Is diphtheria vaccination necessary? Do adults need diphtheria vaccination? ADSM vaccination for adults - reaction and complications. When and where do adults get the ADSM vaccine?

Diphtheria vaccination involves administering a toxin contained in the causative agent of the disease, which causes the production of specific antibodies and subsequently immunity to the disease. In most cases, diphtheria vaccination is given in childhood, but its effect weakens over time, so adults may need booster vaccination to maintain immunity to this disease.

Side effects after diphtheria vaccination in adults

Diphtheria is rarely vaccinated separately. Typically, complex vaccines DPT (diphtheria and tetanus) or DTP (whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus) are used for vaccinations. The choice of vaccine type depends on the presence of an allergy to one or another component, since allergic reactions to the vaccine or any of its components are not so rare.

The graft is made into the shoulder muscle or the area under the shoulder blade. In addition to allergic manifestations, after diphtheria vaccination in adults, the following side effects (mostly temporary) may be observed:

• increased body temperature (up to 37.5°C, rarely higher);
• increased sweating;
• general weakness and feeling of malaise for the first 2-3 days after vaccination;
• digestive disorders, nausea, loose stool;
• pain at the injection site;
• redness, hardness and swelling at the injection site;
• runny nose;
• otitis and .

As a rule, such side effects are short-lived and disappear within 3-5 days after diphtheria vaccination or respond well to treatment. In exceptional cases, after vaccination against diphtheria, severe side effects may occur in the form of muscle pain, spasms, temporary limitation of mobility and atrophy in the injection area.

Complications after diphtheria vaccination in adults

In general, diphtheria vaccination in adults is considered safe and does not lead to significant complications if precautions are followed.

The most dangerous and common complication after such a vaccination is acute allergic reaction, up to , especially in people prone to allergic manifestations and patients with bronchial asthma.

In addition, in rare cases, a significant increase in temperature (up to 40°C), the development of heart complications (tachycardia, arrhythmia), and the occurrence of seizures are possible.

As a local complication, an abscess may develop at the site of vaccine administration.

To reduce the risk of complications, vaccinations should not be carried out for at least a month after suffering from acute respiratory viral infection or any other infectious disease. In case of an allergic reaction reintroduction vaccines are contraindicated.

Vaccination against diphtheria has saved the lives of millions of people for 40 years. This reduced mortality by 90%. Better prevention diphtheria than immunization, no. It begins at three months of age, allowing the development of immune protection against the diphtheria bacillus. Vaccination against diphtheria does not ensure the absence of the disease, but it neutralizes the toxin of the pathogen, which prevents the appearance of severe symptoms.

After infection with Leffler's bacillus, the condition worsens due to the production of a toxin by the pathogen. Its action is aimed at destroying cells, as a result of which a film of fibrin is formed on the surface of the mucosa. The plaque gradually becomes dense, and when you try to remove it, a bleeding surface remains. The next day, plaque appears again where the film was removed.

The diphtheria vaccine neutralizes the toxin, so films do not form and organ dysfunction does not develop. The danger of a raid is high risk closing the lumen of the larynx, causing a person to die from suffocation.

Diphtheria can be suspected based on the following clinical signs:

• plaque on the tonsils, uvula, palatine arches and pharyngeal wall, which eventually spread to the larynx and vocal cords;
• febrile hyperthermia;
• severe intoxication.

A harbinger of suffocation may be the appearance of a “barking” cough, hoarseness of voice, which over time turns into aphonia and a silent cough. This occurs as a result of damage to the vocal cords, which lose motor ability. A person experiences shortness of breath, heavy breathing, bluish skin and retraction of the intercostal spaces when inhaling. When the film closes the lumen of the larynx, suffocation develops.

Prevention of diphtheria

Immunization is carried out for children according to the vaccination schedule and for adults according to certain indications. The risk groups receiving the vaccine include:

• people living in a dormitory;
• agricultural workers;
• builders;
• food workers;
• employees of medical institutions;
• students;
• military personnel;
• workers of child care institutions.

To prevent the spread of diphtheria, every year Medical examinations are required to identify carriers of diphtheria bacilli. Special meaning has dynamic monitoring of patients with tonsillitis, when plaque may also appear and intoxication may develop.

When diphtheria is suspected, an analysis must be done, the material for which is collected from the surface of the oropharyngeal mucosa. With the help of bacteriological examination, the doctor has the opportunity to confirm or refute the infection.

Vaccination for children

Vaccination against diphtheria for children helps protect them from death when the disease develops. The first vaccination is given at 3 months, after which the immune system begins to develop protection against the disease. The vaccination is given in the manipulation room in compliance with all the rules. The vaccination schedule should be monitored by the local pediatrician at the local clinic and reminded to parents during a routine examination of the child.

Parents should have an immunization schedule at home and independently monitor the child’s immunization by going to the hospital in a timely manner.

If desired, get vaccinated in private clinic, you can contact medical clinic which provides such a service. Before administering the vaccine, parents should closely monitor the child's activity, appetite, and measure the temperature. This will make it possible to suspect ARVI and avoid the development of vaccination complications.

Due to the fact that the vaccine is combined, children are given one injection, which additionally protects against whooping cough and tetanus. Optimizing the vaccine manufacturing process can reduce the number of injections, relieve the child from stress and parents from worries.

The timing for vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria coincides, especially since they require the same conditions for production. What time is immunization carried out?

• at 3 months;
• after 45 days;
• in six months;
• one and half year;
• 6-7 years;
• 14-15 years old.

Booster vaccinations are necessary to maintain an adequate level of protection against disease. Where is diphtheria vaccination given? It is performed under the shoulder blade, thigh or forearm area, intramuscularly. Older people are vaccinated subcutaneously. The effectiveness of the manipulation does not depend on the injection site. A less painful area of ​​the body is selected.

Contraindications

To prevent diphtheria from becoming severe, vaccination neutralizes the action of the pathogen’s toxins. You can achieve the maximum effect from vaccination and avoid complications by taking into account the following contraindications:

• severe intrauterine infection, congenital mutations;
• acute period of infection (ARVI, chickenpox);
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• premature birth of a child;
• underweight child;
• allergic reactions, including to previous vaccine administration;
• severe immunodeficiency conditions;
• autoimmune diseases (vasculitis, rheumatism);
• coagulopathies;
• pathologies of the nervous system (uncontrolled epilepsy, meningitis);
• pregnancy up to 12 weeks.

The issue of immunization of a pregnant woman is discussed individually with an obstetrician-gynecologist. Before getting an injection, a person goes through full examination to identify contraindications.

Complications may appear in the post-vaccination period if manipulation techniques, asepsis are not followed, and the presence of contraindications is not taken into account. Systemic side effects can develop due to the immune system producing antibodies against its tissues, destroying them. Temporary disruption due to vaccine introduction and restructuring immune system.

In addition, do not forget that each person’s body is individual, so there is always a risk of an allergic reaction. When a child has been vaccinated with a partially inactivated toxin, there is a small risk of developing the disease if the body is weakened. In this case, a 20-day quarantine is indicated. The likelihood of vaccinated people getting sick from a sick person is small, but in a poorly ventilated area with prolonged contact, it still exists.

Type of vaccine

At what age should diphtheria prevention begin, and what vaccinations are used for this? The introduction of diphtheria toxin in inactivated form into the body allows one to develop resistance to it, therefore, when infected with Loeffler's bacillus, films do not form and there is no risk of suffocation.

To maintain immunity, a dose of toxin is administered at the required period, thereby stimulating the synthesis of immune components.

Parents and pediatricians note poor tolerability of DPT by children and a high incidence of complications. Because of this in Lately other vaccines are preferred.

You can vaccinate using:

• DPT. This type of vaccination is a combined type. It is capable of providing immunity against whooping cough, Leffler's bacillus and whooping cough in one injection. One of the varieties of DTP is considered to be ADS. The difference is that there is no protection against whooping cough. It is used for weakened children, with pathology of the nervous system or frequent allergic reactions;
• Pentaxim makes it possible to provide immune protection to a child from tetanus, whooping cough, Loeffler's bacillus, polio and Haemophilus influenzae. It is much easier to tolerate by children, because it contains an inactivated toxin;
• Infanrix provides an immune barrier against tetanus, Loeffler's bacillus and whooping cough. Well tolerated by children and has a minimum of adverse reactions;
• Infanrix-Hexa additionally includes components against hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae, and polio. Parents note good tolerability by children and the absence of local or systemic complications.

Vaccination of adults

Should adults be vaccinated against diphtheria? In adults, vaccination is carried out in three cases:

• if the vaccine has never been given;
• before traveling to places with an increased risk of infection;
• before employment in medical and educational institutions (if vaccination has never been carried out).

Adults are vaccinated against diphtheria every 10 years, provided they have already been immunized.

Revaccination in most cases is carried out using ADS that does not contain components against whooping cough. In adulthood, the risk of developing whooping cough is small, so this vaccine is preferred.

If a person has never been vaccinated against diphtheria, then there is a special scheme:

• initial introduction - any age;
• then - a month later;
• in a year;
• and every 10 years.

Before immunization, a person needs to check for a cough, runny nose, fever, and rashes. This makes it possible to detect ARVI on initial stage. Can also be prescribed additional examination to identify contraindications.

Adverse reactions

Note that vaccination against diphtheria in adults is safer and causes adverse reactions in exceptional cases. In children, the immune system is imperfect, so you can more often notice such undesirable consequences as:

• hyperemia;
• swelling of the skin;
• purulent infection - abscess;
• inflammation of lymph nodes, blood vessels;
• keloid scar.

The general condition does not suffer much, perhaps malaise, fatigue, low-grade hyperthermia and a slight decrease in appetite. If diphtheria vaccination was carried out due to a cold, immunodeficiency or allergies, the risk of developing severe complications increases:

• bone destruction;
• joint inflammation;
• seizures;
• pathologies of the nervous system;
• serum sickness;
• allergies in the form of anaphylactic shock (hypotension, rapid heartbeat, loss of consciousness, skin rash).

To reduce the risk of adverse reactions, you need to carefully monitor your health. Complications are also possible in children. They are expressed in:

• disruption of the intestines in the form of diarrhea;
• increased sweating;
• itchy sensations;
• symptoms of dermatitis;
• inflammation of the middle ear;
• redness of the pharyngeal wall, pain when swallowing;
• nasal congestion and rhinorrhea;
• the appearance of a cough.

If the listed symptoms appear, you should not immediately regret immunization or think that the diphtheria vaccine was of poor quality. Normally, such consequences are possible and disappear within 4-5 days. When the temperature exceeds 38 degrees, does not go astray, appears severe weakness and pain at the injection site, you need to consult a doctor.

In the post-vaccination period it is prohibited:

• contact with people sick with infection;
• drinking alcohol;
• visit places with large crowds of people, especially during a flu epidemic;
• eat exotic foods;
• abuse chocolate and citrus fruits, which most often cause an allergic reaction;
• take powerful antibiotics, cytostatics and hormonal agents in large doses;
• hot shower, use of a washcloth, essential oils or herbs.

You can wet the injection site, but only with warm water.

If a person becomes allergic to herbs or essential oils, it will not be clear whether this is a reaction to the vaccine or the additives used when bathing.

A child without a vaccine is completely unprotected, so parents need to take this into account. Of course, it will not be possible to protect a child from all infections, but from this terrible disease like diphtheria, quite possibly.

Widespread introduction mandatory vaccinations from diphtheria has reduced mortality to single cases over the past 40 years. In contrast to the standard approach, vaccination is carried out by introducing into the human body not the causative agent of the disease itself, but its toxin in the form of toxoid. As a result, a specific reaction of the immune system is triggered, during which antitoxins are produced.

[Hide]

Types of diphtheria vaccines

Diphtheria vaccine is not usually used in isolation. Antitetanus and antipertussis components are added to it.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The most commonly used complex vaccine is ADS, consisting of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. It is used for children and adults for primary and maintenance courses. During the initial vaccinations of children, a pertussis component () is added to its composition. After 4 years, they simply vaccinate with ADS, since whooping cough is no longer dangerous.

All vaccines used to protect against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus are inactivated, meaning they do not contain live bacteria. Sometimes they are enhanced with aluminum hydroxide, which increases inflammation at the injection site. Immune reactions become more intense, which leads to increased effectiveness of anti-diphtheria vaccinations.

From diphtheria and polio

Several drugs can simultaneously protect against diphtheria and polio:

• Tetrakok;
• Infanrix Hexa;
• Pentaxim;
• Tetraxim;

In addition to the polio component, they contain the DTP vaccine. They are prescribed according to the usual vaccination schedule.

Photo gallery

ADS (about 105 rubles) Infanrix Hexa (about 1800 rubles) Pentaxim (about 1400 rubles)

Vaccination schedule

Vaccination against diphtheria is carried out in courses. After the initial three doses of the drug are administered, the body becomes temporarily immune to this infection. To increase the duration of action of vaccinations, additional booster doses of the vaccine are administered according to a specific schedule.

According to the National Vaccination Calendar, the timing of such preventive work is determined:

• first vaccination at the age of 3 months;
• the second—45 days after the start of the course;
• the third with the same interval after the second;
• at one and a half years the first revaccination is carried out, which prolongs the effect of the initial vaccinations;
• the next injections of vaccines are at 6-7, at 16, and so on every 10 years.

If a child was not vaccinated for health reasons in childhood, then initial vaccination for adults begins according to the same scheme as for children.

The channel of Elena Malysheva talks in detail about diphtheria and vaccination.

Indications and contraindications

Before vaccination, the local doctor must examine the baby and decide whether he should be vaccinated.

Strict contraindications for diphtheria vaccination are:

• significant violations in nervous system child;
• allergies to previous injections;
• spasms or brain disturbances;
• epidemics of any diseases;
• mental disorders;
• traumatic brain injury during childbirth.

Conditions in which it is necessary to temporarily postpone vaccination:

• infectious diseases;
• temporary exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• deviations in the intestinal bacterial flora;
• premature birth leading to insufficient weight;
• severely tolerated previous injections;
• temperature rise to 40 degrees and above.

Professions with mandatory vaccinations

According to the law Russian Federation, voluntary participation in preventive vaccination against diphtheria has been established for residents of Russia.

There are exceptions for citizens whose professional activities may involve a real risk of illness and further spread of infection.

• Subject to mandatory vaccination: rural workers or forestry
• located in areas with a high risk of infection;
• employees involved in catching stray animals;
• housing and communal services personnel involved in cleaning sewer facilities;
• physicians who are in constant contact with people with infectious diseases;
• all education workers;

military personnel and railway employees.

The use of diphtheria vaccination and the effect on pregnancy

According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, it is safe for pregnant women to be vaccinated against diphtheria if 10 years have passed since the previous one. If a woman has not completed the initial three vaccinations, she must undergo them during pregnancy. This is necessary so that in the first months of life the child already has antibodies that protect him. It is recommended to administer vaccine preparations to a woman before the twelfth week of pregnancy.

Preparing for vaccination Your baby can be vaccinated if: full health

child, on an empty stomach and after emptying the intestines. Before administering the vaccine, you should be given water to drink to avoid dehydration. Do not overheat the crumbs. His clothes should be made of natural materials and light. A nursing mother should adhere to the diet to which the child is accustomed.

Where is immunization done and how does it work?

Diphtheria vaccination can be done in any clinic, hospitals and vaccine centers. If it is known that a person has a predisposition to allergies, then it is best to go to the hospital. In all other cases, vaccination is carried out in laboratory conditions. The injection must be placed in the muscle so that the effect is maximum and the negative reaction is minimal. Therefore, the vaccine is usually administered into the thigh - for children under three years of age - or under the shoulder blade. In these places, the muscle layer is close to the skin, and the thickness subcutaneous tissue

minimal.

What to do after vaccination hot water. Under no circumstances should you rub it.

Reaction to the drug

Diphtheria vaccine is a low-reactogenic drug. Most common local reactions at the injection site where inflammation begins. The lump that forms at the injection site is very painful. The pain persists as long as inflammation exists and stops when all the drug is absorbed.

There may also be unpleasant symptoms, such as:

• slight increase in temperature;
• lethargy;
• drowsiness;
• general malaise.

But they are mild and go away within a few days.

Complications and side effects

The main side effects of vaccination are the following conditions:

• disruption of the gastrointestinal tract;
• profuse sweating;
• dermatitis;
• cough and runny nose;
• otitis, bronchitis;
• pharyngitis.

These disorders are easy to treat. Severe consequences are detected only when the vaccine was given during a disease.

Refusal of vaccination

According to the law, anyone can refuse vaccination. To do this, he must write a statement with legal justification. The main danger of such a step is the risk of getting diphtheria.

Diphtheria is a life-threatening infectious disease, which in unvaccinated patients can be particularly severe and lead to. The disease is caused by the diphtheria bacillus, which enters the human body by airborne droplets through the mucous membranes of the oropharynx.

This route of transmission of infection leads to its rapid spread among groups and in the shortest possible time can affect quite a lot of people. a large number of of people.

Fortunately, today humanity has learned to fight the disease. It begins in early childhood and continues throughout a person’s life, which helps maintain immunity at the proper level.

Currently, mass immunization of the population has made it possible to minimize cases of diphtheria in civilized countries and to avoid the complex consequences of the disease when it develops in the body of a vaccinated person, who will definitely survive the disease in its mildest form.

Is it included in the National Calendar?

According to leading immunologists, diphtheria is the only reliable way to prevent the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease or help the body transfer it to mild form without serious complications. In our country, control over the spread of diphtheria pathogens among the population is implemented through routine vaccination, which makes it possible to control the situation and prevent outbreaks of the epidemic process.

The timing of mass immunization of all age groups of the population, regardless of their race and gender, has been established by experts World Organization Healthcare.

It has been established that the effectiveness preventive measures depends on several factors:

• coverage of the population that has received diphtheria vaccination;
• the quality of a vaccine preparation intended for the production of protective immune complexes in the body.

The diphtheria vaccination schedule in our country is regulated at the state level and is included in the National Vaccination Calendar.

Anti-diphtheria immunization of children and adults today is a mandatory event, which can be carried out absolutely free of charge in any public clinic.

At what age and how often are children given: vaccination schedule

Immunization of a child’s body against diphtheria is a long and very labor-intensive process that requires constant monitoring on the part of the baby’s parents, as well as the medical staff watching him.

The first diphtheria vaccine is given to the baby at 3 months.

Doctors must warn adult family members of the baby about the scope of vaccination, its duration and possible risks.

In addition, before each procedure little patient must be examined by a specialist who gives an opinion on the possibility of vaccination or refusal of it.

According to the National Vaccination Calendar and general recommendations According to the World Health Organization, children are vaccinated against diphtheria in several stages, starting from infancy:

• first vaccination – 3 months;
• second injection – 4.5 months;
• third injection – 6 months;
• the fourth dose is given at 18 months;
• The fifth vaccination is given at 6-7 years of age.

This immunization plan allows you to create reliable and long-term protection against infectious agents, aimed at preventing infection and the progression of the disease in severe forms with numerous complications from internal organs.

Experience shows that the baby’s body produces full-fledged immune protection after the first three injections. Injection administration of preventive drugs at one and a half years and 6-7 years is an auxiliary measure aimed at consolidating the result. Such actions provide immunity to the child for ten years, after which revaccination is indicated for him (at 16-17 years).

Diphtheria vaccination for adults: when is it done and how many times?

A separate group of patients consists of adults who, for some reason, were not vaccinated in childhood, or the data on their vaccination was lost. In this scenario, immunologists suggest using it with a reduced number of antigens.

Each dose (0.5 ml) of such a vaccine preparation contains 5 units, as well as a number of excipients. This immune suspension does not include it due to its increased allergenicity.

After all, it can harm an unvaccinated person, causing severe complications. The vaccination schedule for patients who were not vaccinated during childhood looks different than for immunized individuals.

Such people need to be vaccinated against diphtheria twice. The interval between the first and second injection should be from 30 to 45 days. In such cases, the first revaccination is prescribed six months after the second vaccination, and the last one – five years later. Next, such a patient is vaccinated according to general scheme, receiving a prophylactic dose of diphtheria toxoid every ten years.

Scheme of vaccination and revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Today, anti-diphtheria vaccination is given to babies in their first year of life together with an anti-tetanus component. A similar procedure is carried out by administering a complex DTP vaccine, which is known for its numerous adverse reactions.

Therefore, children with concomitant pathologies and weakened immune systems are offered an alternative - immunization with ADS vaccines. containing exclusively components against diphtheria and tetanus.

Pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine adsorbed liquid - DTP

The vaccination schedule for diphtheria and tetanus without the pertussis component does not differ from the immunization schedule with the complex DPT vaccine and is as follows:

• 3 months;
• 4.5 months;
• 6 months;
• one and half year;
• 6-7 years.

Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is given to children already in adolescence, when they turn 16-17 years old.

Which will then make it possible to judge the quality of the formed immunity and enable the specialist to correctly build a revaccination plan in adulthood.

Vaccine names

To prevent diphtheria in children and adults in our country, only certified high-quality vaccines are used that have passed all the necessary stages of testing and research.

As a rule, complex vaccine preparations are used for immunization, allowing to reduce the number of injections the patient receives and to form stable immunity against several infectious diseases at once:

• DPT vaccine;
• prophylactic drug Pentaxim from a French company;
• Belgian (Glaxo).

The domestic DPT vaccine suspension consists of a mixture of corpuscular pertussis vaccine, as well as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.

In one dose prophylactic drug DTP contains:

• about 10 billion killed whooping cough pathogens;
• 15 units of diphtheria toxoid;
• 5 units of tetanus toxoid.

In addition to the main components, the vaccine also contains Excipients, necessary for stabilization and preservation of the solution, including aluminum hydroxide, merthiolate, formaldehyde.

Video on the topic

When and how many times are diphtheria vaccinations given to adults and children? The answer to this and some other questions in the video:

A simplified version of DTP is ADS and ADS-M. These vaccines are a protective suspension against tetanus and diphtheria, devoid of the pertussis component.

It is this that causes the development of the majority, and therefore is often excluded from the immunization plan for children with allergies.

One dose of this solution contains 30 units of diphtheria and 10 units of tetanus toxoid. The remaining components are identical to those in the DTP vaccine. ADS-M differs from ADS in the concentration of active components and includes 5 units of each toxoid.