HIV infection through the eyes: is such a way of transmission possible? What to do if blood gets into the eyes or mucous membranes? hiv blood in eye

People have been attacked by the human immunodeficiency virus for decades. Pathogenic flora penetrates the body and gradually kills it. Many HIV infections occur daily through the blood. This is due to the lack of awareness of people, promiscuity, drug addiction, the growth of crime, low level life and other adverse factors. The blood of an HIV-infected person is a potential breeding ground for the disease, but infection does not always occur.

Blood with AIDS is dangerous only if it comes into contact with the secrets and bodily fluids of a healthy person. Today, everyone needs to know the features of the transmission of the virus in order to protect themselves from the transmission of AIDS, HIV through the blood. Having become acquainted with the mechanism of infection, the features of the introduction of a retrovirus into cells, one can minimize the risk of developing many life-threatening diseases, including immunodeficiency.

Can HIV be transmitted through dried blood?

Due to different life circumstances, each person may face the fear of contracting HIV. Contact with the blood of an infected person does not always lead to the most worst results. This is due to the fact that the physical and chemical characteristics of a given biological fluid have many variations. Infection is possible only if the blood of HIV has entered the blood of an absolutely healthy person through an open wound, microcracks on the mucous membranes. In order for pathogenic cells to begin to actively multiply in the body of a healthy individual, they must get to the maximum amount in an acceptable habitat. Otherwise, infection does not occur.

Doctors are often asked questions about whether the dried blood of an HIV-positive person is dangerous. There simply cannot be an unambiguous and clear answer here for several reasons. First, the freshness of dried blood plays a huge role. Whether it is possible to become infected with HIV through biological material that has been exposed to the open air for a long time is a moot point. The fact is that the cells of the virus remain viable for 2 weeks even in dried blood. How many HIV cells live in this kind of material depends on the stage of the human disease, the degree of mutation of the virus. If the blood of a patient infected with AIDS contains few pathogenic cells, then it becomes safe after a few days. Cells do not die immediately, but gradually.

Infection with HIV AIDS through blood that has dried up less than a few hours ago is possible. However, for this to happen, direct contact of the infected and healthy biological material must occur. This means that a person becomes ill and becomes a carrier of the virus only if the blood of an HIV-infected person in a dried form has entered through an open wound on the body, microcracks on the mucous membranes.

In addition, the parenteral route of transmission and infection of HIV through the blood includes the use of non-sterile medical instruments, such as scalpels, needles. Dried biological material in a small amount may remain on syringes, drills. This route of infection is predominant among drug addicts, as they often share injection needles. Through the parenteral route of transmission of HIV infection, it is possible to become infected in medical institutions. Transfusion medical preparations, reuse of needles and syringes, insufficiently disinfected surfaces increase the risk of infection. Hospitals must strictly monitor the integrity of medical personnel.

Does infection occur when material enters the oral cavity?

Communication with retrovirus carriers is absolutely safe in itself. However, sometimes situations arise that are fraught with unpleasant consequences for a healthy person. You can often hear or read on the forums the question of whether it is possible to become infected with HIV by drinking the blood of a patient. At first glance, such a topic may seem ridiculous, because no one in their right mind would drink it, especially infected dangerous virus. Even more ridiculous is the question of whether it is possible to become infected by eating dried HIV blood. However, life is unpredictable, and situations are also different.

The entry of infected biological material into the stomach, and from there into the intestines, can occur when eating food prepared by infected cooks. Cooking is a process that is fraught with various kinds of injuries. The cook may not know that the disease has affected his body, and continue to work in catering establishments. The slightest cut of the chef's finger with a knife can end badly for the visitor if the biological fluid gets into the food, and from there into the body of a healthy person. This also applies to drinks. If the biological material of the infected person is present on the glasses or cups, then the issue of infection through the dried substance becomes relevant.

The risk of infection in this way is 50:50. It depends on the amount of biological material and the presence of open ulcers and wounds in the body. For HIV infection, the minimum amount of blood must be more than one teaspoon. In addition, the risk of infection increases if the biological material is fresh. How much HIV lives in dried blood on dishes and cutlery is hard to say. On average, pathologically altered virus cells are active for up to 2 weeks. Only after the passage of this period of time can we talk about their complete death.

How much blood is needed to become infected with HIV - this question is often heard today. This number is different for everyone. However, if ulcers and wounds are present in the intestines or stomach, then one drop is enough. If internal organs in perfect condition, it will take about a glass of blood to infect. Only this amount will be absorbed by the intestinal walls and enter the bloodstream.

Outside the body, HIV in the blood poses no danger. If HIV blood has entered the stomach, then you need to consult a doctor in two weeks and pass all tests to detect infection.

Is an infected biological substance dangerous during menstruation?

The topic of sex is extremely sensitive. Quite often, people whose partner has AIDS have questions about whether it is possible to become infected with HIV during menstruation. The answer in this case is ambiguous. If during this period of time the couple has unprotected sexual contact or oral sex takes place, then infection is possible.

It happens that there is household contact with linen soiled from menstruation. In this case, you need to ensure that discharge from clothing, sheets do not fall on an open wound on the body. If, by pure chance, you touch linen contaminated with such biological material, then nothing terrible will happen. The skin is a reliable barrier to prevent the penetration of the virus.

Sometimes a patient may come to a doctor's appointment and wonder how she contracted HIV during menstruation. Many mistakenly believe that the virus comes out along with the secretions. However, this is fundamentally not true. The day of the cycle does not matter. Infection is possible at any time if sexual intercourse without a condom or if it is damaged.

I work as an ambulance nurse. Very worried. How often do you need to take tests?

I am very worried about what is the fastest way to get infected with HIV and hepatitis: through blood or semen? And how much bio-material is needed for infection?

9 months ago I went to the hospital, met a girl there. Our friendship quickly grew into a great feeling called love. For 2 weeks we lay together in the same hospital, slept on the same bed, ate from the same dishes. Fortunately, it didn’t come to intimacy, everything was limited to sensitive deep French kisses. I was shocked when I found out that the person to whom I was ready to give my soul, hid from me the fact that he had AIDS. It turns out that there is no such law that infected and healthy people were on different sides of this world, so we ended up with her in the same ward. The doctors knew about my friend's illness, but they hid it from me, although they saw our tender relationship with each other. I want to ask you: 9 months have passed since then, I only found out 3 weeks ago that she has AIDS. Immediately passed the ELISA-HIV tests, the result is negative. But these kisses haunt me. Moreover, at that time malaria spilled out on my lip and, of course, her saliva got into the wound. Tell me, do I now have to take an HIV test every three months for life? Since I read that the latent form of the virus can be in the body from 3 to 5 years and not a single marker can detect it.

Option 1: Emergency prevention of parenteral viral hepatitis and HIV infection (Appendix 12 to SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10)

In order to avoid infection with parenteral viral hepatitis, HIV infection, you should follow the rules for working with piercing and cutting instruments.
In case of cuts and injections, immediately treat and remove gloves, squeeze out blood from the wound, wash hands with soap and water under running water, treat hands with 70% alcohol, lubricate the wound with 5% iodine solution.
If blood or other biological fluids get on the skin, this place is treated with 70% alcohol, washed with soap and water and re-treated with 70% alcohol.
If blood gets on the mucous membranes of the eyes, they are immediately washed with water or a 1% solution of boric acid; in case of contact with the nasal mucosa, they are treated with a 1% solution of protargol; on the mucous membrane of the mouth - rinse with 70% alcohol solution or 0.05% potassium permanganate solution or 1% boric acid solution.
The mucous membranes of the nose, lips, conjunctiva are also treated with a solution of potassium permanganate at a dilution of 1: 10,000 (the solution is prepared ex tempore).
With the aim of emergency prevention HIV infection is prescribed azidothymidine for 1 month. The combination of azidothymidine (Retrovir) and lamivudine (Elivir) enhances antiretroviral activity and overcomes the formation of resistant strains.
At high risk infection with HIV infection (deep cut, visible blood on damaged skin and mucous membranes from patients infected with HIV) for the appointment of chemoprophylaxis, you should contact the territorial Centers for the Control and Prevention of AIDS.
Persons exposed to the threat of HIV infection are under the supervision of an infectious disease specialist for 1 year with a mandatory examination for the presence of an HIV infection marker.
Personnel who have come into contact with material infected with the hepatitis B virus are simultaneously injected with a specific immunoglobulin (no later than 48 hours) and a hepatitis B vaccine in different parts of the body according to the scheme 0 - 1 - 2 - 6 months. followed by monitoring of hepatitis markers (not earlier than 3-4 months after the administration of immunoglobulin).
If the contact occurred in a previously vaccinated health worker, it is advisable to determine the level of anti-HBs in the blood serum. In the presence of an antibody concentration in the titer of 10 IU / l and above, vaccination is not carried out; in the absence of antibodies, it is advisable to simultaneously administer 1 dose of immunoglobulin and a booster dose of the vaccine.

Option 2: Actions of a medical worker in an emergency (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 2011 No. 1 “On approval of SP 3.1.5.2826-10 “Prevention of HIV infection”).

In case of cuts and injections, immediately remove gloves, wash hands with soap and water under running water, treat hands with 70% alcohol, lubricate the wound with 5% alcohol solution of iodine;
- if blood or other biological fluids get on the skin, this place is treated with 70% alcohol, washed with soap and water and re-treated with 70% alcohol;
- in case of contact with the patient's blood and other biological fluids on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth: rinse the oral cavity with plenty of water and rinse with a 70% solution ethyl alcohol, the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes are washed with plenty of water (do not rub);
- if blood and other biological fluids of the patient get on the dressing gown, clothes: remove work clothes and immerse in a disinfectant solution or in a bix (tank) for autoclaving;
- start taking antiretroviral drugs as soon as possible for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection.

It is necessary as soon as possible after contact to examine for HIV and viral hepatitis B and C a person who may be a potential source of infection, and a person who has come into contact with him. An HIV examination of a potential source of HIV infection and a contact person is carried out by rapid testing for antibodies to HIV after an emergency with the obligatory sending of a sample from the same portion of blood for standard HIV testing in ELISA. Plasma (or serum) samples of a person who is a potential source of infection and a contact person are transferred for storage for 12 months to the subject's AIDS center Russian Federation.
The victim and the person who may be a potential source of infection should be asked about the carriage of viral hepatitis, STIs, inflammatory diseases genitourinary system, other diseases, counseling on less risky behavior. If the source is infected with HIV, find out if he received antiretroviral therapy. If the victim is a woman, a pregnancy test should be done to see if she is breastfeeding. In the absence of clarifying data, post-exposure prophylaxis is started immediately, when additional information the diagram is corrected.

Conducting post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs:
Antiretroviral drugs should be started within the first two hours after the accident, but no later than 72 hours.
The standard regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection is lopinavir/ritonavir + zidovudine/lamivudine. In the absence of these drugs, any other antiretroviral drugs can be used to start chemoprophylaxis; if a full-fledged HAART regimen cannot be started immediately, one or two available drugs are started.
The use of nevirapine and abacavir is possible only in the absence of other drugs. If the only drug available is nevirapine, only one dose of the drug, 0.2 g, should be prescribed (it is not allowed to take it again), then when other drugs are received, full chemoprophylaxis is prescribed. If abacavir is started on chemoprophylaxis, testing for abacavir hypersensitivity reaction or switching from abacavir to another NRTI should be done as soon as possible.

Registration of an emergency is carried out in accordance with the established requirements:
- LPO employees must immediately report each emergency to the head of the unit, his deputy or a higher manager;
- Injuries received by medical workers should be taken into account in each health care facility and acted as an accident at work with the preparation of an Act on an accident at work;
- it is necessary to fill in the Journal of registration of accidents at work;
- it is necessary to conduct an epidemiological investigation of the cause of the injury and establish a connection between the cause of the injury and the performance of the medical worker's duties.

All health care facilities should be provided with, or have access to, rapid HIV tests and antiretroviral drugs as needed. A stock of antiretroviral drugs should be stored in any health facility at the choice of the health authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but in such a way that examination and treatment can be organized within 2 hours after the emergency.
The authorized health facility should determine the specialist responsible for the storage of antiretroviral drugs, the place of their storage with access, including at night and on weekends.

Sequence of treatment of dental instruments Used dental instruments and materials are decontaminated after receiving each patient. If tools and materials are disposable, ensure that they are safely disposed of. Before cotton swabs, plastic saliva ejectors, etc. are sent to the municipal waste dump, they should be disinfected by immersion for one hour in a 1% chloramine solution, or in a 6% hydrogen peroxide solution, or in a 3% bleach solution, or for 30 minutes in a solution of incrasept. The tips of drills, wastelands, air and water pistols, ultrasonic devices for removing dental plaque after each patient are treated twice with 70 ° alcohol and at the end of the shift are treated with 3% chloramine for 60 minutes or incrasept solution for 30 minutes. Instruments in contact with the patient's mucous membrane and contaminated with biological fluids (dental hand instruments, glasses, mirrors, burs) and gloves are disinfected immediately after use, then they undergo pre-sterilization treatment and sterilization. Disinfection is carried out by completely immersing the used instruments for 30 minutes in a container with an incrasept solution (3% chloramine for 60 minutes or 6% hydrogen peroxide solution for 60 minutes, or 2% Virkons solution for 10 minutes, or a solution of sideks for 15 minutes, or 0.1% solution of chlorsept for 60 minutes). The disinfectant solution is used six times, after which it is changed. Next, the instruments undergo pre-sterilization treatment: the instruments are immersed in another container with an incrasept solution at t = 20-45 °, where each instrument is washed with a brush for 15 s; wash tools with running water; rinse with distilled water; check the quality of cleaning: from blood - azapyran test (if the test is positive, the entire pre-sterilization treatment is repeated); from alkali - a phenolphthalein test (with a positive test, repeat steps 2 and 3); tools are wiped with dry towels or dried with hot air until moisture disappears. Products made of glass, metals, silicone rubber are sterilized without packaging (in open containers) or in paper packaging using the dry heat method (dry hot air). Sterilization mode: 60 min at t=180°. Polishers, working parts of dental plaque removers and burs are treated in the same way as instruments. Dental mirrors are subjected to disinfection, then to pre-sterilization treatment (para. 2, 3 and 4), after which they are sterilized with glass beads at high temperature: stored in Petri dishes. Rubber gloves, cotton swabs, products made of polymers, textiles, latex are sterilized in bix by autoclaving in two modes: at t=120°, pressure 1 atm. within 45 min or at t= 132°, pressure 2 atm. within 30 min. The shelf life of the sterility of instruments in a sealed package (in a bix, in a bag of kraft paper) is three days, after opening the bix, the material in it is considered sterile during the working day. Features of the organization of admission of patients with an increased risk of infection.

During your activity medical workers are at risk of infection with pathogenic blood-borne viruses, among which we know (HBV), (HCV) and (HIV). physical contact with infected material occurs when accidental punctures or cuts with sharp instruments with traces of the patient's blood or when it enters the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose and mouth or the surface of the skin. The overall risk indicator for occupational exposure to a blood transfusion infection is determined by the following factors: the proportion of infected patients in the serviced population, the likelihood of infection with a single contact with infected blood, the type and number of such contacts. That is why every patient, regardless of diagnosis, is considered as a potential source of infectious agents, including those transmitted through blood.

In most cases, exposure is not accompanied by infection. The risk of infection in each case depends on the following factors: type of pathogen, nature of exposure, amount of infected blood likely to have entered the body of the victim, virus content in the patient's blood at the time of exposure.

Health workers who have been vaccinated against are practically not at risk of infection from an accidental puncture or cut, which is accompanied by contact with infected blood. In unvaccinated individuals, the risk of infection ranges from 6 before 30 % and depends on the condition of the source patient.

Based on a limited number of studies, the likelihood of an accidental puncture or cut resulting in contact with infected blood is approximately 1,8% . Risk of infection if blood comes into contact with mucous membranes or skin unknown, but considered to be very small; however, similar cases have been reported in the scientific literature.

The average probability of an accidental puncture or cut, which is accompanied by contact with infected blood, is 0,3% (three tenths of a percent, or one chance in 300). In other words, 99,7% such cases do not lead to infection. When HIV-infected blood enters the eyes, nose, or mouth, the average probability of infection is 0,1% (one chance in a thousand). If HIV-infected blood comes into contact with the skin, the chance of infection is less 0,1% . Contact with a small amount of blood on intact skin does not pose any danger at all - in any case, there is no documentary evidence of the facts of infection under such circumstances (a few drops of blood on intact skin for a short time). The risk may increase if the skin is damaged (eg, a recent cut) or if it comes into contact with infected blood.

If blood or other potentially hazardous body fluids get into the eyes:

• the eye is flushed with water or saline;
• ! not allowed washing eyes with soap or disinfectant solution;
• ! not allowed removal of contact lenses during eyewash, because they act as an additional barrier. After washing eyes contact lenses removed and processed in the usual way, after which they are considered safe for further use.

In case of contact with the mucous membrane of the oral cavity of blood or other potentially hazardous biological fluids:

• fluid in the oral cavity spits out;
• the oral cavity is washed several times with water or saline;
• for washing the mouth not allowed use of soap or disinfectant solutions.

At present, there is no scientific evidence to support the possibility of reducing the risk of infection when using antiseptic preparations or extrusion wound content. Not recommended for use caustic substances such as alkaline bleaches.

In this counseling section, you can anonymously ask a question about HIV/AIDS.

Notification of the response will be sent to the e-mail you specified. The question and answer will be posted on the website. If you do not want the question/answer to be published, then inform the consultant about it in the text of the question. Formulate the question clearly and carefully indicate your e-mail for timely notification of the receipt of the answer.

The answer will be sent for sure! The response time depends on the complexity and number of questions received.

Responsible Eric, HIV consultant

Dasha, hello. 1) no 2) zero 3) if infected blood or other liquid with a high concentration of HIV comes into contact with the mucous membrane of the eye, there is some risk of infection.

Is the answer helpful? Yes 17 / No 3

Responsible Eric, HIV consultant

Read carefully again:
If your question is not related to the above, then ask it here: http://aids74.com/trust_mail.html

Is the answer helpful? Yes 5 / No 5

Responsible Eric, HIV consultant

In memory of Seryozhka S., who contracted HIV,
giving birth to some junkie on the train

APPENDIX 1

Models of emergency situations and their liquidation

An emergency situation means contamination of the skin, mucous membranes, as well as overalls of medical workers, equipment, table surfaces, floors with blood and other secretions of the patient. .

Blood is the strongest source of infection with the hepatitis B virus or HIV in the workplace. Therefore, protection against hepatitis B virus and HIV infection primarily consists of preventing their transmission through the blood, as well as vaccination against hepatitis B. Although the modes of transmission of hepatitis B virus and HIV are the same, the risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus in the workplace is higher than HIV infection (this is due to the fact that the concentration of the virus in the blood of HIV-infected patients is much less).

Emergency Model #1:
damage to the skin (cut, prick)

The likelihood of contracting HIV when puncturing or cutting the skin with contaminated instruments HIV-infected blood, is 0.3-0.5%. The probability of infection with the hepatitis B virus in this emergency is 6-30%.

If a cut or injection occurs, remove gloves immediately or expose the area of ​​the wound. Squeeze out the blood from the wound; wipe off the blood with a swab dipped in 70% alcohol. Then, if the wound allows, thoroughly wash your hands under running water with soap twice. Lubricate the wound with 5% iodine solution. After 15 minutes, repeat the treatment with alcohol; cover with bactericidal plaster.

Emergency Model #2:
blood spilled onto exposed parts of the body

The probability of contracting HIV when infected blood comes into contact with intact skin is estimated at 0.05%.

If blood (or other biological fluid) has got on intact skin, it should be immediately treated with a swab moistened with a disinfectant solution or 70% alcohol solution for 0.5-1 minute. Do not rub! Then wash twice with warm running water and soap and dry with a disposable cloth or individual towel. After 15 minutes, repeat the treatment with alcohol (for more information, see the Hand treatment file).

Emergency Model #3:
blood has entered the eyes, nasal mucosa or oral cavity

The probability of contracting HIV when infected blood enters the mucous membranes is estimated at 0.09%.

If blood gets into the eyes, immediately rinse them with distilled water from the first aid kit. medical care for the prevention of HIV infection (or freshly prepared 0.05% solution of potassium permanganate - dilute 100 mg of potassium permanganate in 200 ml of distilled water). To wash the eyes, use glass baths: fill them with water or a solution, apply to the eyes and rinse, blinking for 2 minutes. Instill 2-3 drops of a 20% solution of albucid into each eye.

If blood gets on the nasal mucosa, immediately rinse the nose for 2 minutes in a freshly prepared 0.05% solution of potassium permanganate (dissolve 100 mg in 200 ml of water). Drop into each nasal passage 2-3 drops of a 20% solution of albucid.

If blood gets on the oral mucosa, immediately rinse your mouth with 70% ethyl alcohol or freshly prepared 0.05% potassium permanganate solution (dissolve 100 mg in 200 ml of water) for 2 minutes.

Emergency Model No. 4:
blood got on a dressing gown or other overalls

If blood gets on the dressing gown, the overalls are carefully removed (rolled up with the contaminated side inward) and immersed in the disinfectant solution for the required time (5 liters of disinfectant solution are used per 1 kg of dry laundry). Then it is rinsed in water and washed in the usual way. The skin under contaminated clothing is treated as indicated in paragraph "2" of this manual. Shoes are wiped twice with a disinfectant solution (at the same time, hands are protected with gloves, wiping rags are disposed of after disinfection).

Emergency Model No. 5:
blood got on the equipment, table surfaces, floor

If drops of blood get on equipment or furniture surfaces, they should be wiped immediately with a cloth soaked in a disinfectant solution. Repeat the treatment after 15 minutes. The tissue is then disinfected and disposed of.

In the presence of large amounts of blood and liquids containing blood (for example, vomit), on the floor, put on gloves, soak a rag in a disinfectant solution and collect the blood in a container. Then add disinfectant solution to the container in the ratio of 1:4. Exposure according to the instructions for the disinfectant. The contaminated area is repeatedly wiped with disposable wipes soaked in a disinfectant solution. The treatment is repeated after 15 minutes. If there are large pools of blood on the floor, the use of disposable waterproof shoe covers should be considered, and if there is a risk of splashing, goggles and a waterproof apron should be used. Wear gloves when removing soiled shoe covers and apron.

Contaminated cleaning material should be soaked in a disinfectant solution (concentration and exposure time - see instructions for the disinfectant) in a ratio of 1:4, and then disposed of in accordance with the instructions for class B waste disposal.

APPENDIX 2

First aid kit for HIV prevention

Composition of the first aid kit:

Additionally, it is necessary to provide for the presence in the department:

• emergency instructions preventive measures in case of emergencies;
• working disinfectant solutions in the disinfection corner, an irreducible supply tap water for washing hands in a 5-liter container, toilet soap, individual wipes for getting your hands wet.

To clean up large pools of blood, you may need: disposable waterproof shoe covers, rubber gloves, rags. If there is a risk of blood splashing, goggles or a protective face shield, waterproof apron.

The first aid kit for the prevention of HIV infection should be kept in a separate labeled box in the treatment room. Responsibilities for monitoring the storage and replenishment of the first-aid kit are assigned to the head nurse of the department.