Mental illnesses: a complete list and description of diseases. Is there a cure for borderline personality disorder? How does associative disorder manifest symptoms

Disorder

Disorder

noun, from., use comp. often

Morphology: (no) what? disorders, what? disorder, (see) what? disorder, how? disorder, about what? about disorder; pl. what? disorders, (no) what? disorders, what? disorders, (see) what? disorders, how? disorders, about what? about disorders

1. disorder called the process of disorder, violation of something settled.

Order disorder. | Disorder of money circulation. | Career breakdown.

2. If anyone's business got into trouble, then this means that they began to proceed unfavorably due to the damage suffered, the violation of order in something, etc.

3. disorder called malfunctions, interruptions in the operation of any device.

Ignition disorder.

4. disorder It is called a disease that manifests itself in a violation of the activity of any organs.

Disorder nervous system.

5. disorder called the inhibition of natural physiological processes in the human body, which occurs due to illness, stress, etc.

Disorder of speech, breathing. | Disorder of perception, sleep, memory. | Motor, depressive, visual, functional, sexual disorders.

6. Disorder (stomach, intestines) called diarrhea.

The child is severely disturbed. | The bowel disorder became more and more threatening.

7. disorder name someone's bad, depressed mood.

Something appeared, served as a reason for frustration. | Hide your frustration. | The letter was the cause of my mother's frustration. | He's been upset this morning.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Dmitriev. D.V. Dmitriev. 2003 .

See what "disorder" is in other dictionaries:

DISTRESS, disorders, cf. 1. only units Action under ch. upset upset and upset upset. 2. only units Violation of the order, lack of harmony, disorder. To bring disorder into the ranks of the enemy. 3. only units… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

See disease... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. disorder disorder, illness, disorder, disease, perturbation, violation, disorder, disorganization, disorder ... Synonym dictionary

DISTRESS, a, cf. 1. see upset, xia. 2. Complete disorder due to the violation of the order 2 (in 1 and 2 values). Enter r. into the ranks of the enemy. 3. Faulty condition due to damage, violation of order. Things came to the river. 4. A disease that violates ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

disorder- 1. Violation of the system, the order of building something. 2. Causing damage to something; violation of the order, the normal state of something. 3. A complete mess due to a disruption of the order. 4. Faulty state due to damage, disorganization, violation ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

disorder- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN disturbance … Technical Translator's Handbook

disorder- major disorder severe disorder perfect disorder... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

I cf. 1. the process of action according to Ch. upset I, upset I 1., 2., 3., 4., 5. 2. The result of such an action; violation of the order, lack of harmony; disorder I 2., disorder. ott. trans. Faulty or bad state of affairs, ... ... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova

Disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder, disorder (Source: "Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak") ... Word forms

disorder- frustration, and ... Russian spelling dictionary

disorder- (2 s); pl. disorders, R. disorders / events ... Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

Books

• Crime and mental disorder before the court, I.A. Shilling. An overview of mental and bodily conditions that limit a person's freedom. Handbook for judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, jurors, educators, doctors, etc. Composition of Dr. ...

Mixed disorder is a concept that collects the symptoms and manifestations of various types of mental disorders. This diagnosis is used by psychotherapists when the behavior and characteristics of the patient do not clearly belong to any category of personality disorders.

Mixed personality disorder is included in ICD 10 (International Classification of Diseases), its description can be found under F61. Practicing doctors note the fact that such a diagnosis occurs quite often, because a person can behave differently in certain situations, and also does not combine only the pure features of a certain type of behavior and deviations.

A personality disorder is a deviation in the behavior, thoughts and actions of a person, and this diagnosis belongs to the group of mental disorders. Patients with such deviations are not able to behave adequately, they perceive stressful and conflict situations too sharply, in contrast to mentally healthy people.

It is this fact that is the main reason for failures in the family, in a career and in communicating with people around - excessive conflict and manifestations of various types of mental disorders make a person incomprehensible, inadequate, and sometimes dangerous.

The main problem is that the diagnosis of mixed personality disorder is sometimes made too late, as well as the treatment of the present mental disorders is not started in time. Patients with such disorders are sure that they are absolutely healthy and do not seek help from doctors, and they react to the proposals of relatives to go to a psychologist with violent protest and conflict. Meanwhile, the help of psychotherapists is really necessary for such patients, the task of the doctor in this situation is to help the patient in social adaptation and analysis of his own personal qualities, without harming his loved ones and himself.

The manifestation of deviations in behavior is observed in patients even in childhood, and open symptoms become noticeable closer to 18 years. But doctors are in no hurry to make a diagnosis of a mental disorder at this age - after all, this is a period of personality formation and such an entry in the medical record will be incorrect. At a more mature age, if the symptoms of disorders have not gone away on their own and they can no longer be attributed to manifestations of a transitional crisis age, these manifestations will only progress, which leads to a diagnosis of a mixed personality disorder.

organic personality disorder mixed genesis- this is approximately the same diagnosis, but the difference lies in the etiology of the disease. If the usual mixed deviation is the result of congenital or acquired mental disorders, then the organic one develops against the background of damage to individual brain foci.

Personality disorders due to mixed diseases is a pathology that accompanies a person throughout life, one of these diseases can be depression. But the patient is not aware of the presence of a problem, since it proceeds in waves, and periods of exacerbation are replaced by persistent remission.

Causes of a personality disorder

Social factors influencing the development of deviations in behavior are improper upbringing, stress, conflicts, rejection by parents and peers. If a child is brought up in an atmosphere of neglect, they do not listen to him, ridicule his ideas and actions, he develops aggression, deviant behavior and maladjustment. Conversely, the perception of the child as an idol, the connivance of his whims and spoilage lead to the development of psychopathic personality traits in adulthood.

If in childhood a child was subjected to physical violence, moral pressure, he had frequent stressful and conflict situations, as well as other psychological traumas - these factors lead to similar problems, with the development of personality disorders. According to medical statistics, 90% of patients with a similar diagnosis experienced violence in childhood.

Organic disorders occur due to brain injuries due to accidents or falls. Moreover, the disorder can develop at any age, after there have been changes in the structure of the brain due to its damage.

Symptoms of deviations

Patients with personality disorder mixed type most often have psychological comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, chronic fatigue and nervous tension, all these pathologies result in frequent conflicts at work and at home. It is important that the patients themselves mental disorders do not believe that these concomitant diseases are the culprits of their problems, they attribute all failures and conflicts to external factors.

What are the manifestations of mixed personality disorder:

Patients show constant dissatisfaction with the conditions of their lives, they attribute all failures and blunders to external circumstances and blame the surrounding people for everything. If earlier doctors believed that such behavior could not be corrected, now the opinion has changed and the condition is considered reversible.

In addition to these signs, this personality disorder can manifest itself in many different ways. Pathological features that can be expressed with this deviation are also inherent in other types of disorders, which will be discussed later. It is because of the complex of symptoms belonging to different types of personality disorders that this disorder is called mixed.

Classification of disorders

To understand what symptoms may appear in a patient diagnosed with a mixed disorder, it is necessary to describe the main manifestations of all known types of disorders:

If one patient has symptoms characteristic of different types of personality disorders, then a diagnosis of mixed personality disorder is made.

Treatment

Psychiatrists are inclined to agree that a mixed type disorder cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to correct the patient's condition and bring him into stable remission, with timely therapy. At the same time, the desire of the patient himself to eliminate the existing problems and his contact with the doctor is important.

Drug therapy helps to remove the main clinical manifestations of diseases - depression, anxiety, hysteria. When prescribing medication, it must be observed exact dosage, since mixed disorders involve the rapid development of a patient's dependence on drugs. What drugs are used in the treatment of this disorder:

All these drugs are aimed at eliminating the patient's manifestations of aggression, affective instability, anger, anxiety and excessive impulsivity.

Psychotherapeutic treatment involves DBT - dialectical behavioral therapy. It is aimed at treating patients who have developed a personality disorder due to severe psychological trauma. If the patient cannot recover from the suffering experienced, the specialist directs his thinking and actions in a different direction in order to improve his life and avoid similar situations in the future.

Family psychotherapy aims to change the relationship between the patient and the relatives and friends around him. The treatment lasts about 12 months, while the doctor tries to identify the root of the problem and eliminate it. As a result of treatment, the patient can be relieved of distrust, paranoia, manipulativeness, arrogance.

In order for a patient with a mixed type of disorder to be able to full life, work, drive a car (when making this diagnosis, it is often forbidden for the patient to obtain a driver's license), you need to help him in time. With pronounced symptoms of various deviations - hysteria, frequent anxiety, depression, mood swings and outbursts of anger, you need to convince a loved one to contact a psychologist. The consequences of an untreated disorder can be deplorable - these are alcoholism, drug addiction, promiscuity, psychosis, cruelty, so the reversibility of the disorder depends on a timely visit to the doctor and the start of therapy.

organic personality disorder It is a permanent brain disorder caused by a disease or injury that causes a significant change in the behavior of the patient. This condition is marked by mental exhaustion and a decrease in mental functions. Disorders are detected in childhood and are able to remind of themselves throughout life. The course of the disease depends on age and critical periods are considered dangerous: puberty and menopause. Under favorable conditions, stable compensation of the individual can occur with saving the ability to work, and in the event of negative effects (organic disorders, infectious diseases, emotional stress), there is a high probability of decompensation with pronounced psychopathic manifestations.

In general, the disease is chronic course, and in some cases progresses and leads to social maladaptation. With appropriate treatment, it is possible to improve the patient's condition. Often, patients avoid treatment without recognizing the fact of the disease.

Organic disorders due to the huge number of traumatic factors are very common. The main causes of disorders include:

- injuries (craniocerebral and damage to the frontal or temporal lobe of the head;

- brain diseases (tumor, multiple sclerosis);

- infectious lesions of the brain;

- encephalitis in combination with somatic disorders(parkinsonism);

- children's cerebral palsy;

- chronic manganese poisoning;

- the use of psychoactive substances (stimulants, alcohol, hallucinogens, steroids).

In patients suffering from epilepsy for more than ten years, an organic personality disorder is formed. It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between the degree of impairment and the frequency of seizures. Despite the fact that organic disorders have been studied since the end of the century before last, the features of the development and formation of symptoms of the disease have not been fully identified. There is no reliable information about the influence of social and biological factors on this process. The pathogenetic link is based on brain lesions of exogenous origin, which lead to impaired inhibition and the correct correlation of excitation processes in the brain. At present, the integrative approach in detecting the pathogenesis of mental disorders is considered the most correct approach.

An integrative approach involves the influence of the following factors: socio-psychological, genetic, organic.

Symptoms of Organic Personality Disorder

The symptoms are characterized by characterological changes, expressed in the appearance of viscosity, bradyphrenia, torpidity, sharpening of premorbid features. The emotional state is marked either by dysphoria or unproductive euphoria; later stages are characterized by apathy and emotional lability. The threshold of affect in such patients is low, and an insignificant stimulus can provoke an outburst of aggressiveness. In general, the patient loses control over impulses and impulses. A person is not able to predict his own behavior in relation to others, he is characterized by paranoia and suspicion. All his statements are stereotypical and are marked by characteristic flat and monotonous jokes.

At later stages, organic personality disorder is characterized by dysmnesia, which can progress and transform into dementia.

Organic personality and behavioral disorders

All organic behavioral disorders occur after a head injury, infections (encephalitis) or as a result of a brain disease (multiple sclerosis). There are significant changes in human behavior. Often the emotional sphere is affected, and the ability to control impulsiveness in behavior is also reduced in a person. The attention of forensic psychiatrists to a person's organic disorder in behavior is caused by the lack of control mechanisms, an increase in self-centeredness, and the loss of normal social sensitivity.

Unexpectedly for everyone, previously benevolent individuals begin to commit crimes that do not fit into their character. Over time, these people develop an organic cerebral state. Often this picture is observed in patients with trauma to the anterior lobe of the brain.

An organic personality disorder is taken into account by the court as a mental illness. This disease is accepted as a mitigating circumstance and is the basis for referral for treatment. Often problems arise in antisocial individuals with brain injuries that exacerbate their behavior. Such a patient, due to an antisocial stable attitude to situations and people, indifference to the consequences and increased impulsivity, can appear very difficult for psychiatric hospitals. The case can also be complicated by depression, anger of the subject, which are associated with the fact of the disease.

In the 70s of the 20th century, the term "episodic loss of control syndrome" was proposed by researchers. It was suggested that there are individuals who do not suffer from brain damage, epilepsy, psychosis, but who are aggressive due to a deep organic personality disorder. At the same time, aggressiveness is the only symptom of this disorder. Most of the people with this diagnosis are men. They have prolonged aggressive manifestations that go back to childhood, with an unfavorable family background. The only evidence in favor of such a syndrome is EEG anomalies, especially in the temples.

It has also been suggested that there is an abnormality in the functional nervous system leading to increased aggressiveness. The doctors hypothesized that severe forms of this condition are due to brain damage, and they are able to remain in adulthood, as well as find themselves in disorders associated with irritability, impulsivity, lability, violence and explosiveness. According to statistics, a third of this category had an antisocial disorder in childhood, and in adulthood most of them became criminals.

Diagnosis of organic personality disorder

Diagnosis of the disease is based on the identification of characterological, emotional typical, as well as cognitive changes in personality.

The following methods are used to diagnose an organic personality disorder: MRI, EEG, psychological methods (Rorschach test, MMPI, thematic apperceptive test).

Organic disorders of the brain structures (trauma, disease or brain dysfunction), the absence of memory and consciousness disorders, manifestations of typical changes in the nature of behavior and speech are determined.

However, for the reliability of the diagnosis, a long-term, at least six months, observation of the patient is important. During this period, the patient should show at least two signs in an organic personality disorder.

The diagnosis of organic personality disorder is established in accordance with the requirements of the ICD-10 in the presence of two of the following criteria:

- a significant decrease in the ability to carry out purposeful activities that require a long time and not so quickly leading to success;

- altered emotional behavior, which is characterized by emotional lability, unjustified fun (euphoria, easily turning into dysphoria with short-term attacks of aggression and anger, in some cases a manifestation of apathy);

- drives and needs that arise without taking into account social conventions and consequences (anti-social orientation - theft, intimate claims, gluttony, non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene);

- paranoid ideas, as well as suspicion, excessive concern for an abstract topic, often religion;

- change in tempo in speech, hypergraphia, over-inclusion (inclusion of side associations);

- changes in sexual behavior, including a decrease in sexual activity.

Organic personality disorder must be differentiated from dementia, in which personality disorders are often combined with memory impairment, with the exception of dementia in Pick's disease. More precisely, the disease is diagnosed on the basis of neurological data, neuropsychological examination, CT and EEG.

The effectiveness of the treatment of organic personality disorder depends on an integrated approach. It is important in the treatment of a combination of drug and psychotherapeutic effects, which, when used correctly, enhance the effect of each other.

Drug therapy is based on the use of several types of drugs:

- anti-anxiety drugs (Diazepam, Phenazepam, Elenium, Oxazepam);

- antidepressants (clomipramine, amitriptyline) are used in the development of a depressive state, as well as exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder;

- neuroleptics (Triftazine, Levomepromazine, Haloperidol, Eglonil) are used for aggressive behavior, as well as during an exacerbation of paranoid disorder and psychomotor agitation;

- nootropics (Phenibut, Nootropil, Aminalon);

— Lithium, hormones, anticonvulsants.

Often, medications affect only the symptoms of the disease, and after discontinuation of the drug, the disease progresses again.

The main goal in the application of psychotherapeutic methods is to ease the psychological state of the patient, help in overcoming intimate problems, depression, obsessive states and fears, assimilation of new models of behavior.

Help is provided both in the presence of physical and mental problems in the form of a series of exercises or conversations. Psychotherapeutic influence using individual, group, family therapy will allow the patient to build competent relationships with family members, which will provide him with emotional support from relatives. Placement of the patient in mental asylum it is not always necessary, but only in those cases when he poses a danger to himself or to others.

Prevention organic disorders includes adequate obstetric care and rehabilitation in the postnatal period. Great importance has a proper upbringing in the family and at school.

Personality disorder, the reaction of the army to this deviation

Every young man is familiar with the spring and autumn conscription and the troubles associated with them, including the medical board, where not only his physical but also his mental health is assessed. The military enlistment office provides a deferment or exemption from conscription for those who are diagnosed. The army assumes rather harsh conditions for the psyche, which can be dangerous for an already unhealthy person.

Personality disorder

Pathological state of mind

Personality disorder, or psychopathy, is pathological condition psyche, which is manifested by inadequate behavior, causing both the patient and the people around him to suffer. People with a personality disorder do not develop delusions or hallucinations, but there is a rather specific set of symptoms that are characteristic of each type of psychopathy.

There are several types of personality disorders in the army:

• Schizoid. It is distinguished by extremely stingy emotions, the difficulty of establishing emotional contact with others up to its complete impossibility (but there may be a strong attachment to animals). Moreover, such patients are often distinguished by an extraordinary mind.
• paranoid. Patients are distinguished by unreasonable suspicion and suspiciousness, they constantly suspect others of wanting to harm them. Unable to forgive offenses and show tolerance.
• Hysterical. Attention is drawn to excessive expressiveness, theatricality of behavior, simulated emotions. The patient experiences a constant need for attention, and feels discomfort in its absence.
• Emotionally unstable (excitable psychopathy). In such patients, the ability to control their emotions is weakened or completely absent. Reactions of discontent or anger are violent and destructive, which is why relationships with loved ones are sharply conflicted.
• Dissocial (antisocial). It involves the patient's rejection of social norms, aggressive behavior, complete indifference to his own safety and the safety of others. Patients are irresponsible about their duties and do not feel regret about this.
• Anancaste (obsessive-compulsive). Unlike the previous one, the patient is overly conscientious and responsible. Planning your activities takes a lot of time and effort, so the result may not be achieved. Such patients have no flexibility in matters of morality, they are constantly insecure.
• Anxious (avoidant). Extreme self-doubt and sensitivity to criticism, due to which patients avoid any responsibility and rarely achieve authority.
• Dependent personality disorder. It is similar to the previous type in that patients avoid responsibility, but at the same time they are not self-sufficient, in relations with others they take a leading position, often humiliated in order to be accepted.
• Narcissistic. Such patients are convinced of their uniqueness, importance and influence, and demand from others undeserved admiration for their imaginary achievements. Often they are not able to show sympathy, because they are convinced that those around them envy them.

Personality disorders in the military

Personality disorders in the army are very diverse and make significant adjustments to the life of the patient and his loved ones.

Article 18: exemption from conscription

A profound personality disorder can be a reason for exemption from military draft. When a conscript passes a medical examination, experts carefully study his personal file, reviews from places of study and work, after which they come to the conclusion about his mental adequacy.

If a young man turns out to be unfit or partially fit for military service due to mental inadequacy, this is indicated on his military ID. Article 18, which refers to personality disorder and, as a consequence, exemption from conscription, has two sections.

Article 18a indicates that the recruit has severe mental illness, in which he is not able to control his behavior. Such a conscript cannot adapt in society, his pathological reactions are dangerous for himself and those around him, so military service is completely impossible for him.

Article 18b implies that the young person has less serious disorders:

• Personality disorders
• Violation of sexual preferences
• Disorders of hobbies and habits
• Recurrent affective breakdowns and transient behavioral disturbances

  Personality disorder can be dangerous

  These violations may not cause any noticeable inconvenience most of the time, but they are dangerous in unpredictable breakdowns. Deliberate display of symptoms of a personality disorder is not considered a disease and does not give rise to a deferment from the army.

  The presence of article 18 on the military ID means that the conscript is not fit or is limited for conscription, but the same article can become an obstacle to obtaining a driver's license or working in government and financial organizations.

  Personality and behavior disorders: types, treatment

  Every fifteenth inhabitant of our planet suffers from a personality disorder. Moreover, he himself hardly perceives his condition as a disease that requires an appeal to specialists. He will justify all his actions and consider his behavior normal. Treatment denies, and the consequences are unpredictable.

  Personality disorder: adaptation difficulties

  Personality disorder is a maladaptive pattern of behavior caused by persistent mental disorder, which is not associated with a somatic or neurological disease. This pathology is difficult to correct, because the patient does not believe that he needs treatment. There is no motivation, which is a catalyst for positive changes. The individual himself does not seek to get rid of the violation and does not make good contact with psychotherapists.

  Late appeal to specialists leads to the fact that the patient gets an appointment with a psychiatrist already in the stage of deep neglect of the disease. It can be difficult to relieve symptoms and cure.

  The first signs of the disease are actively manifested in adolescence. Before this period, individual episodes are possible, but only after the period of puberty can we talk about the problem. Individuals with cognitive personality disorder do not understand why others talk about any of their problems. After all, they believe that behavior and actions are normal.

  People with personality disorders are poorly perceived in society. They often have difficulties in personal communication. But at the same time, patients do not feel pangs of remorse and have no sympathy for others. After a certain time, their relationship with the world is built not according to the principle of personal adaptation to society, but according to the scheme, when the society is forced to accept or not accept a problematic person. The lack of motivation and desire to be treated exacerbates the problem, since not every doctor can find an approach to such a patient, relieve the symptoms of exacerbation and help get rid of the problem.

  Specific personality disorders

  In Soviet times, overly emotional individuals were often called psychopaths. Such a characterization and classification was not inherent in Western psychiatry. Psychopathy is a serious behavioral disorder, in which, against the background of underdevelopment of a number of personality traits, one clearly dominates. This includes a number of deviations.

• Paranoid - the patient is dominated by overvalued ideas. He attributes his personality special meaning. But he treats others with hostility, suspecting them of malicious intent. A person with a pathology does not recognize its presence. When relatives or friends pay attention to a cognitive deviation and try to take him to a specialist, he will assure that everything is in order with him and deny the existence of a problem. Very sensitive to criticism.
• Schizoid - this diagnosis is characterized by introversion, isolation, a decrease in interest in life's things. The patient does not perceive the accepted norms of social behavior, often behaves eccentrically. Schizoid personality disorders are associated with a great passion for some kind of activity in which the individual succeeds. For example, he may be pathologically addicted to various health systems, to the point of attracting other people to his interests. Experts believe that in this way a certain asociality is replaced. Also, such patients may have problems with alcohol, drugs or other types of addiction.
• Dissocial - feature such a personality disorder is the causing cognitive behavior of the patient in order to obtain the desired. With all this, such patients are able to win over people, including doctors. This type is especially pronounced in late adolescence.
• Hysterical - the main goal of such patients is to draw attention to their person in any way, including defiant behavior. The diagnosis is more typical for women. Atypical capriciousness, inconstancy of desires, extravagance, deceit are observed. In order to attract attention, the patient invents non-existent diseases for himself, the symptoms of which can be given out by the autonomic system and which is difficult to remove.
• Obsessive-compulsive - patients with this type of personality disorder pathologically strive for order and perfection. They have no sense of humor, they try to be perfect in everything. When the set ideal goals are not achieved, they can fall into depressive states.
• Anxious - such a personality disorder is characterized by the cultivation of a personal inferiority complex. Patients are in a state of perpetual anxiety and uncertainty. From childhood, such patients are shy and timid. Often suspect others of hostility. They are prone to depression.
• Narcissistic - a deviation in which a person manifests narcissism from childhood, a desire to be constantly admired. Such a patient does not accept criticism: he reacts to it either with resentment or with aggression. Indifferent to the feelings of other people, prone to exploiting them to achieve their own goals.

Different forms of psychopathy require an individual approach to treatment. Personality disorders should not be confused with character accentuation. In the latter case, a person also has behavioral features, but they lie within the upper limit of the norm. In addition, it is adapted to social conditions. The classification of classical psychopathy is inappropriate here. Diagnosis and types are different.

Causes that cause personality and behavioral disorders

All specific personality disorders are usually divided into three clusters. Their classification:

• types of psychopathy cluster A: paranoid and schizoid;
• Cluster B psychopathy: hysterical, asocial, narcissistic;
• types of psychopathy cluster B: obsessive-compulsive, depressive.

The causes of cluster A psychopathy are considered to be genetic and hereditary. The fact is that among the relatives of patients who have a personality disorder, as a rule, there is at least one with schizophrenia.

A hereditary predisposition to pathologies can also be traced in cluster B and C psychopathy. The first option can also be aggravated by problems with alcohol: in families of people who drink, children often develop with disorders.

There is a version that cognitive specific personality disorders may be associated with hormonal disorders in organism. If a person has elevated levels of testosterone, estrone and estradiol, the consequences of this are manifested in the form of aggression. In addition, he does not produce enough endorphins, which, in turn, leads to depressive disorders.

The social factor also plays an important role in the formation of the psychotype. For active children, space is important. If they are forced to be brought up in a closed space, small areas, this leads to the appearance of hyperactivity. Anxious babies from birth can become balanced if they are raised by emotionally stable parents. A calm mother can help a child become confident, and an anxious one can not remove, but increase his personal anxiety state.

Character traits become noticeable already in early childhood. In adolescence, they can already develop as a personality disorder. Cognitive impairment is manifested in memory loss, fatigue. Pathologies of the nervous system are observed more often in people with an asocial temperament.

Mixed personality disorder

This type of psychopathy has been studied less than others. The classification has no special criteria. The patient manifests forms of one or the other type of disorders that are not persistent. Therefore, this type of disorder is also called mosaic psychopathy. But it is also difficult for a person with a mixed type of disorder to get along in society because of the peculiarities of their behavior.

Instability of character is often the basis that contributes to the development different types dependencies. Mixed personality disorder may be accompanied by alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling addiction.

Mosaic psychopathy can combine symptoms of the schizoid and paranoid types. Such people do not know how to build social contacts in society, they are obsessed with overvalued ideas. With the predominance of paranoid symptoms, patients suffer from increased suspicion. They are prone to scandals, threats, like to write angry complaints about everyone and everything.

Specialists are alarmed if signs (classification) of several disorders coexist in one patient: schizoid, hysterical, asthenic, excitable. In this case, there is a high risk of developing schizophrenia.

Brain injuries or complications after a number of diseases can lead to mosaic types of pathology. Such mixed disorder personality is considered acquired. If we consider the situation in detail, it will look like this: a person already has an innate tendency to mosaic psychopathy, which, due to certain circumstances, is superimposed by organic pathology.

Mosaic disorder requires specific treatment only when symptoms worsen, or if there is organic build-up. Then neuroleptics, tranquilizers, vitamins can be prescribed by a specialist.

Infantile personality disorder

With this type of psychopathy, signs of social immaturity are pronounced. A person is not able to withstand stressful situations and relieve tension. In difficult circumstances, he does not control his emotions in the same way as children do. Infantile personality disorders for the first time clearly declare themselves in adolescence. The hormonal storms that occur at this time with a person cause changes in the psycho emotional sphere. As you get older, the diagnosis can only progress. It is possible to finally talk about the presence of the disease only after reaching 16-17 years. In stressful circumstances, the patient manifests himself immature, poorly controls aggression, anxiety, fear. Such a person is not hired for military service, they are denied employment in law enforcement agencies. Permits to carry weapons or obtain a driver's license are decided on a limited and strictly case-by-case basis, according to an assessment of signs and condition.

transient personality disorder

This diagnosis refers to borderline conditions, when the symptoms of deviation are difficult to attribute to any type of personality disorder. The main causes of psychopathy are long-term stressful situations.

Transient personality disorder has its own characteristics:

• disorientation;
• hallucinations;
• rave;
• inhibition of verbal and motor functions.

Even one of the symptoms may already signal a disorder. This diagnosis is special in that the disease does not last too long: sometimes only a day, and sometimes a month. It suddenly arises and just as it passes. Sometimes a person can go to sleep with a disturbance, and get up in a normal emotional state with residual effects in the form of increased anxiety or sleep disturbances. With each new stress, a spontaneous return of pathology is possible.

Such a diagnosis does not pass without a trace. In the event that there are signs of delusions or hallucinations, such a person requires special treatment, because his condition can threaten the people around him. In the period between exacerbations, the patient experiences emotional burnout, in which nerve cells are also destroyed. Therefore, even for preventive purposes, it is recommended to take vitamins and herbal remedies.

As historical examples show, partial transient personality disorder is not a benign condition. Many of the famous serial killers and maniacs had this diagnosis. They led a normal life, had families, work, but during the period of exacerbations they committed crimes. When Western experts studied the brains of executed criminals, they did not find significant changes in it. All areas were within normal limits. healthy person. And only stressful conditions could lead to the appearance of signs of a personality disorder, which entailed antisocial acts. Perhaps, if during the period when the first signs of the disease appeared, there would have been a person nearby who noticed this and helped to contact a specialist, such consequences could have been avoided. Being face-to-face with continuous stressful situations, the psyche simply could not stand it. The mechanism of the development of the disease was launched.

Treatment for personality disorders

When a person is diagnosed with psychopathy, he rarely agrees with him. The peculiarity of this disease is that the patient does not see problems in himself, but looks for them in others. Treatment in this case is always difficult. According to statistics, only one in five of them agree to accept help.

Treatment of psychopathy is carried out individually. It includes sessions of psychotherapy and, if necessary, the use of medicines. In difficult cases, when the antisocial behavior of the patient poses a threat to others, treatment can be carried out in a hospital.

Disputes among specialists are caused by the treatment of borderline conditions. Some believe that the patient needs help only during exacerbations, while others insist on constant support. In any case, the treatment of psychopathy has been going on for many years. With the patient's tendency to impulsive acts that can threaten life and health, psychotropic drugs are connected.

Organic personality disorder in humans

The consequence of a violation of brain activity due to illness or due to brain damage is a significant change in human behavior. This disease is called an organic personality disorder in humans and is accompanied by exhaustion of the psyche, a decrease in the function of thinking. Most often, the disease is detected even in adolescence and throughout life can repeatedly remind of itself.

The most dangerous for the course of the disorder are the period of puberty and menopause. Conditions favorable to this contribute to the formation of a stable, compensated personality that retains ability to work.

If there are some circumstances aggravating the course of the disease: organic disorders, frequent emotional stress, then decompensation is possible, with bright subsequent manifestations of psychopathy.

Most often, the disease is chronic, periodically progressive, and sometimes leading to the inability of the individual to adapt to his social environment.

There are a number of main causes of organic personality disorder, these include, in particular, a vast number of traumatic factors:

• Damage due to traumatic brain injury.
• brain tumors, multiple sclerosis.
• Infectious lesion of the human brain.
• Diseases of the vascular system.
• Encephalitis associated with disorders of the internal systems of the body.
• Varieties of cerebral palsy.
• Use of psychoactive substances: steroids, hallucinogens.

Patients who have been suffering from epileptic seizures for over 10 years may feel the influence of an organic personality disorder in humans. There is a hypothesis fixing the relationship between the number of seizures and the severity of the personality disorder.

The distinctive features of the development of symptoms of the disease have not been finally identified. There is no definite information on the influence of biological and social factors on the development of symptoms.

As vivid symptoms of an organic personality disorder, the following are revealed: inhibition of the course of mental processes (bradyphrenia), difficulty in the consistent flow of thoughts (torpidity), emphasis on premorbid personality traits. At the level emotional state there is a gloomy dislike for others, accompanied by irritability (dysphoria), or an empty-high spirits.

Late stages of the disease are marked by apathy and instability of the emotional state. Usually, a minor stimulus is enough for the patient to fall into a state of passion, or to provoke an explosion of aggressiveness in him.

A person loses control over his own intentions, he cannot predict personal behavior in relation to the people around him, and shows unmotivated suspicion towards them. In terms of statements, their uniformity is observed with a predominance of flat jokes.

The later stages of the course of this disorder are characterized by a decrease in the ability to remember information (dysmnesia), which can develop into a degradation of mental ability (dementia).

The diagnosis of the disorder is preceded by the identification of personality changes at the level of cognitive abilities, emotional intelligence, and psychopathic disorders. As a method of diagnosing an organic personality disorder, methods based on the use of MRI - magnetic resonance imaging, EEG - electroencephalogram of the brain, psychological methods: Rorschach test, thematic apperceptive test are used.

In the process of research, organic lesions are identified and fixed. brain structures, absence or presence of damage to the memory function, typical changes in behavioral signs and speech disorders.

The diagnosis can be established in accordance with the international classifier of diseases (ICD-10), if at least two of the following signs are observed simultaneously:

• a radical decrease in the real ability to carry out purposeful activities;
• a distortion of emotional behavior resulting in emotional volatility characterized by mood swings from unmotivated fun to equally unmotivated aggression, sometimes alternating with complete apathy;
• the emergence of antisocial needs associated with sexual intemperance, a tendency to steal, non-compliance with personal hygiene;
• the presence of crazy ideas, suspiciousness and suspicion;
• reduced rate of speech, writing style accompanied by excessive verbosity (hypergraphia).

  A clear differentiation must be made between organic personality disorder and dementia, since the latter has a memory impairment, except for Pick's disease. Neuropsychological research contributes to the final diagnosis of the disease.

  Methodology for the treatment of organic disorder

  A clear methodology for the treatment of an organic disorder is quite important. A flexible combination of psychotherapeutic treatment and intervention is needed medicines. With cross-stimulation of the body, the action of these channels is enhanced.

  Various types of drugs are used as drug therapy, these include:

• drugs that lower the anxiety threshold;
• drugs used in the treatment of depression;
• psychotropic drugs focused on the treatment of psychotic disorders (neuroleptics) associated with aggressive behavior;
• drugs that improve memory, learning ability, activating brain activity - nootropics;
• hormonal medications.

However, often used medicines remove only the manifestations of the disease, which, after their cancellation, begins to progress again. That is to say, the role of the drugs is actually reduced to the relief of symptoms and alleviation of the patient's morbid condition, offering him new behaviors for their assimilation and practice.

The patient should be provided with psychotherapeutic assistance to build a balanced relationship with the patient's own family members so that they can provide support, and he could take it at the proper level. It is far from always shown that a patient is placed in a hospital - a psychiatric clinic, but only if he is dangerous both for himself and for others.

What is an organic personality disorder? Main symptoms and treatment

An organic personality disorder is a pronounced change in the patient's usual behavior, the cause of which is diseases with a change in the structure of the brain. Organic personality disorder can be manifested by disturbances in the emotional sphere, changes in life needs and priorities. Often this pathology accompanied by a decrease in the ability to think and learn, sexual disorders.

Organic diseases are diseases that are caused by any obvious structural changes brain (or other organ). These changes can usually be identified using imaging techniques (X-ray, CT and MRI, ultrasound).

In the case of congenital organic changes in the brain, signs of the disease are detected in early childhood and persist throughout life. The course of organic pathology of the brain is variable, asymptomatic periods and exacerbations are possible. Especially often exacerbations occur during strong hormonal changes - in adolescence and during menopause.

In the absence of concomitant pathology and favorable living conditions, long-term (from several years to decades) compensation with sufficient social adaptation and working capacity can occur. However, with any negative influences (infections, traumas, stresses), a severe relapse with psychopathological manifestations and subsequent deterioration of the condition is possible.

Organic disorder of personality and behavior in most cases proceeds stably. Cases of continuous progression with subsequent maladjustment and a pronounced personality defect are described. Permanent treatment contributes to long-term stabilization and even some improvement in the condition. A number of patients may refuse treatment, denying the presence of the disease.

Causes of Organic Personality Disorder

The causes of organic personality disorders are extremely diverse. Among the main ones:

• traumatic brain injury of any localization,
• tumors and cysts
• epilepsy,
• degenerative diseases of the brain (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.),
• brain infections,
• encephalitis,
• cerebral palsy,
• poisoning with neurotoxic substances, in particular manganese,
• cerebrovascular pathology,
• substance abuse.

Long-term (more than ten years) epilepsy with frequent seizures leads to an organic personality disorder. There are a number of studies proving the relationship between the frequency of seizures and the severity of mental pathology.

Organic personality disorders have been known and researched for over a century. However, there is still no exact information about their pathogenesis and development. The influence of social factors and characteristics of the premorbid state on the course of this class of disorders has not been fully studied. The main mechanism for the development of the disease is considered to be a violation of the normal ratio and mechanics of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain due to its damage.

Recently, an integrative approach to the pathogenesis of this class of diseases is gaining popularity, which, in addition to organic factors, takes into account the genetic characteristics of the patient and his social environment.

According to ICD-10, organic personality disorder has the following symptoms.

First of all, the presence of general criteria for psychiatric illness due to brain damage is mandatory:

• confirmed data on the presence of a disease or brain injury,
• preserved consciousness and memory,
• absence of other mental disorders.
• Emotional disturbances that can be manifested by euphoria, irritability, anger, apathy, the appearance of flat or inappropriate witticisms in speech, attacks of aggression, frequent fluctuations in emotions, their instability and changeability.
• cognitive disorders. More than others, an organic personality disorder is characterized by the presence of paranoid ideas or excessive suspicion, a tendency to divide people into “good” and “bad”, pathological enthusiasm for one occupation.
• Changes in speech, in particular viscosity, slowing down, excessive thoroughness, a tendency to use colorful adjectives.
• Decreased ability for long-term purposeful activities, including professional ones. This is especially noticeable in relation to activities that require a lot of time, the result of which does not appear immediately.
• Sexual disturbances - changes in preferences or increased libido.
• Disinhibition of drives, including those of an antisocial nature - the patient may develop hypersexuality, aversion to personal hygiene, a tendency to gluttony, he may participate in illegal acts.

Depending on the predominant combination of symptoms, the following types of organic personality disorder are distinguished:

Diagnosis of organic personality disorder

To establish the diagnosis of "organic personality disorder" it is necessary to identify a combination of emotional, cognitive and characterological changes with organic lesion brain.

Diagnostics is carried out using the following methods:

• neurological examination,
• psychological research (testing and conversation with a psychologist),
• functional study of the brain (electroencephalography),
• visualization of brain structures (CT and MRI).

During the examination, a search is made for damage and dysfunctions of the brain, changes in behavior and drives, speech disorders, the safety of memory and the level of consciousness are checked.

For the final confirmation of the diagnosis, a long-term, for at least six months, observation of the patient by a specialist - a neurologist or a psychiatrist - is necessary. During this period, confirmed the presence of three or more diagnostic features of an organic personality disorder according to the ICD-10 criteria described above.

Treatment of organic personality disorder

Treatment of personality disorders of an organic nature is necessarily complex. It includes the prescription of drugs and methods of psychotherapy. In the right combination, these tools enhance the effect of each other.

For drug treatment Organic personality disorders use the following groups of drugs:

• antidepressants to correct the emotional state or in the presence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms;
• tranquilizers to eliminate psychomotor agitation;
• antipsychotics of different groups - to reduce the degree of aggression, with motor arousal, to reduce paranoid symptoms;
• nootropics and antihypoxants are indicated for organic personality disorders of any etiology in order to slow the progression of symptoms;
• anticonvulsants if necessary;
• lithium preparations as long-term maintenance therapy.

Most medications require a life-long intake, since when they are canceled, the symptoms of the disease reappear.

Goals of psychotherapeutic treatment:

• increasing the subjective psychological comfort of the patient,
• improving the quality of life,
• fight against depression
• elimination of sexual disorders,
• treatment of obsessive-compulsive conditions,
• teaching the patient socially acceptable behavior patterns.

Psychotherapy is carried out in the form of a series of personal conversations with a psychiatrist, followed by exercises aimed at mastering new behaviors. Family, group and individual psychotherapy is used. Working with the patient's family is especially effective, as a result of which it is possible to improve relations with relatives and provide their support to the patient.

Hospitalization of the patient in a specialized institution is carried out with the threat of suicide or high aggressiveness of the patient with a danger to others.

There is no complete prevention of organic personality disorders. It is important to pay great attention to the prevention of injuries during childbirth, industrial and domestic injuries, medical examination of the population in order to timely detect pathology for early treatment. After identifying the disease, it is necessary to create conditions for stabilizing the condition, to work with the environment of the patient.

Personality disorders are a complex of deeply rooted rigid and maladaptive personality traits that cause a specific perception and attitude towards oneself and others, a decrease in social adaptation and, as a rule, emotional discomfort and subjective distress.

Personality disorders are very close to the concept of "accentuations". These are similar phenomena, differing primarily in the degree of severity. The fundamental difference between them is that accentuations never simultaneously have all three basic properties of personality disorders (influence on all spheres of life, stability over time, social maladaptation).

They occur most often in adolescence or even childhood, and each type of disorder has its own characteristic age of formation. From the beginning of their appearance, these maladaptive personality traits are no longer defined in time and permeate the entire period of adult life. Their manifestations are not limited to any aspect of functioning, but affect all spheres of the personality - emotional-volitional, thinking, style of interpersonal behavior.

For a long time in clinical psychology, pathocharacterological disorders were called "psychopathies". Currently, instead of the term "psychopathy", it is preferable to use the term "personality disorder". The change in terminology is due to the fact that the concept of "psychopathy" has the character of a humiliating "label" associated with a "moral" personality defect. Most often, the word "psychopath" in everyday speech is used to emphasize the asociality of the subject. And also it does not quite accurately reflect the essence of the existing disorders, which is not in the disorder of a particular mental function, but in a change in the nature of the social interaction of the individual.

The main diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder are:

1. The totality of pathological character traits that manifest themselves in any environment (at home, at work);

2. Stability of pathological features that are detected in childhood and persist until maturity;

3. Social maladaptation, which is the result of pathological character traits, not due to adverse environmental conditions.

Origin of personality disorders. Personality disorders occur in 6-9% of the population. Their origin is in most cases ambiguous. Pathological heredity plays a role in their development (primarily alcoholism, mental illness, personality disorders in parents), various exogenous organic effects (craniocerebral trauma and other minor brain damage under the age of 3-4 years, as well as pre- and perinatal disorders), social factors (unfavorable conditions of upbringing in childhood, as a result of the loss of parents or upbringing in an incomplete family, with parents who do not pay attention to children, patients with alcoholism, asocial personalities with incorrect pedagogical attitudes).

Classification of personality disorders (psychopathies). There are many classifications of personality disorders.

Classification according to P. B. Gannushkin :

Asthenic type. For psychopathic personalities of this circle, increased shyness, shyness, indecision, and impressionability are characteristic from childhood. They are especially lost in unfamiliar surroundings and new conditions, while experiencing a sense of their own inferiority. Hypersensitivity, “mimosity” is manifested both in relation to mental stimuli and physical exertion. Quite often they can't stand the sight of blood sudden changes temperature, react painfully to rudeness and tactlessness, but their reaction of discontent can be expressed in silent resentment or grumbling. They often have various autonomic disorders: headaches, discomfort in the region of the heart, gastrointestinal disturbances, sweating, bad dream. They are quickly depleted, prone to fixation on their well-being.

psychasthenic type. Personalities of this type are characterized by pronounced shyness, indecision, self-doubt and a tendency to constant doubts. Psychasthenics are easily vulnerable, shy, timid and at the same time painfully proud. They are characterized by a desire for constant introspection and self-control, a tendency to abstract, divorced from real life. logical constructions, obsessive doubts, fears. For psychasthenics, any changes in life are difficult, a violation of the usual way of life (change of work, place of residence, etc.), this causes them to increase insecurity and anxious fears. At the same time, they are executive, disciplined, often pedantic and importunate. They can be good deputies, but they can never work in leadership positions. The need to make an independent decision and take the initiative is disastrous for them. High level claims and lack of a sense of reality contribute to the decompensation of such personalities.

Schizoid type. Personalities of this type are distinguished by isolation, secrecy, isolation from reality, a tendency to internal processing of their experiences, dryness and coldness in relations with loved ones. Schizoid psychopaths are characterized by emotional disharmony: a combination of increased sensitivity, vulnerability, impressionability - if the problem is personally significant, and emotional coldness, impenetrability in terms of other people's problems ("wood and glass"). Such a person is detached from reality, his life is aimed at maximum self-satisfaction without striving for fame and material well-being. His hobbies are unusual, original, "non-standard". There are many people involved in art, music, and theoretical sciences among them. In life, they are usually called eccentrics, originals. Their judgments about people are categorical, unexpected and even unpredictable. At work, they are often unmanageable, as they work based on their own ideas about the values ​​in life. However, in certain areas where artistic extravagance and talent are required, non-standard thinking, symbolism, they can achieve a lot. They do not have permanent attachments, family life usually does not add up due to the lack of common interests. However, they are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of some abstract concepts, imaginary ideas. Such a person can be absolutely indifferent to a sick mother, but at the same time will call for assistance to the starving on the other side of the world. Passivity and inactivity in solving everyday problems are combined in schizoid individuals with ingenuity, enterprise and perseverance in achieving goals that are especially significant for them (for example, scientific work, collecting).

It should be noted that this is not always the case clinical picture. So, material well-being and power, as a means of self-satisfaction, can become the main task of the schizoid. In some cases, the schizoid is able to use his (though sometimes not noticed by others) unique abilities to influence the world outside him. With regard to the activities of the schizoid in the workplace, it should be noted that the most successful combination is observed when the efficiency of work brings him satisfaction, and it does not matter what type of activity he is engaged in (naturally, only if it is associated with creation or, according to at least with the restoration of something).

paranoid type. The main feature of the psychopathic personalities of this circle is the tendency to form overvalued ideas, which are formed by the age of 20-25. However, since childhood, they are characterized by such character traits as stubbornness, straightforwardness, one-sidedness of interests and hobbies. They are touchy, vindictive, self-confident and very sensitive to ignoring their opinions by others. The constant desire for self-affirmation, peremptory categorical judgments and actions, selfishness and extreme self-confidence create the ground for conflicts with others. With age, personality traits usually increase. Stuck on certain thoughts and grievances, rigidity, conservatism, "struggle for justice" are the basis for the formation of dominant (overvalued) ideas regarding emotionally significant experiences. Overvalued ideas, unlike delusional ones, are based on real facts and events, are specific in content, but judgments are based on subjective logic, a superficial and one-sided assessment of reality, corresponding to the confirmation of one's own point of view. The content of overvalued ideas can be invention, reformism. Non-recognition of the merits and merits of a paranoid personality leads to clashes with others, conflicts, which, in turn, can become a real ground for litigious behavior. The “fight for justice” in such cases consists in endless complaints, letters to various authorities, and litigation. The activity and perseverance of the patient in this struggle cannot be broken by any requests, or persuasion, or even threats. The ideas of jealousy, hypochondriacal ideas (fixation on one's own health with constant walking around medical institutions with the requirements of additional consultations, examinations, the latest methods of treatment that have no real justification) can also be of overvalued importance for such individuals.

Excitable type. The leading features of excitable personalities are extreme irritability and excitability, explosiveness, reaching attacks of anger, rage, and the reaction does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus. After an outburst of anger or aggressive actions, patients quickly “depart”, regret what happened, but in appropriate situations they do the same. Such people are usually dissatisfied with many things, looking for reasons to nitpick, enter into disputes on any occasion, showing excessive vehemence and trying to shout down the interlocutors. Lack of flexibility, stubbornness, conviction that they are right and a constant struggle for justice, which ultimately boils down to the struggle for their rights and the observance of personal selfish interests, lead to their quarrelsomeness in the team, frequent conflicts in the family and at work. One of the variants of excitable psychopathy is the epileptoid type. For people with this type of personality, along with viscosity, stuckness, vindictiveness, such qualities as sweetness, flattery, hypocrisy, a tendency to use diminutive words in conversation are characteristic. In addition, excessive pedantry, accuracy, authority, selfishness and the predominance of a gloomy gloomy mood make them unbearable at home and at work. They are uncompromising - they either love or hate, and those around them, especially close people, usually suffer both from their love and from hatred, accompanied by revenge. In some cases, disturbances of inclinations come to the fore in the form of alcohol abuse, drugs (relieve stress), the desire to wander. Among the psychopaths of this circle there are gamblers and drunkards, sexual perverts and murderers.

hysterical type. For hysterical personalities, the thirst for recognition is most characteristic, that is, the desire to attract the attention of others at all costs. This is manifested in their demonstrativeness, theatricality, exaggeration and embellishment of their experiences. Their actions are designed for an external effect, just to impress others, for example, with an unusually bright appearance, turbulence of emotions (raptures, sobbing, wringing hands), stories of extraordinary adventures, inhuman suffering. Sometimes patients, in order to draw attention to themselves, do not stop at lies, self-incrimination, for example, they attribute to themselves crimes that they did not commit. They are called pathological liars. Hysterical personalities are characterized by mental infantilism (immaturity), which manifests itself in emotional reactions, and in judgments, and in actions. Their feelings are superficial, unstable. External manifestations of emotional reactions are demonstrative, theatrical, do not correspond to the reason that caused them. They are characterized by frequent mood swings, a quick change of likes and dislikes. Hysterical types are characterized by increased suggestibility and autosuggestibility, therefore they constantly play some role, imitate the personality that struck them. If such a patient enters the hospital, then he can copy the symptoms of diseases of other patients who are with him in the ward. Hysterical personalities are characterized by an artistic type of thinking. Their judgments are extremely contradictory, often without real ground. Instead of logical reflection and a sober assessment of the facts, their thinking is based on direct impressions and their own inventions and fantasies. Psychopaths of the hysterical circle often achieve success in creative activity or scientific work, as they are helped by an unbridled desire to be in the spotlight, egocentrism.

affective type. This type includes individuals with different, constitutionally determined, mood levels. Persons with constantly low mood make up a group of hypothymic (depressive) psychopaths. These are always gloomy, dull, dissatisfied and uncommunicative people. In their work, they are overly conscientious, accurate, executive, as they are ready to see complications and failures in everything. They are characterized by a pessimistic assessment of the present and a corresponding outlook on the future, combined with low self-esteem. They are sensitive to troubles, capable of empathy, but they try to hide their feelings from others. In a conversation, they are reserved and laconic, afraid to express their opinion. It seems to them that they are always wrong, they are looking for their guilt and failure in everything. Hyperthymic individuals, in contrast to hypothymic ones, are distinguished by a constantly elevated mood, activity and optimism. These are sociable, lively, talkative people. In work, they are enterprising, proactive, full of ideas, but their propensity for adventurism and inconsistency are detrimental to achieving their goals. Temporary failures do not upset them, they take up the matter again with tireless energy. Excessive self-confidence, overestimation of their own capabilities, activities on the verge of the law often complicate their lives. Such individuals are prone to lies, optionality in the fulfillment of promises. In connection with the increased sexual desire, they are promiscuous in acquaintances, enter into reckless intimate relationships. Persons with emotional instability, that is, with constant mood swings, are of the cycloid type. Their mood changes from low, sad, to high, joyful. Periods of bad or good mood of varying duration, from several hours to several days, even weeks. Their state and activity change in accordance with the change in mood.

Unstable (weak-willed) type. People of this type are distinguished by increased subordination to external influences. These are weak-willed, easily suggestible, "characterless" personalities, easily influenced by other people. Their whole life is determined not by goals, but by external, random circumstances. They often get into bad company, drink too much, become drug addicts, scammers. At work, such people are optional, undisciplined. On the one hand, they make promises to everyone and try to please, but the slightest external circumstances unsettle them. They constantly need control, authoritative guidance. In favorable conditions, they can work well and lead a proper lifestyle.

One of the main ones is the cognitive classification of personality disorders, in which 9 cognitive profiles and corresponding disorders are distinguished.

Let's consider the most characteristic.

paranoid personality disorder

A person suffering from this disorder has a tendency to attribute evil intentions to others; a tendency to form overvalued ideas, the most important of which is the idea of ​​the special significance of one's own personality. The patient himself rarely seeks help, and if his relatives send him, then when talking with the doctor, he denies the manifestation of personality disorders.

Such people are overly sensitive to criticism, constantly dissatisfied with someone. Suspicion and a general tendency to distort facts, by misinterpreting neutral or friendly actions of others as hostile, often leads to unfounded thoughts of conspiracies that subjectively explain events in the social environment.

Schizoid personality disorder

It is characterized by isolation, lack of sociability, inability to warm emotional relationships with others, reduced interest in sexual communication, a tendency to autistic fantasy, introverted attitudes, difficulty in understanding and assimilation of generally accepted norms of behavior, which manifests itself in eccentric actions. Those suffering from schizoid personality disorder usually live their unusual interests and hobbies, in which they can achieve great success.

They are often characterized by a passion for various philosophies, ideas for improving life, schemes for building a healthy lifestyle through unusual diets or sports activities, especially if this does not require direct dealing with other people. Schizoids may have a fairly high risk of addiction to drugs or alcohol in order to gain pleasure or improve contacts with people around them.

antisocial personality disorder

It is characterized by a gross discrepancy between behavior and prevailing social norms that draws attention to itself. Patients may have a specific superficial charm and impress (more often on doctors of the opposite sex).

The main feature is the desire to continuously enjoy, avoiding work as much as possible. Beginning with childhood their life is a rich history of antisocial behavior: lying, absenteeism, running away from home, involvement in criminal groups, fights, alcoholism, drug addiction, theft, manipulation of others in their own interests. The peak of antisocial behavior occurs in late adolescence (16-18 years ).

Histrionic Personality Disorder

It is characterized by excessive emotionality and the desire to attract attention, which manifest themselves in various life situations. The prevalence of hysterical personality disorder in the population is 2-3%, with a predominance in women. Often it is combined with somatization disorder and alcoholism. We list the main features characteristic of this disorder: the search for the attention of others to oneself, inconstancy in attachments, capriciousness, an irresistible desire to always be in the center of attention, to arouse sympathy or surprise (no matter for what reason). The latter can be achieved not only by extravagant appearance, boasting, deceit, fantasy, but also by the presence of “mysterious diseases” in them, which can be accompanied by pronounced vegetative paroxysms (spasms, a feeling of suffocation during excitement, nausea, aphonia, numbness of the extremities and other sensitivity disorders) . The most unbearable thing for patients is indifference on the part of others, in this case even the role of a “negative hero” is preferred.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Such people are characterized by preoccupation with order, the desire for excellence, control over mental activity and interpersonal relationships to the detriment of their own flexibility and productivity. All this significantly narrows their adaptive capabilities to the outside world. Patients are deprived of one of the most important mechanisms of adaptation to the outside world - a sense of humor. Always serious, they are intolerant of anything that threatens order and perfection.

Constant doubts about making decisions, caused by the fear of making a mistake, poison their joy from work, but the same fear prevents them from changing jobs. In adulthood, when it becomes apparent that their professional success does not match the initial expectations and efforts made, the risk of developing depressive episodes and somatoform disorders is increased.

Anxious (avoidant, avoidant) personality disorder

They tend to limit social contacts, a sense of their own inferiority and hypersensitivity to negative ratings. Already in early childhood, these patients are characterized as excessively timid and shy, they perceive the attitude towards themselves distortedly, exaggerating its negativity, as well as the risks and dangers of everyday life. They find it difficult to speak in public or simply address someone. Loss of social support can lead to anxiety-depressive and dysphoric symptoms.

narcissistic personality disorder

Most clearly manifested from adolescence, ideas about one's own greatness, the need for admiration from others and the impossibility of experiencing. A person does not allow that he can become an object of criticism - he either indifferently denies it, or becomes furious. It should be emphasized the features that occupy a special place in the mental life of a person with a narcissistic personality disorder: an unreasonable idea of ​​​​one's right to a privileged position, automatic satisfaction of desires; propensity to exploit, use others to achieve their own goals; envy of others or belief in an envious attitude towards oneself.

The following are just a few classifications of personality disorders that have received the greatest publicity and retain clinical significance to date.

The classification of E. Kraepelin (1915) consists of 7 groups:

1. excitable;

2. unrestrained (unstable);

3. impulsive (people of inclination);

4. eccentrics;

5. liars and deceivers (pseudologists);

6. enemies of society (anti-social);

7. pathological debaters.

In this classification, some groups are united according to the clinical-descriptive principle, while others - according to socio-psychological or purely social criteria.

In the systematics of K. Schneider (1928), 10 types of psychopathic personalities are distinguished. This classification is based on the descriptive-psychological principle.

1. Hypertimics - balanced, active people with a cheerful disposition, good-natured optimists or excitable, debaters who actively interfere in other people's affairs.

2. Depressive - pessimists, skeptics who doubt the value and meaning of life, sometimes prone to self-torture and refined aestheticism, embellishing the inner bleakness.

3. Unsure of themselves - internally constrained, prone to remorse, shy people, sometimes hiding this trait with too bold or even impudent behavior.

4. Fanatic - expansive, active individuals who fight for their legal or imagined rights, or eccentric, prone to fantasy, sluggish fanatics detached from reality.

5. Seeking recognition - vain, striving to seem more significant than they really are, eccentric in clothes and actions, prone to fiction.

6. Emotionally labile - persons prone to unexpected mood swings.

7. Explosive - quick-tempered, irritable, easily excitable.

8. Soulless - deprived of a sense of compassion, shame, honor, remorse, conscience.

9. Weak-willed - unstable, easily subject to both positive and negative influences.

10. >Asthenic - people who feel their mental and mental insufficiency, complaining of low performance, difficulty concentrating, poor memory, as well as increased fatigue, insomnia, headaches, cardiac and vascular disorders.

Forecast and treatment.

The course and prognosis of personality disorders is different and depends on the specific case. With schizoid personality disorders, complications are possible in the form of the development of schizophrenia, delusional disorder and other psychoses. With dissocial and emotionally unstable disorders, the patient's condition may improve in adulthood, but there are also complications in the form of violent death, substance and alcohol abuse, suicide, criminal and financial problems. Hysteroid psychopaths may experience somatization, conversion, dissociative, sexual, and depressive disorders.

Patients with personality disorders, as a rule, come to the attention of psychiatrists during periods of pronounced decompensation of the state, at other times they are not inclined to treatment. Various complexes are used in the treatment: psychoanalysis, analytical psychotherapy, supportive psychotherapy, group therapy, family therapy, environmental therapy, hospitalization (short-term and long-term), pharmacotherapy (antidepressants, antipsychotics, tranquilizers).

Literature:

Gannushkin P. B. - "Clinic of psychopathies, their statics, dynamics, systematics" (1933)

A.B. Smulevich. "Borderline Psychiatric Disorders".

Repina N.V. et al., Fundamentals of Clinical Psychology

A.E. Lichko Psychopathy and accentuation of character in adolescents

In most cases, it is difficult to communicate with such people, they often like to argue over trifles and are very stubborn. A person with a personality disorder perceives reality in a distorted form, and these symptoms appear in any situation.

Such a diagnosis is not made before the age of 18. However, for a diagnosis to be made, the symptoms must have been continuously present for the previous five years. There are several main types of personality disorders: antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, hysterical, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, dependent and avoidant. There are several other varieties, but they are beyond the scope of our discussion.

Here are 10 signs that make you suspect a personality disorder in a person:

1. He constantly has a mutual misunderstanding with others. He often hears in the words of others what they did not actually say. The narcissist feels that he is idealized, although he is far from ideal, and the person suffering from avoidant personality disorder in the words of others hears contempt and anger, which are not really there. In fact, such a person hears in the words of others the content of his own internal dialogue (uncertainty or a sense of superiority).

2. He incorrectly perceives reality. Incorrectly interpreting other people's words, such people often have wrong ideas about what kind of relationship they are with others and what status they occupy in society. For example, hysterical personalities quickly begin to consider themselves the best friends of the person they just met, not realizing that their new acquaintance does not think so.

3. They often ruin others' fun. For example, they tell how the film will end, come up with unlikely reasons why someone's plans may fail, spoil the mood of others by making scenes over trifles. They do all this to be in the spotlight, to prove to others that they are smart and right - a typical manifestation of obsessive-compulsive and narcissistic traits.

4. They don't understand that "no" means no. The tendency to violate the personal boundaries of others is a typical symptom. Those suffering from these disorders do not recognize the right of others to set limits and easily violate any boundaries they do not like. People with antisocial and borderline personality disorders violate other people's boundaries for other reasons - the former enjoy it, while the latter often do not even realize that they are violating something.

5. They try to make themselves look like a victim. To avoid responsibility, people with personality disorders tend to portray themselves as victims, for example, talking about their difficult childhood and long-term psychological trauma. But it is one thing for a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to suffer from painful memories, and quite another when a person tries to manipulate others or avoid responsibility by portraying himself as a victim and talking about a difficult past. Paranoid, dependent or antisocial personalities are especially prone to this.

6. They have an imbalance in personal relationships. Some disorders (borderline, hysteroid, and addiction) are characterized by too close and emotional relationships, while others (with a narcissistic, avoidant, schizoid, schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive or antisocial disorder), on the contrary, emotional intimacy is almost inaccessible. In any case, relationships are built unbalanced - either too close or cold and distant.

7. It is very difficult for them to change themselves. Growth and development are almost not given to such people. They can change, but very slowly. It is usually not possible to completely get rid of the disorder, with the exception of borderline disorder: studies show that it responds well to certain types of psychotherapy.

8. They shift the blame to others. If a person comes to a psychotherapist with a partner, he often tries to show himself as perfection, and the partner is almost crazy. It is not uncommon for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder to bring a paper to the therapist listing all of their partner's shortcomings. When their mistakes and shortcomings are pointed out to them, they try to blame someone else for them.

9. They are prone to outright lies. It's one thing to lie to save someone's feelings (which people with personality disorders don't usually care about), and quite another to lie outright to protect themselves. Such individuals cannot admit that they are the problem and resort to deception. And if they do, they usually do it as dramatically as possible, trying to win over the interlocutor. The most dangerous lie of a person with antisocial personality disorder, often it threatens others with real mental trauma.

10. They have a distorted view of reality. Schizoid and schizotypal personalities have a distorted idea of ​​life and their place in it. They seem to look at the world through glasses through which everything is seen a little differently than it really is. Their view of the world is largely based on fantasy rather than reality.

These 10 signs may be a reason to suspect a person has a personality disorder, but remember that final diagnosis only a specialist can put it, so you should not make hasty conclusions.

about the author

Psychologist-consultant with 15 years of experience. Her website.