The main indicators of the enterprise's activity are revenue and profit. Profit is the main indicator characterizing the efficiency of the enterprise. Financial results of the enterprise

A large amount of profit can be achieved at a significant cost. Therefore, generalizing indicators for assessing the activities of the enterprise are used indicators of profitability.

The profitability of production activities (recoupment of costs) is determined by the ratio of gross taxable profit, net profit to the costs of sold (manufactured) products:

where Rz - profitability of products sold,%;

Spr - the total cost of products sold, thousand rubles;

P - profit (gross, taxable, net), thousand rubles.

This indicator determines the amount of profit from each ruble spent on the production and sale of products.

The indicator is determined for the entire volume of products and for individual types of products. When calculating profitability for individual types of products, the profit from the sale of this type of product is compared with the full cost of this product.

The next indicator is the return on sales. The profitability of sales is determined by dividing the profit from the sale of products (works, services) or net profit by the amount of the proceeds received:

where P - profitability of sales,%;

P - profit from the sale of products (works, services) or net profit, thousand rubles;

B - the amount of revenue received, thousand rubles.

This indicator characterizes the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity and determines the amount of profit per ruble of sales.

Return on capital is calculated as the ratio of profit (book, gross, net) to the average annual cost of all invested capital or its individual components:

where R - return on invested capital,%;

P - profit (balance sheet, gross, net), thousand rubles;

K - invested capital (own, borrowed, fixed, circulating, production), thousand rubles.

Profitability indicators make it possible to judge the economic activity of the enterprise and the possibilities of expanding and updating production at the expense of its own savings.

3 Factors, reserves and ways to increase the profit of the enterprise

3.1 Profit factors

Changes in the socio-economic development of the state during the transition to market relations lead to qualitative structural shifts towards the intensification of production, which leads to a constant increase in monetary savings and, mainly, the profits of enterprises of various forms of ownership.

The change in profit is influenced by two groups of factors: external and internal. Internal factors of change in profit are divided into main and non-main. The most important in the main group are: gross income and income from the sale of products (sales volume), the cost of production, the structure of products and costs, the amount of depreciation, the price of products.

Non-primary factors include factors related to violation of economic discipline, such as price violations, violations of working conditions and product quality requirements, other violations leading to fines and economic sanctions.

The external factors affecting the profit of the enterprise include: socio-economic conditions, prices for production resources, the level of development of foreign economic relations, transport and natural conditions.

The most important factors in the growth of profits are the growth in production and sales of products, the introduction of scientific and technical developments, an increase in labor productivity, and an improvement in product quality.

The main source of cash savings of enterprises is the income of the enterprise from the sale of products, namely that part of it that remains minus the costs of material, labor and other cash costs associated with the production and sale of these products. In the context of a radical change in the management of the economy, the indicator of income from the sale of products is becoming one of the most important indicators of the activities of enterprises. This indicator creates the interest of labor collectives not so much in the growth of the quantitative volume of output, but in the increase in the volume of products sold. And this means that such products and goods should be produced that meet the requirements of consumers and are in demand in the market.

Making a profit is the immediate goal of the enterprise. Profit creates certain guarantees for the further existence and development of the organization, the fulfillment of obligations to owners, investors, and the state.

Income structure and profit

The second part of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the main categories: income and their types, profit, the procedure for calculating them for various enterprises. The company's income is formed as income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights (sales income) and non-operating income.

Sales revenue consists of sales proceeds:

goods (works, services) of own production;
securities not traded on an organized market;
purchased goods;
financial instruments of futures transactions not traded on an organized market;
goods (works, services) of service industries and farms;
other property and property rights.

Formed from equity participation in other organizations; from transactions of purchase and sale of foreign currency; in the form of fines, penalties and (or) other sanctions for violation of contractual obligations, as well as amounts of compensation for losses or damages; from the lease of property (sublease); from granting the rights to the results of intellectual activity for use; in the form of interest received under loan, credit, bank account, bank deposit agreements, as well as on securities and other debt obligations; in the form of gratuitously received property (works, services) or property rights; in the form of a positive difference received from the revaluation of property (except for depreciable property, securities); in the form of accounts payable (obligations to creditors); written off due to the expiration of the limitation period; in the form of income received from operations with financial instruments of forward transactions, and other reasonable income.

Main Outcome, characterizing the results of the enterprise, is profit. If the income of the enterprise exceeds its expenses, the financial result indicates a profit.

The enterprise always aims at profit, but not always extracts it. If it is equal to the cost price, then it is only possible to reimburse the costs of production and sales of products. When the costs exceed the revenue, the company receives losses - a negative financial result, which puts the company in a rather difficult financial situation, which does not exclude bankruptcy.

For an enterprise, profit is the indicator that creates an incentive to invest in those areas where the greatest increase in value can be achieved. Profit as a category of market relations performs the following functions:

characterizes the economic effect obtained as a result of the enterprise's activities;
is the main element of the financial resources of the enterprise;
is a source of formation of budgets of different levels.

Losses also play a role. They highlight the mistakes and miscalculations of the enterprise in the areas of using financial resources, organizing production and marketing products.

The process of profit formation is shown in fig. 20.2.

Rice. 20.2. Mechanism of profit formation

The main indicators of the profit of the enterprise

Profit as a financial result is in the following forms: gross, from sales, taxable, net.

The most important role of profit determines the need for its correct calculation. In practice, it is used profit scorecard: settlement, analytical, for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting.

For management accounting, when planning the activities of an enterprise, evaluating investment projects, profit is determined as the difference between income and expenses of an enterprise.

For example, economic profit - is the difference between the income of the enterprise and its economic costs. Economic costs include explicit (accounting), which are fully reflected in the accounting of the enterprise, and implicit (implicit) costs, which characterize the opportunity costs of using the enterprise's resources, i.e. unpaid expenses.

Marginal profit unit of production is defined as the difference between the price of products (works, services) and variable costs per unit of output. The estimated net profit per unit of output is the difference between the price of the product and the average total cost (variable plus fixed cost per unit).

(works, services) is defined as the difference between the proceeds received from the sale of goods, manufactured products (works, services) and the cost of these products (works, services).

The profit received from the sale of depreciable property is determined as the proceeds from the sale of this property minus the residual value of this property and the costs associated with its sale. Profit from the sale of other property is equal to the difference between the income received from the sale of the relevant property, the cost of acquiring this property and the costs associated with the sale of this property.

Profit from the sale of purchased goods held for subsequent sale is defined as the income received from the sale of these goods, minus the cost of purchased goods, determined in accordance with the accounting policy of the enterprise, and the costs associated with the sale, storage, maintenance and transportation of these goods.

Revenue from sales- this is the result obtained from the sale of manufactured products (works, services), property of the enterprise and goods intended for sale, etc. It is determined by subtracting selling and administrative expenses from gross profit.

Profit before tax includes profit from sales and the difference received from operating income and expenses, non-operating income and expenses, extraordinary income and expenses.

Profit indicators can be determined for various areas of the enterprise, types of products, individual projects. Comparison of the relevant profit indicators, assessment of their dynamics allow substantiating management decisions, developing an enterprise development strategy; justify the costs of production and sales of products, the production program of the enterprise.

For the current analysis and accounting, profit is calculated - a summary of the financial statements on the activities and financial results of the enterprise and its branches, subsidiaries and other independent divisions.

The object of taxation is the profit received by the taxpayer.

The profit of foreign organizations operating in the Russian Federation through permanent representative offices is the income received through these permanent representative offices, reduced by the amount of expenses incurred by these representative offices, determined in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

For foreign organizations, income received from sources in the Russian Federation is recognized as profit for tax purposes. Income is determined in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after making taxes and other payments to the budget characterizes the final financial result of the enterprise and is called net profit.

For the purposes of cost management at the level of cost volume, it is sufficient to have information about the production cost, and the effectiveness of work can be judged by the level of pricing policy. And for pricing purposes, it is also necessary to take into account administrative costs and the cost of supply and distribution. In addition, the level of prices for products (works, services) should be sufficient to cover investment and financial costs.

When planning profit, the following systems are used:

Forecasting the formation and distribution of profits by developing a profit management policy;

Current planning of the formation, distribution and use of profits through the development of current financial plans;

Operational planning of the formation and use of profits.

Profit planning is closely related to the planning of the production program, the cost of production. Opportunities depend on the amount of profit: development of the enterprise, cash payments to employees, improvement of their social security at the expense of the enterprise.

For enterprises that form their payroll, regardless of the amount of revenue and income, the calculation of profit is determined on the basis of the production program by calculating the volume of revenue and the cost indicator.

For other enterprises, it is advisable to use the scheme for calculating profit income. According to this scheme, proceeds and the value of the corresponding material costs, including depreciation, are determined from indicators of volumes and the structure of production, after which the volume of income of the enterprise is calculated.

The most important indicator characterizing the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, its profitability, is the rate of return (RP). It characterizes the degree of increase in capital advanced by the entrepreneur for the production of products (the cost of the means of production (K) and the wages of workers (ZP)).

The rate of return is determined by the ratio of gross profit (VP) to advanced costs (C + RFP):

The entrepreneur tries to use all factors of production to increase the rate of profit. Its size is determined by the following production factors: the cost structure of capital, the rate of its turnover, the economy of resources and the scale of production. The size of the rate of return depends on the structure of capital expenditures and, above all, on the share of expenses on wages of employees. For example, if the cost of capital is the same in two enterprises, but one of them has more money spent on wages, then there will be more gross profit created, and, consequently, the rate of profit is higher.

The value of the rate of profit is significantly influenced by the cost savings on the means of production. This is ensured by the introduction of progressive engineering, technology and organization of production. In addition, a change in the level of market prices has a significant impact on the amount of profit and the size of its norm. This change largely depends on the market rivalry of entrepreneurs. This will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.

The effect of prices is manifested in the fact that with an increase in the price of finished products or a decrease in the price of inventories, profit increases, and vice versa, a decrease in profit is associated with a decrease in prices for products sold and with an increase in prices for cost components.

When planning profit, it is desirable to determine the break-even point, which can be defined as the sales volume at which the income from sales is equal to the cost of goods sold. Once the break-even point is reached, subsequent products sold bring additional profit equal to the invested income per unit of output.

The short-term and long-term solvency of the enterprise is influenced by its ability to make a profit. Profitability is a qualitative indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise.

When calculating profitability, the ratio of profit to the following indicators is determined:

a) the level of sales;

b) Assets;

c) Equity.

In this case, information on net profit is used, which in this case is defined as balance sheet profit minus payments to the budget and net sales income, defined as sales proceeds excluding VAT (value added tax), excise duty and other deductions from income.

Profitability of sales R P shows what profit the enterprise received from one ruble of sale and is determined by the formula:

where P P - net profit, D P - net income from sales of products.

Return on assets R A characterizes how efficiently the company uses its assets, i.e. shows what profit each ruble invested in the assets of the enterprise brings, and is determined by the formula:

(6)

where AB N - balance sheet assets at the beginning of the period, AB K - balance sheet assets at the end of the period.

Return on equity R K characterizes the use of equity capital by an enterprise and is defined as the ratio of net profit and the average annual cost of equity capital. It is determined by the formula:

(7)

where С КК - equity at the end of the period, С КН - equity at the beginning of the period.

The disclosure of the essence of profit shows its special place among the various forms of remuneration existing in a market economy and a special role in the economy. If the value of wages, interest and rent is limited to the scope of the relevant factors of production, then the role of profit is all-encompassing, spreading its influence over the entire economy, determining the state of all its spheres.

Thus, in conclusion, we can say that the value of profit goes beyond not only individual enterprises, but the economy as a whole. It extends its influence to the social sphere as well.

Profit is the most important indicator that characterizes the financial result of the enterprise. The growth of profit determines the growth of the potential of the enterprise, increases the degree of its business activity. Profit determines the share of income of founders and owners, the amount of dividends and other income. Profit also determines the profitability of own and borrowed funds, fixed assets, all advanced capital and each share. To characterize the profitability of investments in the assets of an enterprise and the degree of skillfulness of its management, profit is the best measure of its financial health.

Profit has the following meaning in the activities of enterprises:

In a generalized form, it reflects the results of entrepreneurial activity and is one of the indicators of its effectiveness;

It is used as a stimulating factor for entrepreneurial activity and labor productivity;

It acts as a source of financing for expanded reproduction and is the most important financial resource of the enterprise.

Also considering the essence of profit, one should first of all note its following characteristics:

1) Profit is a form of income of an entrepreneur carrying out a certain type of activity. This outward, simplest form of expressing profit is, however, insufficient for its full characterization, since in some cases vigorous activity in any area may not be related to making a profit (for example, political, charitable, etc.).

2) Profit is a form of income for an entrepreneur who has invested his capital in order to achieve a certain commercial success. The category of profit is inextricably linked with the category of capital - a special factor of production - and in an average form characterizes the price of functioning capital.

3) Profit is not a guaranteed income of an entrepreneur who has invested his capital in a particular type of business. It is the result of only the mind-logo and the successful implementation of this business. But in the process of doing business, an entrepreneur, due to his unsuccessful actions or objective reasons of an external nature, can not only lose the expected profit, but also completely or partially lose the invested capital. Therefore, profit is to a certain extent also a payment for the risk of doing business.

4) Profit does not characterize the entire income received in the course of entrepreneurial activity, but only that part of the income that is "cleared" from the costs incurred for the implementation of this activity. In other words, in quantitative terms, profit is a residual indicator, which is the difference between total income and total costs in the process of doing business.

5) Profit is a value indicator, expressed in monetary terms. This form of profit assessment is associated with the practice of generalized cost accounting of all the main indicators associated with it - invested capital, income received, costs incurred, etc., as well as with the current procedure for its tax regulation.

Profit is generated as a result of the sale of products. Its value is determined by the difference between the income received from the sale of products and the costs (costs) for its production and sale. The total amount of profit received depends, on the one hand, on the volume of sales and the level of prices set for products, and on the other hand, on how much the level of production costs corresponds to socially necessary costs.

The multifaceted nature of profit means that its study must have a systematic approach. This approach involves the analysis of a combination of factors of formation, mutual influence, distribution and use:

1) The generating factors include the proceeds received by the enterprise from various types of entrepreneurial activities, including from the sale of products that occupy the main share, from the sale of other assets, fixed assets. An important component of the generating factors is income from equity participation in other enterprises, including subsidiaries, income from securities, gratuitous financial assistance, and the balance of fines received and paid.

2) Mutually influencing factors include external, determined by the financial and credit policy of the state, including taxes and tax rates, interest rates on loans, prices, tariffs and fees, as well as internal ones, including cost, labor productivity, capital productivity, capital-labor ratio, turnover of working capital .

3) Distribution factors consist of mandatory payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, banking and insurance funds, voluntary payments, including charitable funds, transfer of profits to funds created by enterprises.

Utilization factors refer only to the profits that remain in enterprises and commercial organizations. They include the following areas: consumption, accumulation, social development, capital and financial investments, covering losses and other costs.

In a market economy, making a profit is the direct goal of production. Profit creates certain guarantees for the continued existence of the enterprise, since only its accumulation in the form of various reserve funds helps to overcome the consequences of the risk associated with the sale of goods on the market.

On the market, enterprises act as relatively isolated commodity producers. Having set the price for the product, they sell it to the consumer, while receiving cash receipts, which does not mean making a profit. To identify the financial result, it is necessary to compare revenue with production and sales costs, which take the form of product costs.

If the revenue exceeds the cost, the financial result indicates a profit. The enterprise always aims at profit, but not always extracts it. If the revenue is equal to the cost price, then it is only possible to reimburse the costs of production and sale of products. With costs exceeding revenue, the company exceeds the established amount of costs and receives losses - a negative financial result, which puts the company in a rather difficult financial situation, which does not exclude bankruptcy.

characterizes the economic effect obtained as a result of the enterprise's activities;

is the main element of the financial resources of the enterprise;

is a source of formation of budgets of different levels.

Losses also play a role. They highlight the mistakes and miscalculations of the enterprise in the areas of using financial resources, organizing production and marketing products.

Profit figures

At each enterprise, four indicators of profit are formed, which differ significantly in size, economic content and functional purpose. The basis of all calculations is the balance sheet profit - the main financial indicator of the production and economic activities of the enterprise. For taxation purposes, a special indicator is calculated - gross profit, and on its basis - taxable profit and non-taxable profit. The part of the balance sheet profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after making taxes and other payments to the budget is called net profit. It characterizes the final financial result of the enterprise.

balance sheet profit

The balance sheet profit includes three main elements: profit (loss) from the sale of products, performance of work, provision of services; profit (loss) from the sale of fixed assets of their other disposal, the sale of other property of the enterprise; financial results from non-operating transactions.

Profit from the sale of products (works, services) is the financial result received from the main activity of the enterprise, which can be carried out in any form, fixed in its charter and not prohibited by law. Profit from the sale of products is calculated as the difference between the proceeds from the sale (excluding VAT and excises) and the cost of production and sale.

For the sale of products that have a natural-material form, the calculation of profit is based on revenue and the total cost of production, determined by the volume of products sold in physical terms:

Profit from the performance of work or the provision of services is calculated similarly to profit from the sale of products.

Profit (loss) from the sale of fixed assets and other property of the enterprise is a financial result that is not related to the main activities of the enterprise. It reflects the profit (loss) from other sales, which include the sale to the side of various types of property listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Financial results from non-sales operations are profits (losses) on operations of a different nature that are not related to the main activity of the enterprise and are not related to the sale of products, fixed assets, other property of the enterprise, the performance of work, the provision of services. The composition of non-operating profits (losses) includes the balance of received and paid fines, penalties, forfeits and other types of sanctions, as well as other income:

profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;

income from revaluation of goods;

receipts of amounts on account of repayment of receivables written off in previous years;

positive exchange differences on foreign currency accounts and operations in foreign currency;

interest received on funds in the accounts of the enterprise.

They also include income from equity participation in the authorized capital of other enterprises, which is part of the net profit that goes to the founders in a predetermined amount or in the form of dividends on shares owned by the founder. Income from securities is interest on bonds and short-term treasury bills. The enterprise has the right to receive income on securities of joint-stock companies if they are acquired no later than 30 days before the officially announced date of their payment. With regard to government securities, the right and procedure for obtaining income are determined by the terms of their issue and placement.

For funds provided on loan, the enterprise receives income under the terms of the agreement between the lender and the borrower.

Income from the rental of property is formed from the rent received, which the tenant pays to the landlord. Profit from the use of leased property is an obligatory part of the rent and depends on its value, the profitability of the enterprise, the lease term. Depending on the terms of the agreement, the rent may include depreciation or part of it, if the tenant assumes certain obligations to restore fixed assets. The profit is included in the rent as a percentage of the value of the property.

In addition, non-operating results include expenses and losses:

losses on operations of previous years;

lack of material assets identified during the inventory;

negative exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and operations in foreign currency;

uncompensated losses from natural disasters, taking into account the costs of preventing and eliminating natural disasters, etc.

The process of profit formation can be represented by the following scheme (Fig. 20.1):

Rice. 20.1. Scheme of formation of profit of an economic entity

3. Profit planning and the procedure for its distribution at enterprises of various organizational forms

Profit planning is carried out separately for all types of enterprise activities. In the process of profit planning, all factors that may affect financial results are taken into account.

In conditions of stable prices and the possibility of forecasting business conditions, profit plans are usually developed for a year. Businesses can also make quarterly profit plans.

The object of planning are the elements of balance profit. At the same time, the planning of profit from the sale of products, the performance of work, the provision of services is of particular importance.