Sebaceous glandular nevus in a child. Lesions of the scalp in children. Causes of nevus

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Nevus of the sebaceous glands (sebaceous nevus, seborrheic nevus) is benign tumor, having high risk cancerous degeneration. The occurrence of undesirable consequences can only be prevented complex treatment pathologies using traditional methods and folk remedies.

Causes of the disease

In 7 out of 10 sick people, sebaceous nevus is congenital. In other cases, the disease develops before the age of 4 years. Boys and girls suffer from manifestations of pathology equally often.

The main cause of seborrheic nevus is the pathological growth of sebaceous glands on the face, scalp or along the hairline. Factors contributing to the development of pathology have not yet been established.

Symptoms of sebaceous nevus

A seborrheic nevus is an elastic and soft nodule that is pink, sandy or pale yellow in color. The neoplasm may have a round or elongated shape, a smooth or bumpy surface.

The appearance of sebaceous nevus changes as the affected person grows older. In infancy, the surface of the tumor is smooth or papillary. During the child's puberty, the neoplasm becomes covered with closely adjacent yellow or brown papules. Further clinical picture The disease is supplemented by bleeding, peeling, pain of the tumor or keratinization of its surface.

In adulthood, such a nevus can transform into a malignant tumor.. During malignancy, new nodules form in the tissues of the neoplasm, and areas of erosion appear on its surface.

Traditional treatment of the disease

Seborrheic nevus is treated surgically. In this case, traditional surgery is most often performed, which involves excision of the tumor within a narrow strip of healthy tissue. More gentle treatment methods (electroexcision, cryodestruction and others) are not used due to high risk recurrence of the disease.

Surgery is performed in health care institutions specializing in the fight against cancer. The operation is performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. When choosing an anesthesia method, the doctor focuses on age and general state patient, size and location of the tumor.

After removing the nevus to the edges postoperative wound stitches and a sterile bandage are applied. The doctor recommends that a person who has undergone surgery come in for dressings within a week and treat the damaged area with antiseptic drugs. If necessary, the patient is referred to plastic surgery(skinplasty), designed to eliminate postoperative cosmetic defects.

Alternative treatment for sebaceous nevus

Unfortunately, to cure seborrheic nevus folk remedies impossible. However, medications that can be prepared according to prescriptions alternative medicine, significantly speed up the recovery process, reduce the unpleasant symptoms of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

Nevus of the sebaceous glands of Jadassohn, or, as it is also called, seborrheic, is a tumor-like neoplasm, primarily due in its nature to the appearance of malformation of the sebaceous glands, as well as other elements of the dermis. Most often, seborrheic nevus is congenital form, less commonly acquired, appearing in childhood and infancy. We will look at what causes the appearance and what treatment is indicated in this article.

Important to remember! Most often, sebaceous nevus affects the scalp or face, less often other parts of the body.

Pathology Clinic

Jadassohn's nevus most often affects the scalp - it is a nodular neoplasm that occurs due to pathological tissue growth at the stage of embryonic development. Neoplasms are solitary, limited in shape and have an oval shape, a linear zone of baldness, manifested by a waxy plaque.

According to their own clinical manifestations pathology has the following symptoms:

Seborrheic nevus goes through several stages in its development:

1. At the first stage skin neoplasms appear in the child - symptoms manifest themselves by the appearance of papillae on the dermis.
2. The second stage most often manifests itself during puberty in the form of spherical papules adjacent closely to one another.
3. The third stage - most often it manifests itself in adolescence in the form of small or large growths protruding above the skin.

It is the third stage that is the most dangerous and, if left untreated, can transform from benign to malignancy.

At the moment, doctors cannot say unequivocally what provokes the appearance of nevus of the sebaceous glands, but they identify a number of factors that can lead to the development of this disease.

So, doctors call the following concomitant factors that provoke the appearance of a nevus:

Complications of the disease

In most cases, the appearance of a nevus will occur without characteristic symptoms, and therefore control by a dermatologist is so important to avoid negative consequences and complications. Doctors note the fact that in 15% of cases a benign neoplasm will develop into cancer, less often a benign form of adenoma may develop.

In case of malignant neoplasm, the prognosis is unfavorable and surgical removal impossible due to high risks of spread cancer cells. In this case, exclusively supportive treatment.

At benign neoplasm– the pathology has a favorable prognosis, and treatment involves surgical intervention. The main thing in this case is timely, early diagnosis and taking the necessary measures, including radical, surgical removal of the tumor.

Important! Nevus of the sebaceous glands can also affect nearby tissues, nerve endings, vision and bone tissue, even the central nervous system and genitourinary system, and in childhood– this can result in mental retardation and the development of epilepsy.

Diagnosis and treatment

First of all, the doctor examines and interviews the patient, collecting anamnesis - when the tumor appeared and whether relatives had such pathologies. Based primary survey and examination, a preliminary diagnosis is made, after which the patient is sent for laboratory tests.

Laboratory tests will confirm or refute a diagnosis such as dermal cancer or papillary nevus. In particular, the latter is marked by an intense pink color, and the neoplasms themselves have a slightly different structure. Most often, histology is prescribed - it determines the depth and characteristics of the existing tumor.

A smear is also taken using a puncture - this will determine the risk of the tumor degenerating into malignant oncology. Based on the results of the tests, doctors prescribe a course of treatment - this can be constant observation by a dermatologist, but most often we are talking about more drastic methods, such as surgery.

Due to the fact that the risks of degeneration of nevus tissue into malignant oncology are very high, doctors recommend surgical intervention at a very early age before the child reaches puberty. The thing is that more gentle methods of nevus removal, for example, the use of cryodestruction, can give positive result, but in the future the pathology will manifest itself again.

In this case, doctors talk about the need complete removal by excision of the tumor within its growth zone and a thin strip of existing healthy tissue.

If it is impossible to remove the tumor at one time, doctors perform several surgical interventions, gradually removing pathologically overgrown tissue while maintaining a minimum period of time. As a result, if the nevus is located on the head or face and is very large in size, then surgical intervention is considered difficult.

Surgical removal of a nevus is carried out in a hospital setting of medical institutions whose profile is treatment oncological diseases, using local or general anesthesia– depending on the size. After removal of the tumor, the resulting material is sent for histology to confirm or refute suspicions of cancer.

Most often, doctors use a regular scalpel or an electric knife to remove sebaceous gland nevus. If, based on the results of laboratory tests of the sent histology, atypical cells in the body are detected, repeated diagnostics are carried out, the patient’s health is monitored and, if necessary, specialized treatment is carried out.

Due to the fact that the root causes of the development of nevus of the sebaceous glands have not yet been identified by doctors as such, there are accordingly no preventive measures that can be recommended to prevent the development of this pathology.

With timely detection of a tumor and treatment, doctors give the most favorable prognosis. Statistics show that 10% may develop basal cell carcinoma, or, less commonly, cancer. Accordingly, the sooner the nevus is removed, the lower the risk of developing pathological abnormalities.

Neoplasm of the sebaceous glands (seborrheic nevus) is a dermatological process on the skin in the area of ​​pathological changes in the glands. In most cases (about 70 out of 100), nevus of the sebaceous glands is a pathological formation formed before the birth of the child. Less commonly, the anomaly develops in infancy or late childhood. The localization zone is on the head (along the edges of the hairline) and face.

The set of processes that cause the occurrence of a disease

It is still not clear why nevus of the sebaceous glands forms. However, there are risk factors, one of which is the proliferation (hyperplasia) of the glands.
Risk factors:

The mechanism of the onset and development of the disease

A nevus of the sebaceous glands is formed in the embryonic period, when the process of generation of organs and tissues is disrupted. The formation is the same in structure, but differs from a healthy organ in that it has an irregular structure and degree of differentiation.
Jadasson's nevus is characterized by the appearance of single zones without hair and waxy plaques. Zones have clear boundaries. The shape is most often oval, less often linear. The surface of the plaques is velvety, sometimes warty or in the form of papillomas. The formation increases in proportion to the child’s growth until puberty; at this stage it becomes more convex in its structure and shiny. Seborrheic nevi Jadasson's symptoms are typical for both women and men.
Stages of occurrence:

Jadassohn's sebaceous nevus can become a factor for the development of adenoma (benign tumor). The adenoma grows slowly, while it destroys the skin and leaves deep damage on it.
The most dangerous case is when the nevus of the sebaceous glands transforms into adenocarcinoma of the glands. A malignant tumor of the glandular epithelium is difficult to treat, is prone to recurrence and grows in a short time, affecting large areas of the skin.

Diagnosis of the disease

At the core diagnostic study Jadassohn's nevus requires histological analysis. Histological examination will determine the stage of the disease. Stage 1 is characterized by enlarged hair follicles and glands. At the second stage, the process of acanthosis is observed, when the upper layer of skin thickens and coarsens. Sebaceous glands accumulate in the epidermis, significantly increasing in volume, and multiple formations of papillomas are detected. The follicles are most often immature, and the glands are formed. The third stage is accompanied by the formation of a tumor; the structure of the tissue depends on its type.

Treatment of the disease

The risk of Jadassohn's nevus transforming into a cancerous tumor is quite high, so removal cannot be avoided. Recommended age for removal sebaceous nevus– perform the operation before puberty.
There are several types of operations to treat the disease:

Jadassohn's nevus is a neoplasm on the human skin that occurs as a result of pathology of the sebaceous glands. The disease manifests itself as a tumor on the skin in those places on the head where the sebaceous glands are modified under the influence of a number of factors.

This can happen in utero, at birth, or for several years after the baby is born. Histological examination and specific morphological picture will allow you to establish a diagnosis and select an appropriate method of therapy.

Seborrheic nevi are equally often observed in female and male patients, developing against the background of proliferation, malformation of apocrine glands, hair follicles, and epidermal cells.

Skin lesions may be beige or pale pink. They do not grow hair and are benign, that is, they do not pose a danger to human health. But in the presence of a number of negative factors, a small plaque on the head can transform into a dangerous malignant tumor.

The reasons for the formation of Jadassohn's nevus have not been fully established official medicine, but there is a list of factors that contribute to the development of pathology of the sebaceous glands:

1. A plaque on the scalp can develop into a malignant tumor due to hyperplasia. Previously, several plaques on the scalp or in the area of ​​a person’s face merge into one large formation from 2 mm to 10 cm in diameter with a limited, bumpy surface.
2. Nevi appear in those people who have genetic predisposition To this disease. The defective gene is passed on to the child from one of the parents, increasing the likelihood of a typical nevus degenerating into a dangerous cancerous formation.
3. With prolonged manifestation of rosacea on the skin. This symptom cannot be ignored: a person needs to see a dermatologist so that simple rashes do not provoke malignancy of seborrheic plaques.
4. Pathology is more often diagnosed in patients suffering from chronic systemic diseases. Especially, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which long time left without adequate treatment.
5. Nevi are also provoked by environmental factors: thermal and chemical irritants. Therefore, people with a predisposition to this disease should avoid prolonged exposure to the scorching sun in summer and outdoors in winter, and carefully select hair, face and neck skin care products.

Sebaceous nevi can provoke an adenoma located on the face or part of the scalp with hair. Adenomas grow in size at a slow pace, corrode the skin, and leave deep defects, but they respond well to treatment.

Timely contact medical institution increases the risk of maintaining the aesthetics of the scalp and preventing relapse of the disease.

Stages of disease development

Seborrheic nevus is a disease in which the sebaceous glands gradually become deformed and lose their main functions. This leads to the appearance of new growths on the skin, which are popularly called fatty moles.

Plaques can form on the skin during the prenatal period of fetal development, in an infant at birth, as well as in older children.

Genetically, nevus is rarely transmitted from parents to children; in most cases, the disease is sporadic. The disease develops in three stages, depending on the degree of change in the function of the sebaceous glands:

1. The first stage is typical for infants and children of the first years of life. The nevus is pale pink in color, devoid of hair, smooth, but has papillae. It is most treatable and rarely recurs after surgical removal.
2. The second stage is typical for adolescents. The formations have the appearance of spherical papules, closely adjacent to one another. They are yellowish or light brown in color and visually resemble warts.
3. The third stage is diagnosed in adolescence. At this stage, the nevus is dangerous for human health, since malignancy can occur in its thickness. The older a person gets, the more likely it is that a growth on the scalp will become malignant. In every 4th patient, a specialist identifies hidradenoma, basiloma, and papillary cystadenoma. Slightly less frequently diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma, apocrine gland tumors, infundibulomas.

Important! The proliferation of glandular tissue of the sebaceous glands can pose a danger to human life, since it often transforms into rapidly progressing adenocarcinoma. With extensive skin lesions, its epidermal structure is disrupted, increasing the risk of relapse of the disease after surgical treatment.

If you have such a problem, it is worth undergoing an examination and choosing the most suitable treatment method for a particular patient. This will help reduce the likelihood of relapse of the disease and the formation of cancer on human skin.

Symptoms of pathology

Jadassohn's nevus is not characterized by systemic symptoms. The neoplasm appears on the skin of the scalp during intrauterine development or after birth. It grows at a slow pace, thickens, gradually rising above the surface of the skin.

As a result, seborrhea takes on a papillomatous appearance, and every 10th case is characterized by neoplastic changes that look like nodules or ulcers.

Medicine also knows of cases where the disease was accompanied by the following symptoms:

• visual abnormalities;
• disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system;
• pathology of the skeletal structure.

During diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate nevus from other neoplasms.

Diagnostic methods

If there is a nevus on the head, you will need to collect an anamnesis, paying attention to the time of appearance of the formation. The doctor should check with the patient or his relatives whether anyone in the family has had similar cases. General inspection and laboratory diagnostics will make it possible to make an accurate diagnosis, differentiating a common nevus from skin cancer, dermal aplasia, solid mastocytoma, and papillary nevus.

The latter disease is distinguished by a particularly intense pink color of plaques on the skin, while mastocytoma is characterized by a completely different structure.

To finally clarify the diagnosis, determine the depth of the tumor and characterize its features, histology is performed. You can prevent the development of cancer by checking for cell atypicality.

Also, if necessary, it is worth taking a smear that determines the risk of degeneration of the tumor, but you need to understand: the procedure is accompanied by injury to the nevus, which increases the risk of its degeneration into a malignant tumor.

Treatment of Jadasson's nevus

Treatment of pathology is carried out exclusively on the recommendations of a specialized specialist. Attempts to treat or remove a nevus on your own can provoke irreversible consequences: the formation degenerates into a malignant tumor. The most effective method of solving the problem is surgical removal of the nevus, but this is indicated only before the patient reaches puberty.

Excision of the tumor is carried out under general anesthesia or local anesthesia along a thin strip with healthy epithelium. If one operation does not completely remove the tumor of the sebaceous glands, it is excised in stages with minimal breaks between procedures.

The operation must be performed exclusively in oncology clinics, and it is important to send each removed section of epithelium for histological analysis.

After removing the nevus, a suture must be placed on the edges of the wound. But if the size of the formation is excessively large or it is located on the face, neck, chest, it is worth using a skin graft. The suture is closed with a sterile bandage. Dressing and antiseptic treatment are done every day for a 7-day period after surgery. After the wound has healed, the sutures are removed.

There are other types of removal of tumors on the scalp:

• using a laser;
• cryodestruction;
• electrocautery.

But these methods of treating nevus cannot guarantee the patient a complete recovery, since they do not eliminate the risk of re-growth of the skin formation.

Details of nevus removal are described in the following video:

Probability of malignancy

In rare cases, Jadassohn's nevus can develop into a malignant tumor: basal cell carcinoma occurs in 15% of cases. Even less commonly, epithelial adenoma of benign etymology may develop. Concomitant diseases such as blepharitis or rhinophyma may appear. Most dangerous complication Nevus is a basal cell carcinoma that occurs in patients 40 years of age and older.

Malignization occurs as a result of trauma to a skin tumor, so it is important to protect the affected area of ​​the skin from mechanical damage, exposure to sunlight, and low temperatures.

On a note! Plaques are often located on the skin in the scalp, so the formation can be injured by a comb when combing the hair.

Since the tumor is benign, it itself does not pose a danger to human health and life, however, its trauma, hormonal changes in the body and other factors can provoke the degeneration of a nevus into a malignant neoplasm. Therefore, experts recommend removing the problem before the child reaches puberty.

Jadassohn's nevus is a developmental anomaly of a skin area. The disease was first described in 1985. In 70% of cases it is congenital. With timely diagnosis, it can be successfully removed without further consequences.

What is nevus of the sebaceous glands

Nevus of the sebaceous glands is a benign tumor disease that develops as a result pathological changes formation of sebaceous glands and other components of the skin. Pathological manifestations are noticeable immediately after birth or appear in the first years of the child’s life. In newborns it is diagnosed in the maternity hospital.

External manifestations

The disease is localized mainly on the head of a newborn and along the edges of the hairline. It can form on the eyelids, temples, and behind the ears.

The plaque is oval, round, less often – linear in shape. Initially it has a pinkish or light orange color. The surface is velvety with an elastic texture.

Over time, the surface becomes uneven and may become covered with cracks and papillomas. Bacteria and infections can penetrate through the damage, complicating the treatment situation.

The nevus itself does not cause discomfort. The exception is aesthetic problems caused by unhealthy plaque pigmentation and bald spots on the scalp.

In rare cases, Jadassohn's nevus consists of multiple widespread plaques located both in the head and other areas of the skin, some of which have a linear configuration.

Stages of the disease

The development of the disease is determined by three stages.

Initial

Pathological growth of the sebaceous glands occurs under the influence of certain factors. Apocrine glands and hair follicles are involved in the pathological process. On initial stage the disease is not dangerous.

Mature

Manifestations of pigmentary papillary dystrophy of the skin begin. The progression of the disease is accompanied by an increase in the sebaceous and apocrine glands, atrophy hair follicles. Changes associated with the appearance of papillary formations begin to occur.

Tumor

A tumor process starts, posing a danger to the patient.

Age-related differentiation of sweat and sebaceous glands determines the three-stage course of the disease. In children early age The nevus is hairless and becomes less noticeable immediately after birth, acquiring a smooth or delicate papillary surface.

During puberty, the plaque enlarges and becomes covered with closely adjacent oval or warty papules, the color of which varies from yellow to brown.

In adulthood, benign and malignant tumors skin appendages.

Causes

In most cases, Jadassohn's nevus occurs in newborns and is therefore classified as congenital. The exact causes of the disease are still unclear. The influence of maternal diseases suffered during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, as well as hereditary factors, is possible.

Skin abnormalities in older children may be caused by:

• diseases gastrointestinal tract;
• chronic dermatosis;
• influence chemical substances;
• thermal influence.

These factors only trigger the pathological process to which there is a predisposition.

Can it develop into cancer?

Nevus of the sebaceous glands - dangerous disease. Its structure may be susceptible to malignant cell degeneration. In this case, immediate surgical intervention is required.

The risk of a nevus turning into cancer increases significantly with age.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is carried out by visual inspection and taking samples histological studies. Newborns are examined immediately in the maternity hospital. When collecting anamnesis, the presence of similar manifestations in the child’s closest relatives is examined.

Laboratory testing allows us to determine the nature of the formation and identify the presence of signs of malignancy. It is necessary to differentiate the disease from:

• cutaneous aplasia;
• solitary mastocytomas;
• juvenile xanthogranulomas;
• papillary syringocystadenomatous nevus.

Accurate differentiation will avoid misdiagnosis and inaccurate treatment routes.

Treatment

Treatment is carried out only after complete clinical studies. Attempts self-removal formations may negatively affect the further course of the disease. The likelihood of the formation degenerating into malignant is an indication for surgical removal of the plaque. It is advisable to do this before puberty.

The most effective method removal is surgical. Other types of removal (laser, cryodestruction, electrocautery) can lead to regrowth of nevi.

Excision of the formation is carried out on a thin strip of healthy skin. If the operation cannot be performed in one go, step-by-step removal of the damaged tissue is performed. In this case, gaps between operations should be minimized.

Often the location (head, face) of the plaque complicates surgery. All operations are performed in clinics specializing in the treatment of cancer. After each removal, the excised tissue is sent for histological analysis.

After removing the plaque, a suture is placed on the edge of the wound. If its size is large and located on the face or other visible place, skin grafting is used. The sutures are covered with a sterile bandage.

For 7 days, dressings are performed daily, the wound is treated with antiseptics. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed. After complete healing of the wound, the sutures are removed. If absorbable sutures are used, there is no need to remove sutures.

The operation is performed under general or local anesthesia. The type of anesthesia is chosen by the doctor depending on the patient’s age and the characteristics of the tumor: size and location.

Complications

The course of the disease may be unsystematic, but due to possible complications requires constant monitoring by a dermatologist and oncologist.

Discomfort can be caused by formations that are in constant contact with a hat or clothing. If the nevus is damaged, there may be a risk of infection or tumor degeneration.

Diffuse forms of the disease are rare. They wear more severe forms and are characterized not only by skin lesions, but also by involvement of the central nervous, genitourinary and of cardio-vascular system, musculoskeletal system. With similar forms of the disease, there is a characteristic triad of symptoms: the presence of a linear nevus on the skin, mental retardation varying degrees severity and epilepsy.

Forecast

In the normal course, the prognosis of the disease is favorable. Transformation of a nevus into basal cell skin cancer or another malignant disease is possible in 10% of cases.

If the tumor is malignant, the prognosis is unfavorable. The risk of rapid growth of cancer cells makes surgical intervention difficult. Appointed medications, reducing the activity of pathological cells and maintaining the patient’s condition.

Prevention

Preventive factors for Jadassohn's nevus are unknown. Experts recommend removing the formations before puberty. Timely removal gives a 100% positive result without relapse.

Nevus of Jadasson - serious illness, despite the asymptomatic nature. Mandatory clinical examination and surgical removal are required. Self-medication is excluded and dangerous.