin may be covered small rash- pale pink spots that do not have clear boundaries. Often there are complaints from infected people about long-term bowel dysfunction - they are tormented by diarrhea, which is not relieved even by specific medications and changes in diet.

Please note: with this course of the acute phase of HIV infection, lymphocytes/leukocytes will be detected in the blood increased quantity and mononuclear cells of atypical appearance.

The above-described signs of the acute phase of the disease in question can be observed in 30% of patients. Another 30-40% of patients experience an acute phase in the development of serous meningitis or encephalitis - the symptoms will be radically different from those already described: nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature to critical levels, powerful headache.

Often the first symptom of HIV infection is esophagitis - an inflammatory process in the esophagus, which is characterized by difficulty swallowing and pain in the chest area.

Whatever the form of the acute phase of HIV infection, after 30-60 days all symptoms disappear - often the patient thinks that he has been completely cured, especially if this period of pathology was practically asymptomatic or their intensity was low (and this can also be ).

During this stage of the disease in question there are no symptoms - the patient feels great, does not consider it necessary to appear in medical institution for preventive examination. But it is at the asymptomatic stage that antibodies to HIV can be detected in the blood! This makes it possible to diagnose pathology at one of the early stages of development and begin adequate, effective treatment.

The asymptomatic stage of HIV infection can last several years, but only if the immune system the patient was not significantly damaged. The statistics are quite contradictory - only 30% of patients within 5 years after the asymptomatic course of HIV infection begin to experience symptoms of the following stages, but in some infected people the asymptomatic stage progresses rapidly, lasting no more than 30 days.

This stage is characterized by an increase in almost all groups lymph nodes, this process does not affect only inguinal lymph nodes. It is noteworthy that it is generalized lymphadenopathy that can become the main symptom of HIV infection if all previous stages of development of the disease in question occurred without any manifestations.

Lymphozules increase by 1-5 cm, remain mobile and painless, and the surface of the skin above them has absolutely no signs pathological process. But with such a pronounced symptom as enlarged groups of lymph nodes, the standard causes of this phenomenon are excluded. And here, too, lies the danger - some doctors classify lymphadenopathy as difficult to explain.

The stage of generalized lymphadenopathy lasts 3 months, about 2 months after the start of the stage the patient begins to lose weight.

Secondary manifestations

It often happens that it is the secondary manifestations of HIV infection that serve as the basis for quality diagnostics. Secondary manifestations include:

The patient notices a sudden increase in body temperature, he develops a dry, obsessive cough, which eventually turns into a wet one. The patient develops intense shortness of breath with minimal physical activity, A general state the patient is rapidly deteriorating. Therapy using antibacterial drugs(antibiotics), positive effect does not give.

Generalized infection

These include herpes, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus infection, candidiasis. Most often, these infections affect women and, against the background of the human immunodeficiency virus, they are extremely severe.

Kaposi's sarcoma

This is a neoplasm/tumor that develops from lymphatic vessels. More often diagnosed in men, it has the appearance of multiple tumors of a characteristic cherry color located on the head, torso and in the oral cavity.

Damage to the central nervous system

At first, this manifests itself only as minor problems with memory and decreased concentration. But as the pathology progresses, the patient develops dementia.

Features of the first signs of HIV infection in women

If a woman is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, then secondary symptoms will most likely manifest themselves in the form of development and progression of generalized infections - herpes, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus infection, tuberculosis.

Often secondary manifestations of HIV infection begin with a banal disorder menstrual cycle, can develop inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs - for example, salpingitis. Often diagnosed and oncological diseases cervix – carcinoma or dysplasia.

Features of HIV infection in children

Children who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus during pregnancy (in utero from the mother) have some features in the course of the disease. Firstly, the disease begins its development at 4-6 months of life. Secondly, the earliest and main symptom of HIV infection during intrauterine infection is considered to be a disorder of the central nervous system - the baby lags behind his peers in physical and mental development. Third, children with human immunodeficiency virus are susceptible to progression of disorders digestive system and the appearance of purulent diseases.

The human immunodeficiency virus is still an unexplored disease - too many questions arise both during diagnosis and treatment. But doctors say that only patients themselves can detect HIV infection at an early stage - they are the ones who must closely monitor their health and periodically undergo preventive examinations. Even if the symptoms of HIV infection are hidden, the disease develops - only a timely test analysis will help save the patient’s life for several years.

Answers to popular questions about HIV

Due to the large number of requests from our readers, we decided to group the most common questions and answers to them in one section.

Signs of HIV infection appear approximately 3 weeks to 3 months after dangerous contact. An increase in temperature, sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes in the first days after infection may indicate any pathology other than the human immunodeficiency virus. During this period (doctors call it incubation), not only are there no symptoms of HIV, but in-depth laboratory blood tests will not give a positive result.

Yes, unfortunately, this is rare, but it happens (in about 30% of cases): no characteristic symptoms During the acute phase, a person does not notice it, and then the disease goes into the latent phase (this is, in fact, an asymptomatic course for about 8 - 10 years).

Most modern screening tests are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - this is the “gold standard” for diagnosis, and an accurate result can be counted on no earlier than 3 to 6 months after infection. Therefore, the analysis must be taken twice: 3 months after possible infection and then another 3 months later.

Firstly, you need to take into account the period that has passed since the potentially dangerous contact - if less than 3 weeks have passed, then these symptoms may indicate a common cold.

Secondly, if more than 3 weeks have already passed since the possible infection, then you should not stress yourself out - just wait and 3 months after the dangerous contact undergo a specific examination.

Thirdly, increased body temperature and enlarged lymph nodes are not “classic” signs of HIV infection! Often the first manifestations of the disease are expressed by pain in the chest and a burning sensation in the esophagus, stool disturbances (the person is bothered by frequent diarrhea), and a pale pink rash on the skin.

The risk of contracting HIV infection through oral sex is minimized. The fact is that the virus does not survive in environment, therefore, for it to be infected orally, two conditions must come together: there are wounds/abrasions on the partner’s penis and wounds/abrasions in the partner’s mouth. But even these circumstances do not in every case lead to HIV infection. For your own peace of mind, you need to take a specific HIV test 3 months after dangerous contact and undergo a “control” examination after another 3 months.

There are a number medicines, which are used for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV. Unfortunately, they are not available for sale, so you will have to go to an appointment with a therapist and explain the situation. There is no guarantee that such measures will 100% prevent the development of HIV infection, but experts say that taking such medications is quite advisable - the risk of developing the human immunodeficiency virus is reduced by 70-75%.

If there is no opportunity (or courage) to consult a doctor with a similar problem, then there is only one thing left to do - wait. You will need to wait 3 months, then undergo an HIV test, and even if the result is negative, you should take a control test after another 3 months.

No you can not! The human immunodeficiency virus does not survive in the environment, therefore, with people who are classified as HIV-positive, you can without hesitation share dishes, bed linen, and visit the pool and sauna.

There are risks of infection, but they are quite small. So, with a single vaginal sexual intercourse without a condom, the risk is 0.01 - 0.15%. With oral sex, the risks range from 0.005 to 0.01%, with anal sex - from 0.065 to 0.5%. Such statistics are given in clinical protocols for the WHO European Region on HIV/AIDS treatment and care (page 523).

Cases have been described in medicine where married couples, where one of the spouses was HIV-infected, lived sexually without using condoms for several years, and the second spouse remained healthy.

If a condom was used during sexual intercourse, it was used according to instructions and remained intact, then the risk of becoming infected with HIV is minimized. If, 3 or more months after the questionable contact, symptoms reminiscent of HIV infection appear, then you just need to consult a therapist. An increase in temperature and enlarged lymph nodes may indicate the development of acute respiratory viral infections and other diseases. For your own peace of mind, you should get tested for HIV.

To answer this question, you need to know at what time and how many times such an analysis was taken:

• a negative result in the first 3 months after dangerous contact cannot be accurate; doctors talk about a false negative result;
• a negative HIV test response after 3 months from the moment of dangerous contact - most likely the person being examined is not infected, but another test must be done 3 months after the first for control;
• negative HIV test response 6 months or more after dangerous contact - the subject is not infected.

The risks in this case are extremely small - the virus quickly dies in the environment, therefore, even if the blood of an infected person remains on the needle, it is almost impossible to become infected with HIV by being injured by such a needle. There cannot be a virus in dried biological fluid (blood). However, after 3 months, and then again - after another 3 months - it is still worth taking an HIV test.

Tsygankova Yana Aleksandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system, destroying white blood cells (leukocytes), which help the body fight infection and disease. Testing your blood for HIV is the only reliable way to determine whether you have HIV. The following symptoms may help you suspect that you have HIV and then test your blood for HIV.

I. Visible symptoms of HIV

The visible symptoms of HIV are fatigue.

1. Notice if you feel acute weakness for no obvious reason.

Unreasonable weakness can be a sign of many different diseases, but it is also one of persistent symptoms people infected with HIV. If weakness is the only, isolated symptom, then this is not a reason to worry about HIV infection, but in combination with the symptoms that we will consider below, this symptom should alert you.

• Acute weakness is not the same feeling as drowsiness. Do you feel constantly tired even after a night's rest? Do you feel more inclined than usual to take a nap after lunch and avoid vigorous activity because... Feeling low on strength? This type of weakness should raise suspicion about HIV infection.
• If acute weakness haunts you for several weeks or months, then be sure to get tested for HIV.

The first signs of HIV are causeless drowsiness.

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2. Pay attention to feelings of heat (fever, fever) or profuse night sweats.

These symptoms are characteristic of the early stages of HIV infection (acute HIV infection). Not all people infected with HIV experience these symptoms, but if they do, they usually last 2 to 4 weeks after becoming infected with HIV.

• Fever and night sweats are also symptoms of flu and colds. But they are seasons, i.e. usually occur in autumn and spring.
• Chills, muscle aches, sore throat and headache are also symptoms of a flu or cold, but they can also be signs of acute HIV infection.

The first signs of HIV are enlarged lymph nodes.

3. Check to see if your cervical or axillary lymph nodes are enlarged (swollen).

Lymph nodes enlarge when there is an infection in the body. This does not happen to everyone who is infected with HIV, but if this symptom is present, it increases the likelihood that you are infected with HIV.

• For HIV infection cervical lymph nodes, tend to swell more than in the armpits or groin.
• Lymph nodes can become swollen as a result of many other types of infections, such as colds or flu, so further testing is necessary to determine the cause.

The first signs of HIV are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

4. Pay attention to attacks of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

These symptoms, which are usually associated with the flu, may also indicate early HIV infection. Get an HIV test if these symptoms persist.

The first signs of HIV are ulcers in the mouth and genitals.

5. Pay attention to the presence of ulcers in the mouth and genitals.

If you have an ulcer in your mouth and the above symptoms are present, then it’s time to sound the alarm, especially if you rarely had ulcers before. Ulcers on the genitals may also indicate that you have HIV infection.

II. Recognizing Specific Symptoms

Specific signs of HIV are a persistent dry cough.

1. Continuous dry cough

This symptom appears in the later stages of HIV, sometimes several years after HIV infection. This symptom is often ignored, thinking that the cause of this cough is either an allergy or a cold. If you have a dry cough that is not relieved by allergy medications, then this may be a symptom of HIV infection.

Specific symptoms of HIV are random rashes.

2. Notice random rashes, spots (red, brown, pink, purple) on the skin.

People living with HIV often have skin rashes, especially on the face and torso. They can also be found in the mouth and nose. This is a sign that HIV has entered its final stage - AIDS.

• The spots may also appear as boils or bumps.
• A skin rash usually does not appear with the flu or a cold, so if you have these symptoms at the same time as the others mentioned above, consult a doctor immediately.

Specific signs of HIV are pneumonia.

3. Pay attention if you have pneumonia.

Pneumonia often occurs in people whose immune systems do not work correctly. People with advanced HIV infection are prone to developing Pneumocystis pneumonia, which does not occur in people with normal immune systems.

Specific symptoms of HIV are plaques and thrush in the mouth.

4. Check yourself for fungus, especially in your mouth.

In the later stages of HIV infection, oral thrush often develops. It can be seen as white plaques, spots on the tongue, inside the oral cavity. This is a sign that the immune system cannot work effectively.

Specific signs of HIV are nail fungus.

5. Check your nails for signs of fungus.

Nails that are yellow or brown, cracked, or broken off are typical for people with advanced stages of HIV infection. Nails become more susceptible to fungal infection than with normal immunity.

Specific signs of HIV are weight loss.

6. Determine if you are experiencing unexplained weight loss.

Cachexia is exhaustion; with AIDS, body weight drops sharply.

In the early stages of HIV infection, rapid weight loss may be caused by excessive diarrhea; in later stages this manifests itself as cachexia (severe exhaustion) and is a strong reaction of the body to the presence of HIV.

Specific signs of HIV are depression, memory loss.

7. Pay attention to problems with memory loss, depression or the presence of other neurological diseases.

HIV affects cognitive functions of the brain ( memory, attention, feelings, presentation of information, logical thinking, imagination, decision-making ability) in later stages. These symptoms are very serious and should not be ignored.

III. Understanding HIV

Determine whether there was a risk of contracting HIV.

1. Consider whether you have been at risk of contracting HIV.

There are several different situations that can be very dangerous in terms of contracting HIV.

If you have had one of the following situations, then you are at risk:

• You had unprotected anal, vaginal or oral intercourse.
• Did you enjoy shared needles and syringes.
• You have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (syphilis, chlamydia, gardnerellosis, genital herpes, etc.), tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C.
• You received a blood transfusion between 1978 and 1985, years before safety measures were put in place to prevent transfusion infected blood, or you have been transfused with suspicious blood.

2. Don't wait until symptoms appear to get tested.

Many people with HIV do not know they have it. The virus can live in your body for more than ten years before symptoms begin to appear. If you have reason to think you may have been infected with HIV, don't let the lack of symptoms stop you from getting tested. The sooner you find out, the better, the sooner you can take measures to avoid infecting others and begin treatment.

3. Get tested for HIV.

This is the most accurate method of determining whether you have HIV. Contact your local clinic, laboratory, or AIDS center to get tested for HIV.

• Testing is simple, accessible and reliable (in most cases) procedure. The most common test is done by examining a blood sample. There are also tests that use oral secretions and urine. There are even tests that you can use at home. If you do not have a regular doctor who can provide testing, contact your local clinic.
• If you have been tested for HIV, don't let fear stop you from getting your test results.

Knowing whether you are infected or not will change your life forever.

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You are NOT at risk of contracting HIV.

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Have you had unprotected intercourse with a person who is (or may be) sick with HIV infection or AIDS.

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   Have you had contact with the biological fluids of a person who is (or may be) sick with HIV infection or AIDS.

Due to the fact that cats are less social animals than dogs, it is sometimes not easy to notice changes in their health. Especially in cases where the cat is inactive or sleeps most of the day. For this reason, a whole range of diseases in the prodromal (incubation) period may go unnoticed until the cat’s illness becomes outwardly obvious, which would be a reason to contact veterinarian. In this regard, cat owners should be aware of the earliest possible signs of diseases that may be a reason to consult a doctor.

Signs of a cat's illness

The cat changes or does not lead its usual lifestyle and activities. The owner will notice these changes only if he knows what behavior was normal and constant for this cat. For example, if your cat sits in an unusual place, under the same environmental conditions it looks for warmer places, closer to the radiator, avoids scratching posts, hides in secluded places and does not come out for a long time. This may be a sign not only of the onset of diseases.

Changes in the frequency of excretion of feces and urine, as well as changes in their quality. When cleaning up after your cat, pay attention to the regularity of passing stools, impurities in feces or urine, and the possibility of laxity. Those diseases that are accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms will be detected by you in most cases.

Urinary tract diseases often manifest themselves in urination outside the cat's litter box. Despite the fact that this happens in normal cat behavior, it can be a sign of a urinary tract infection ( urolithiasis), which needs to be addressed by a veterinarian immediately. The cat may also go to the toilet too often.

Cats are very clean and groom themselves carefully and regularly, so any change in the animal's normal grooming habits should be noted. When a cat is sick, it stops washing itself, licking itself and, otherwise, when it recovers, it begins to behave normally.

Unreasonable changes in food intake and nutritional requirements - increasing or decreasing the amount of food or water consumed may indicate that your cat has health problems. It is necessary to remember and monitor how much food or water you give the animal in order to notice deviations in this matter.

Coughing or wheezing when breathing is most often observed with diseases of the respiratory or cardiac system, or allergies. Changes become relevant in cases where they are regular.

Behavioral changes. Most owners know the possibilities of “normal” behavior for their pet. It should be noticed if the cat has become less playful or aggressive, drowsy, and reacts negatively to touch, which was not observed before. All this may be a reason to suspect the presence of a disease in a cat.

Careful observation by the cat owner will not be unnecessary to note changes in the cat's behavior, although this should not be a cause for undue alarm, but it will not be unnecessary to take your cat to the veterinarian in order to dispel and or confirm suspicions of coca disease.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV attacks the immune system, destroying white blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease. The test is the only reliable way to determine whether you have HIV. The following are symptoms that may indicate that you have an infection.

Steps

Identifying Early Symptoms

Determine whether you are experiencing strong fatigue for no explainable reason. Fatigue may be a sign large quantity various diseases. This symptom also observed in HIV-infected people. Fatigue shouldn't be a big concern if it's your only symptom, but it's something to think about in the future.

• Severe fatigue is not a feeling when you just want to sleep. Do you feel tired all the time, even after getting a good night's sleep? Do you take more naps during the day than usual and avoid strenuous activities because you feel low on energy? This type of fatigue is a cause for concern.
• If this symptom persists for more than a few weeks or months, you should be tested to rule out HIV.

1. Pay attention to sores in the mouth and genitals. If mouth ulcers occur along with other previously described symptoms, and if you have not previously had such ulcers, then they may be a sign of the early stages of HIV. Genital sores are also a sign of HIV infection.

Determining Progressive Symptoms

Don't rule it out dry cough . A dry cough occurs in the later stages of HIV, sometimes many years after infection. Such a seemingly harmless symptom is easy to miss at first, especially if it occurs during the allergy or flu season or during the cold season. If you have a dry cough and cannot get rid of it with antihistamines or inhaler, this may be a sign of HIV.

Look for unusual spots (red, brown, pink or purple) on the skin. People in the later stages of HIV often develop a skin rash, especially on the face and torso. The rash may appear in the mouth or nose. This is a sign that HIV is turning into AIDS.

• Flaky, red skin is a sign of late stage HIV. The spots can be in the form of boils and bumps.
• A rash on the body is usually not accompanied by a cold or fever. Accordingly, if you alternately experience such symptoms, consult a doctor immediately.

1. Pay attention to pneumonia. Pneumonia often affects people with weakened immune systems. People with late-stage HIV are more likely to get pneumonia when exposed to germs that don't usually cause such a serious reaction.

   Get checked for thrush, especially in the mouth. The last stage of HIV usually causes thrush in the mouth - stomatitis. With stomatitis, white or other unusual spots appear on the tongue or mouth. These spots are a sign that the immune system cannot effectively fight the infection.

   Check your nails to see if they have fungus. Yellow or brown nails with cracks and chips are a common sign of late stage HIV. Nails become more susceptible to fungus, which the body is normally able to fight off.

   Determine if you are experiencing rapid weight loss for an unknown reason. In the early stages of HIV, this can be caused by severe diarrhea; in later stages, it can be caused by “atrophy,” a strong reaction of the body to the presence of HIV in the body.

   Pay attention to cases of memory loss, depression or other neurological problems. In the final stages of HIV, cognitive functions of the brain are impaired. Do not leave any neurological problems unattended, be sure to visit a doctor.