Basic standards for human blood parameters table. Blood analysis. Complete blood count (without leukocyte formula and ESR) (Complete Blood Count, CBC). When is a general blood test prescribed?

Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma, as well as cells (formed elements), the concentration of which can vary significantly at different pathological conditions. Deciphering a clinical blood test allows us to judge the possible presence or absence of inflammation, intoxication of the body, dehydration (dehydration), bleeding, oncological diseases, diseases of the hematopoietic system, etc.

What blood tests are taken?

Modern laboratory diagnostics based mainly on blood tests. The indicators of this main connecting substance of the body can tell a lot about the state of human health. The most informative - and therefore most often carried out - are biochemical and general blood tests.

What is a complete blood count?

A general blood test is one of the most important clinical studies, which is carried out for most diseases, as well as as part of a preventive examination (dispensary examination). When diagnosing blood diseases, this test plays a leading role.

Important:A general blood test is taken from a finger prick on an empty stomach in the morning. To avoid distorting the results, you should not eat food for 8 hours, and you can only drink water.

Before the blood test, it is not allowed to drink drinks containing alcohol, as well as tea, andjuices

Traditionally, blood is collected from the ring finger by puncturing the skin with a sterile scarifier to a depth of 2-3 mm. The first drop is usually removed with a cotton swab, then blood is drawn to determine the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the next portion to determine the number of white and red blood cells. Smears for microscopy are made using slides.

Laboratory research suggests:

• determination of the number of different formed elements (cells);
• establishing the basic parameters of blood cells (size, type, etc.);
• measurement of hemoglobin level (concentration);
• determination of leukocyte formula;
• determination of hematocrit.

Main indicators of UAC

Hematocrit is a percentage that determines the volumetric ratio of cell mass to plasma. Erythrocyte indices reflect the main characteristics of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (HGB) is a “respiratory pigment” - a compound of iron and protein, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues.

note: a physiological decrease in hemoglobin levels is possible in babies of the first year of life.

A low hemoglobin level indicates the development of anemia (anemia).

Important:anemia often develops against the background of blood loss, impaired formation of red cells, or their accelerated destruction. She may be clinical manifestation a number of pathologies or be an independent disease.

Red blood cells(RBC)- are highly differentiated cellular elements. They lack nuclei, and the intracellular space is filled with hemoglobin.

The color index of red blood cells reflects the level of respiratory pigment in these red blood cells.

Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)- this is an indicator that is used in diagnosis various types anemia. Also when differential diagnosis For types of anemia, an indicator reflecting the average hemoglobin content in red blood cells is certainly taken into account.

Distribution of red blood cells by size (RDW) allows you to determine the degree of anisocytosis, i.e. the presence of red cells of different volumes.

Reticulocytes called young forms of red cells.

Platelets(PLT)- These are cells formed in the red bone marrow that are responsible for the blood clotting process. The granules of these non-nuclear formed elements contain coagulation factors and biologically active substances that are released when platelets are activated. These cells can attach to the walls blood vessels and to each other, forming a clot that “clogs” damage to the vascular walls. The lifespan of a platelet in the blood is no more than 1-1.5 weeks. An increase in bleeding develops if the concentration of these cells is less than 50x10 3. Such conditions can pose a serious threat to the patient's life.

note: in the blood test of a pregnant woman, the number of platelets is reduced, which is normal. Physiological thrombocytopenia is also recorded in women during menstruation. The number of these cells increases during physical activity.

ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In women, this indicator is normally higher than in men, which is explained by regular physiological blood loss. An increase in ESR may indicate the presence inflammatory process, the presence of infectious agents in the body or intoxication.

White blood cells (WBC)- these are white blood cells formed in lymphatic system and bone marrow. They provide protection to the body by recognizing and neutralizing foreign agents, as well as their own cells that have undergone pathological changes. Leukocytosis (an increase in the number of white blood cells), as a rule, indicates the development of an inflammatory process. Leukocytes in particular include neutrophils (band and segmented), basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (large white cells) and lymphocytes (elements responsible for acquired).

An increase in the number of eosinophils often indicates helminthic infestations or the presence of diseases of allergic origin.

Blood test results are prepared in the laboratory within one day.

Normal indicators

Interpret the results, i.e. draw any conclusions based on the data obtained during laboratory research blood, only a doctor can. However, some conclusions can be drawn by comparing your complete finger prick blood test with the reference (normal) values ​​in the tables provided.

Important:Adult blood test results differ from the results this study The child has.

Table of blood test norms for adults:

Table for deciphering blood tests in children (normal):

What do deviations indicate?

A cause for concern may be leukocytosis, i.e. an increase in the number of white blood cells.

The reason for the increase in the number of leukocytes is such pathologies as:

• bacterial infections accompanied by purulent inflammation;
• any ;
• blood diseases (leukemia).

If leukocytosis occurs, then this is a reason for a deep and comprehensive medical examination. If an infectious disease is suspected, an additional blood test for antibodies may be performed.

Important: It should be taken into account that the number of leukocytes may temporarily increase in the postoperative period, after vaccination, as well as after eating or significant physical activity.

Leukopenia (decrease in the number of white blood cells) is often caused by a lack of vitamins, unfavorable environmental conditions or viral infections. As a rule, it is not a cause for serious concern.

ESR depends on the positive charge on red blood cells, which causes them to repel each other. In some pathologies, red blood cells lose their charge, as a result of which they begin to settle faster.

You should undergo an examination if the indicator is 3-5 times higher than normal values.

The reason for the increase in ESR may be:

• kidney disease - inflammation of the renal pelvis () or glomeruli (glomerulonephritis);
• bacterial (pneumonia);
• outbreaks purulent inflammation(abscesses and phlegmons);
• (generalized process);
• inflammatory diseases pancreas, gall bladder and other organs of the digestive system;
• diseases of rheumatic (autoimmune) origin - rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus);
• malignant neoplasms.

Important: To exclude cancer, a special clinical blood test is performed for tumor markers.

Women should not worry if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases before the onset of menstruation - this is physiological norm. The indicator is also increased during pregnancy (from the 5th week) and returns to normal only by the fourth week after the baby is born.

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a decrease in platelet count below 100 × 109/L.

Possible causes of thrombocytopenia may be:

• acute infectious diseases;
• aplastic form of anemia;
• malignant blood diseases (leukemia).

note: Particular caution should be exercised when detecting a decrease in the number of platelets in a blood test in pregnant women. One of the causes of the pathology is antiphospholipid syndrome, which quite often leads to miscarriage.

Thrombocytosis (an increase in the number of these cells) indicates the possible presence of the following pathologies:

• acute inflammation;
• exacerbation of chronic inflammatory process;
• amyloidosis (protein metabolism disorder);
• malignant tumors.

note : There is no reason to worry if thrombocytosis is recorded in the postoperative period or after significant physical activity.

A decrease in hemoglobin levels most likely indicates iron deficiency anemia.

Reasons low level hemoglobin may be:

• hypovitaminosis of vitamin B12, caused by a violation of its absorption (typical for patients suffering from the atrophic form of gastritis and for elderly and senile people);
• absence of animal products in the diet (vegetarian diet);
• period of pregnancy and lactation;
• regular blood loss (including physiological during menstruation).

Red blood

1. Red blood cells- red blood cells involved in the transfer of oxygen with the help of their main component - hemoglobin. A decrease in the level of red blood cells is called erythropenia (most often it is identical to anemia), and an increase is called erythrocytosis.
2. Hemoglobin- This complex protein, capable of transporting oxygen to tissues due to its reversible binding. Its decrease is called anemia, and is the most common abnormality in a blood test. An increase in hemoglobin is rare and is usually not associated with pathology.
3. Reticulocytes are the precursor cells of red blood cells in the process of hematopoiesis. A decrease in reticulocytes (reticulocytopenia) usually indicates insufficient renewal of blood cells. Their increase (reticulocytosis) is observed with the acceleration of red blood cell regeneration.
4. Hematocrit- the volume of all formed elements of blood (mainly red blood cells) in relation to the volume of blood. A decrease in hematocrit indicates dilution of the blood (hemodilution), and an increase in hematocrit indicates blood thickening.
5. Color Index (CPU)- this is the relationship between the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and the number of red blood cells, that is, the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. A decrease in CP (hypochromia) indicates a deterioration in the blood’s ability to transport oxygen. And hyperchromia indicates an oversaturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.
6. Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) is an indicator characterizing the size of blood cells.
7. Average hemoglobin content (MHC) is an indicator almost identical to CP. O reflects the saturation of the red blood cell with hemoglobin.
8. The average hemoglobin concentration reflects how much hemoglobin is contained in each red blood cell.
9. Coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) - shows the heterogeneity of red blood cells. When it is exceeded, there are many too small or large red blood cells in the blood. If it is underestimated, it is recommended to retake the analysis, since this result is recorded only in case of analyzer errors.
10. Standard deviation (RDW-SD) shows how dissimilar cells are in size and volume, that is, the average difference between the largest and smallest red blood cells.

Platelets

1. Platelets- These are blood platelets responsible for blood clotting and blood vessel nutrition. Their decrease (thrombocytopenia) usually leads to bleeding, and their increase (thrombocytosis) - to the formation of blood clots.
2. Mean platelet volume (MPV) - assesses the qualitative state of platelets.
3. Platelet anisocytosis (PDW) is a deviation in platelet size from normal. This parameter is similar to RDW-CV, but for platelets.
4. Thrombocrit (PCT) is the proportion of platelets in the entire blood volume.

White blood

1. Leukocytes this is a heterogeneous group of colorless blood cells responsible for to a greater extent for immunity. An excess of leukocytes (leukocytosis) often indicates the presence of an infectious process, and a lack of them (leukopenia) often indicates a lack of immunity.
2. Neutrophils is one of the types of granulocytes that play a key role in the fight against bacterial infections. An excess in the number of neutrophils (neutrophilosis) usually indicates the development of a bacterial disease, and a decrease in them (neutropenia) indicates immunodeficiency.
3. Young and young neutrophils are early forms of neutrophil differentiation that are practically not found in peripheral blood. An increase in their number indicates the active maturation of new neutrophils during infection or leukemia.
4. Band neutrophils are not fully differentiated neutrophils. A change in their number indicates an increase (rejuvenation) or decrease (aging) in the rate of neutrophil regeneration.
5. Segmented neutrophils are highly differentiated neutrophils that fully perform their immune functions.
6. The leukocyte formula shift is the percentage ratio of young and mature forms of neutrophils. When young neutrophils predominate, they speak of a shift of the leukogram to the left (hyperregeneration), and when the number of rods decreases, they speak of a shift of the leukogram to the right (hyporeregeneration).
7. Eosinophils- a type of granulocyte that stains with eosin. They are primarily responsible for allergic reactions and antiparasitic immunity. Increased eosinophils -

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Blood is part big system, which very clearly reflects the body’s reaction to various pathological processes. A general or clinical blood test is a basic test that is performed during any diagnostic search.

It is called general because the changes that can be detected are not a sign of any specific disease, but a combination of disorders, quantitative indicators The analyzed parameters provide the doctor with a large share of information.

It allows you to confirm or refute the preliminary diagnosis established during the survey and examination. Sometimes, to fully understand the process, a one-time analysis is not sufficient and it is necessary to observe changes in indicators over time.

Interpretation of a general blood test in adults

The norms for a general blood test in adults (taking into account age) are given below in and (leukocyte formula). The reasons for deviations in the analysis results are also indicated.

Now let's look at the indicators determined by a general blood test.

Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells. Its main function is to ensure gas exchange. As blood passes through the lungs, hemoglobin attaches oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. In the tissues of organs, a reverse exchange occurs: the release of oxygen to the tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide molecules, which are then released through the respiratory tract.

Oxyhemoglobin, enriched with oxygen, is found in arterial blood. This is what gives it its bright red color. The red blood cells of venous blood contain reduced hemoglobin, which gives up oxygen, which makes the venous blood dark cherry.

• The minimum amount of hemoglobin compatible with life is 10 g/l.

Hematocrit

Shows how much volume red blood cells occupy in the blood being tested. Depends on the total number of platelets and their size. Expressed as a percentage of the total volume, taken as 100%.

Serves as a guide for anemia, increased production of red blood cells, as well as conditions that lead to thickening or dilution of the blood.

Red blood cell count

Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cells that contain hemoglobin. This indicator is one of the most important in a clinical blood test.

Color indicator

Shows the degree of filling of red blood cells with hemoglobin. In the normal state of the body it is a stable indicator. An increase in this indicator is associated with an increase in the size of red blood cells.

• A decrease in the value of the color index is associated both with a decrease in the volume of red blood cells and with a decrease in their total number.

Platelet count

Platelets are not whole cells, but lamellar fragments of large bone marrow cells - megakaryocytes. Their main function is blood clotting. Platelet counts can be influenced by seasonal and diurnal rhythms.

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

As it matures, the size of the platelet plate changes, which leads to a change in the activity of this blood element, a decrease in granules with active substances, less tendency to adhesion (sticking together).

• Thus, younger platelets are larger than older elements and, accordingly, are more active.

White blood cell count

Leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and are part immune system. Their main function is to protect the body. Due to their diversity, white blood cells are important components of immune responses.

Fluctuations in the number of leukocytes within normal limits may occur when physical activity, after eating, under stress, and also at the end of the day, under the influence of cold and sun.

When performing a clinical blood test, both the total number of leukocytes and the percentage of each type to the total number of these blood elements are determined - the leukocyte formula.

Leukocyte formula– percentage composition of leukocytes of each type:

• Neutrophils are divided into band and segmented. The function of neutrophils is to protect the body from infectious agents by absorbing and digesting foreign particles, that is, phagocytosis. An increase in the level of neutrophils is often combined with an increase in the total number of leukocytes.
• Eosinophils help limit the severity of the allergic reaction in body tissues by destroying excess histamine. Second important function eosinophils is the release of substances that promote the destruction of worm larvae. Can carry out phagocytosis.
• Basophils contain granules containing histamine, which is released during immediate allergic reactions. Basophils also regulate the amount of heparin and the permeability of vascular walls, participate in delayed-type reactions, as well as in inflammatory processes.
• Monocytes form a group of cells with the function of phagocytosis. Monocyte macrophages remove dying cells, antigen-antibody complexes, destroyed proteins, and participate in the metabolism of iron and fats and the immune response.
• Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system, which carry out two types of protection: by producing special proteins - antibodies that bind to foreign antigens, and killer T-lymphocytes directly destroy viruses and cells unnecessary to the body.

ESR in general blood test

This is the speed at which the blood in a test tube is divided into two parts: cells and plasma. In this case, red blood cells stick together and settle in the form of characteristic “coin columns.”

ESR depends on the heaviness and size of red blood cells, as well as on blood viscosity and plasma protein saturation. All protein molecules weaken the charge on the surface of red blood cells, which allows them to repel each other and not stick together.

An increase in ESR is a reliable sign of an inflammatory process, especially in combination with other changes in blood composition that indicate inflammation. Observation of this indicator in dynamics indicates the subsidence of the infectious process: at first ESR high, and during recovery it gradually decreases.

• At autoimmune diseases the ESR value indicates a period of exacerbation or remission.

Features in pregnant women

During pregnancy, especially in the second half, there is an increase in the volume of circulating blood, which leads to a relative decrease in the number of red blood cells, a decrease in hematocrit, and a decrease in platelets.

There is an increase in the number of leukocytes and an increase in ESR, which can be especially pronounced immediately before childbirth.

Norm and interpretation (table) of general blood test

Table 1.

Thrombocythemia;

Erythremia

Chr. myeloid leukemia;

Megakaryocytic leukemia;

Rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis;

Cirrhosis of the liver;

Tuberculosis;

Acute bleeding, hemolysis;

Ulcerative colitis;

Amyloidosis;

Lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis;

After operations within 2 weeks;

After removal of the spleen 2 months;

When treated with corticosteroid hormones;

Sepsis.

table 2

Indications for prescribing a general blood test

• Primary analysis: any diseases of an inflammatory, infectious nature, bleeding, trauma, examination before surgery, childbirth, during any medical examination.
• Repeated analysis: dynamics of the disease, confirmation of recovery.
• A general blood test plays a leading role in cases of disruption of the hematopoietic organs: bone marrow tissue, spleen, liver.

How is a general blood test performed?

A general clinical test does not have to be taken on an empty stomach - blood can be drawn at any time. But most often blood is taken for analysis in the morning. It is necessary to come to the laboratory on an empty stomach if blood is taken for biochemistry at the same time as this test.

In the treatment room, blood is drawn from a finger (more often) or from the ulnar vein. The blood is placed in a tube with a preservative that prevents clotting and sent to the laboratory.

A modern laboratory is equipped with automatic analyzers that can simultaneously examine a large number of samples and issue conclusions on many indicators at once.

A general blood test is a simple and informative laboratory examination, the results of which can provide the necessary information for diagnosing many diseases, as well as assess their severity and monitor dynamics during treatment.

The UAC includes the following indicators:

• hemoglobin
• red blood cells
• leukocytes and leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and band neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes)
• erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• platelets
• color index and hematocrit
• highly specific indicators

The decision on how extensive a blood test to prescribe is made by the attending physician, based on the diagnostic purposes and existing diseases.

Abbreviations in the analysis printout

Very often, a printout of the results of a clinical blood test is presented in the form of abbreviations on English language. Decoding abbreviations for a general blood test from English into Russian will help the average user navigate the indicators and adequately evaluate the result of a laboratory analysis.

Here is what is included in a clinical blood test (abbreviated in English):

1. MCV (HCT/RBC)
2. MCH (HGB/RBC)
3. MCHC (HGB/HCT)
4. LYM/Lymph (%, #)
5. MXD (%, #)
6. NEUT (NEU - %, #)
7. MON (%, #)
8. EO (%, #)
9. BA (%, #)
10. IMM (%, #)
11. ATL (%, #)
12. GR (%, #)
13. RDW (SD, CV)
14. P-LCR

Printout of clinical blood test

The use of such abbreviations in the UAC is convenient and practical: it does not take up much space in the analysis printout and corresponds international standards designations of blood parameters. Hematologists and therapists can decipher them without much difficulty, and for highly specialized doctors and patients, a reminder of the designations of each indicator will be useful.

Decoding abbreviations

WBC

Decoding WBC in a general blood test - white blood cells, which in English means white blood cells. This is how a blood test identifies leukocytes, which under a microscope look like white cells. The unit of measurement is 10 9 /l.

• (table)

R.B.C.

Decoding RBC in a blood test - red blood cells(red blood cells). IN laboratory analysis This is how red blood cells are designated. Unit of measurement - 10 12 /l

• (table)

HGB

HGB is a shortened version English word Hemoglobin. This is how hemoglobin is indicated on the blood test printout. Unit of measurement - g/l (g/l), g/dl (g/dl).

HCT

HCT stands for Hematocrit(hematocrit).

PLT

PLT stands for Platelets(blood plates). This is how platelets are encrypted in the printout of a clinical blood test.

MCV

MCV - short for Mean Corpuscular Volume, which means the average volume of a red blood cell. It is measured in µm 3 or femtoliters (fl).

As can be seen from the table, the MCV norm in a general blood test is not very different for adults and all ages of children, with the exception of newborns. Their red blood cell volume is significantly larger, which is associated with a higher content of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in their structure.

Name of red blood cells depending on size:

• Normal - normocyte
• More than normal - macrocyte
• Less than normal - microcyte

MCH

The abbreviation MCH stands for - mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Translated as the average amount of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. Measured in picograms (pg).

MCH is an analogue, only not in relative numbers, but in picograms.

MCHC

MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The difference between this indicator and total hemoglobin in a blood test is that MCHC takes into account the volume of red blood cells only, and the total hemoglobin level is determined based on the volume of all blood (cells + plasma).

As can be seen from the table, the MCHC norm in the analysis does not change much with age.

MPV

MPV is short for mean platelet volume. Stands for average platelet volume. Platelets stay in the bloodstream for a short time and as they “mature” they decrease in size, so determining their volume (MPV) helps determine the degree of platelet maturity in the blood. The unit of MPV is femtoliter (fl), which is equal to µm 2 .

The MPV norm is when the volume of 83-90% of platelets corresponds to the age norm indicated in the table and only 10-17% of large and small (immature and old).

PDW

Decoding PDW in a blood test - platelet distribution width. The abbreviation refers to the relative width of the platelet distribution across the volume.

The PDW norm is 10-17%. This figure indicates what percentage of the total platelet count differs in volume from the mean value (MPV).

PCT

PCT is the full name in English platelet crit. Translated as thrombocrit. The indicator means how much volume platelets occupy in relation to the volume of whole blood.

The PCT norm in tests for children and adults is 0.15-0.4%.

LYM

LYM or Lymph in UAC stands for - lymphocyte This is the abbreviated name for lymphocytes in a blood test. The printout may contain 2 indicators:

1. LYM% (LY%) - relative content of lymphocytes
2. LYM# (LY#) - absolute lymphocyte content

MXD (MID)

The abbreviation MXD means mixed. An indicator of a mixture of types of leukocytes: monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. The results of the general analysis can be in 2 options:

1. MXD% (MID%) - relative cell content
2. MXD# (MID#) - absolute cell content

MXD norm: relative to all leukocytes - 5-10%, in absolute numbers - 0.25-0.9 * 10 9 /l.

NEUT

NEUT is short for neutrophils. This indicator in the general analysis means blood neutrophils. Determined in the analysis in 2 options:

1. NEUT% (NEU%) - relative content of neutrophils
2. NEUT# (NEU#) — absolute content of neutrophils

MON

MON is short for Monocyte. This is how the UAC denotes monocytes, the indicator of which in the analysis printout can be of 2 types:

1. MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
2. MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes

EO

EO can be deciphered from a general blood test as Eosinophils, which means eosinophils in English. The results of a clinical analysis may contain 2 indicators:

1. EO% - relative content of eosinophils
2. EO# - absolute eosinophil content

B.A.

BA - Basophils (basophils)

1. BA% - relative basophil content
2. BA# - absolute basophil content

IMM

The abbreviation IMM stands for immature granulocytes.

1. IMM% - relative content of immature granulocytes
2. IMM# - absolute content of immature granulocytes

ATL

ATL is the designation for atypical lymphocytes.

1. ATL% - relative content of atypical lymphocytes
2. ATL# - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes

GR

GR is the number of granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

1. GR% - relative content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 50-80%
2. GR# is the absolute content of granulocytes. The norm for adults is 2.2-8.8 * 10 9 / l

HCT/RBC

The HCT/RBC ratio refers to the average red blood cell volume. Same as MCV (see above)

HGB/RBC

HGB/RBC - this indicator determines the average hemoglobin content in a red blood cell. Same as MCH (see above).

HGB/HCT

HGB/HCT - average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes. Same as MCHC (see above)

RDW

RDW - erythrocyte distribution width in %. Shows what percentage of red blood cells have sizes different from the norm (7-8 microns). The more microcytes in the blood (size<7 мкм) и макроцитов (размер >8 µm), the higher the RDW value.

1. The normal RDW in adults is 11.5–14.5%
2. The norm for newborns (up to 1 month) is 14.9–18.7%

In children older than 1 month, the RDW norm is practically no different from adults. In newborn children, the rate is much higher, because still in their blood large quantities Fetal hemoglobin is present, which affects the size of red blood cells.

Exceeding RDW above the specified values ​​is erythrocyte anisocytosis.

RDW-SD

RDW-SD is a measure that indicates the size gap between the smallest microcyte and the largest macrocyte.

RDW-CV

RDW-CV is the percentage distribution of red blood cells by size: % microcytes, % normocytes and % macrocytes.

P-LCR

P-LCR - large platelet ratio

ESR

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is translated from English as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Russian abbreviation for this value is ESR (in old forms it may be designated ROE).

Having a transcript of the general blood test from English transcription into Russian will be useful not only for the patient, but also for doctors of various specialties, because V everyday practice It is extremely rare to encounter all the variety of possible UAC indicators.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a medical test that almost every person has had to deal with. People have a natural curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In clinics you can often see how a sympathetic therapist explains in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.

How to decipher a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematology analyzer without the help of a specialist? It is not enough to read Latin letters and numerical designations - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources on the World Wide Web; it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.

General (clinical) blood test

What is a general blood test and why is it called clinical? General blood test - diagnosis of the patient’s health status using laboratory methods studying blood parameters - white and red cells. This blood test is called clinical because this examination included in the group of general clinical research methods.

In what cases is clinical analysis prescribed?

The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his or her health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage of diagnosing the patient. Based on the data received, the doctor forms a primary clinical picture the patient's health status. The second stage is diagnosis based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, and urine tests.

The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor remains in doubt, he may prescribe additional examinations, for example, biochemical blood test, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, thyroid hormone test.

Using a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:

• leukemia;
• anemia of various types;
• problems with blood viscosity and clotting;
• infectious invasions of various etiologies;
• inflammatory process.

Even a child can describe the procedure for collecting blood - a laboratory technician uses a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin) to pierce a finger tuft, wipe off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then use a glass adapter to draw the blood into test tubes. In some cases, a laboratory assistant can collect material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such instruments are already found in laboratory practice.

Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.

How to properly prepare for a general blood test?

Many medical posts and clinics have thematic posters and wall newspapers - reading them is always useful for self-educational purposes. They contain rules for visiting a doctor the day before blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line at the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the turn is approaching and time passes unnoticed.

Do the age and gender of the patient play a role in deciphering the general blood test?

Interpretation of a general blood test, in addition to general values, takes into account additional factors - age and gender.

When deciphering the values ​​in a general blood test, we be sure to pay attention to the person’s age - the indicators of a child are significantly different from those of an adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. The situation changes with age. A child ceases to be considered as such after hormonal changes in the body: in girls this happens at 11-13 years of age; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child’s body to be fully formed. The period of children's lives before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.

The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics; their difference from men’s is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).

Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be warned about monthly cycle and wait for his decision.

Decoding a blood test using a table

The interpretation of a clinical blood test is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence pathological changes in the patient's body. The norms for clinical blood tests are shown in the table. A separate table is provided for adults (women and men) and children.

Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason to start self-medication. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!

Attention! The tables provided the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test. Some research medical centers these values, which are designated relative to the qualitative and quantitative components of the study, can vary. Because of this, results must be interpreted with caution.

Parameters of general clinical blood test

Indicators of a general blood test can be divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - red blood cells plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color index; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.

Leukocytes

Red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet plates, concave in the middle. The form of red blood cells that we have described is the form of normal red blood cells; There are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infection (sickle erythrocytes are a symptom of the development of malaria), and abnormalities in metabolism. The red color of red blood cells is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.

General analysis, studying the state of red blood cells, is interested, first of all, in how much hemoglobin is in the red blood cell. For this purpose, ESR and color index. ESR – which means “erythrocyte sedimentation rate”. Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you draw blood into a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the intercellular fluid. Based on the sedimentation rate and depth of red cell subsidence, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells and what quality it is - normal or defective. There are no clear standards for this procedure; further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.

Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.

The color index also examines the hemoglobin content of red blood cells. A laboratory technician, studying red blood cells under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the red blood cell has a transparent center, this will indicate the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, there is excess hemoglobin (hyperchromia).

Platelets, thrombocrit

Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so studying them provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood and their qualitative composition are an important clinical marker of bone marrow function.

The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, like red blood cells, is measured in absolute values ​​relative to a unit volume of blood. This parameter is called “thrombocrit”.