Hypokinesia. Causes of hypokinesia. Types of hypokinesia. Hypodynamia, hypokinesia Hypokinesia is accompanied by a decrease in motor activity
Hypokinesia- forced reduction in the volume of voluntary movements due to the nature of work activity; low mobility, insufficient motor activity (LA) of a person. The introduction of scientific and technological progress into production led to a redistribution of the load from large muscle groups to small muscles of the shoulder and forearm and caused a decrease in the overall DA in production - professional G. Professional groups emerged that perform work in a sedentary working position. Studies of the physical condition of people in “sedentary” professions have shown that their physical performance is significantly reduced compared to people involved in physical education and sports.
G. is one of the risk factors for pathological changes in the human body: diseases of cardio-vascular system, obesity and musculoskeletal disorders. Among the most dangerous consequences Low DA in humans is associated with disorders in the cardiovascular system. In people working in gastric conditions, there is an increase in heart rate (HR) at rest by 20%, a decrease in the contractile function of the heart muscle and the rate of its relaxation, and a deterioration in the regulation of heart rhythm. Adaptation of the heart to muscular loads occurs mainly due to an increase in heart rate with a relatively small increase in systolic blood volume, which is regarded as an uneconomical reaction that contributes to the rapid depletion of the functional reserve of the heart and has an unfavorable prognostic value in the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system.
HYPERKINESIA - Excessive and inadequate motor activity, extreme restlessness; usually accompanied by short attention span and impulsivity
Dyskinesia
(dyskinesia; Dis- + Greek kinēsis movement)
general name for disorders of coordinated motor acts (incl. internal organs), consisting in a violation of temporal and spatial coordination of movements and inadequate intensity of their individual components.
Dyskinesia of the eyelids(d. palpebrarum) - D. muscles of the eyelids, manifested by the inability to close one eye, while bilateral closure of the eyelids occurs normally.
Biliary dyskinesia(syn. biliary dystonia) - D. muscle wall bile ducts, manifested by disturbances in the drainage of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum.
Hypertonic biliary dyskinesia(syn. D. biliary tract hypertensive-hyperkinetic) - D. biliary tract, characterized by increased tone of the gallbladder and bile ducts.
Hypertonic-hyperkinetic biliary dyskinesia- see Hypertonic biliary dyskinesia.
Biliary dyskinesia, hypotonic(syn. D. biliary tract hypotonic-hypokinetic) - D. biliary tract, characterized by decreased tone and motor activity gallbladder and bile ducts.
Biliary dyskinesia, hypotonic-hypokinetic- see Hypotonic biliary dyskinesia.
Atonic intestinal dyskinesia(d. intestini atonica) - Intestinal dysfunction, characterized by a sharp weakening of its tone and peristalsis, manifested by constipation, dull bursting pain in the abdomen, and sometimes dynamic intestinal obstruction.
Spastic intestinal dyskinesia(d. intestini spastica) - D. intestines, characterized by an increase in its tone and spastic contractions, manifested by constipation and paroxysmal colic-like pain in the abdomen.
Occupational dyskinesia(d. professionalis; synonym coordination neurosis) - hand dysfunction, developing in individuals whose professional activities involve performing highly differentiated movements at a fast pace, and characterized by impaired coordination of these movements while maintaining the ability to perform work of a non-professional nature.
This section covers three classes typical forms of neurogenic disorders movements: hypokinesia, hyperkinesia and ataxia.
Hypokinesia- restrictions on the volume, number and speed of movements. They are usually combined with a decrease in motor activity and the strength of muscle contractions - physical inactivity.
Taking into account various criteria, several types are distinguished hypokinesia.
+ Depending on the severity of movement disorders, paresis and paralysis are distinguished.
- Paresis - decrease in amplitude, speed, strength and number of voluntary movements.
- Paralysis - complete absence voluntary movements.
Depending on the prevalence (scale) movement disorders There are various plegia, from mono- to tetraplegia.
- Monoplegia - paralysis or paresis of one limb (arm or leg).
- Paraplegia - paralysis or paresis of both arms or both legs.
- Hemiplegia - paralysis or paresis of the left or right half of the body.
- Triplegia - paralysis or paresis of three limbs.
- Tetraplegia - paralysis or paresis of the arms and legs.
Types of hypokinesia
Depending from changes in muscle tone There are spastic, rigid and flaccid forms of hypokinesia.
- Spastic. Increased muscle tone, usually of one group (for example, arm flexors or leg extensors). It is observed when central motor neurons are damaged in any part of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract.
- Rigid. The tone of one or more antagonist muscle groups (for example, abductors and adductors, flexion and extensor) is increased for a long time. In the latter case (with a simultaneous increase in the tone of the flexors and extensors), the limb or torso maintains its assigned position for a long time (the so-called “waxy rigidity”, which is a consequence of damage to the extrapyramidal system).
- Sluggish. Reduced muscle tone in the area of innervation of the damaged nerve trunk or center (for example, with damage to motor neurons or anterior roots spinal cord).
Depending on the predominantly affected nerve structures, central, peripheral, extrapyramidal and myasthenic (neuromuscular) forms of hypokinesia are distinguished.
Central paralysis and paresis
+ Causes of central (pyramidal, spastic) paralysis or paresis.
- Damage to the central - pyramidal - neurons of the motor analyzer.
- Damage to the conductive (corticospinal) pathways of the pyramidal system.
Manifestations of central paralysis and plegia.
Hyperreflexia - increased segmental tendon and periosteal reflexes (increased amplitude of the response and expansion of the zone of evocation of the reflex).
- Muscular hypertension - increased muscle tone of a spastic type. Usually it is uneven in nature (for example, in the arm, the tone increases mainly in the hyphenated muscles of the shoulder, the flexors of the forearm, and in the leg - the extensors of the hip and lower leg, the hyphenated muscles of the thigh, and the flexors of the foot). Over time, this can lead to contractures - persistent restrictions on joint movement and unusual limb positions.
- Pathological reflexes (for example, Babinsky, Rossalimo, Bekhterev). These reflexes are divided into extensor and flexion. The former are one of the earliest and most permanent manifestations of damage to the pyramidal tract. These signs are caused by an increase in segmental reflexes of the spinal cord due to a weakening of the inhibitory descending influences of the brain.
- Clonus - high degree increasing tendon-muscle reflexes. Clonus manifests itself as a series of rapid rhythmic contractions of individual muscles, developing spontaneously or in response to irritation of the muscle itself or its tendon (an example is clonus of the muscles of the patella, foot, hand, chin).
- Synkinesis - involuntary concomitant muscle contractions and movements that occur in a paralyzed limb when performing voluntary movements with another limb or other part of the body. Synkinesis occurs with the participation of the pyramidal system, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
129.Characteristics of concepts: paralysis, paresis, parkinsonism, convulsions, tic, chorea, athetosis, tremor, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, epilepsy.
- Paresis- decrease in amplitude, speed, strength and number of voluntary movements.
- Paralysis - complete absence of voluntary movements
-Parkinsonism- neurological syndrome, which is characterized by a number of symptoms: 1) tremor (fast, rhythmic, with a frequency of about 10 Hz., movements of the limbs or torso, caused by muscle contractions and associated with a temporary delay in corrective afferent impulses, due to which movement is realized and posture is maintained due to constant adjustment of movements to some average value. With fatigue and strong emotions, as well as with pathology of the nervous system, the tremor increases significantly. In particular, pathological tremor (resting tremor) is observed in Parkinson's disease.
2) muscle rigidity (stiffness, hardness, elasticity, inelasticity)
3) postural instability (instability)
4) bradykinesia (a manifestation of parkinsonism, which consists in difficulty in initial movements, slowdown in the execution of all movements and the inability to maintain a certain body position). Most common is primary or Parkinson's disease
-Convulsions– sudden involuntary muscle contractions. Occurs in diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, tetanus, neuroses), poisoning, metabolic disorders and glandular activity internal secretion. General fatigue, muscle fatigue, monotonous sedentary work, nervous tension, heat body, a large loss of water and table salt by the body can cause seizures.
-Teak- fast, stereotypical short-term violent movement. Contractions of one muscle or an entire group of muscles at the erroneous command of the muscle brain are called hyperkinesis (hyper - excess, kinesis - movement). Tic is a type of hyperkinesis. A tic is considered to be rapid movements of the same type, which can sometimes affect the vocal apparatus, which is accompanied by the utterance of sounds (vocalization) - grunting, smacking, speaking words.
-Chorea(choreic hyperkinesis, formerly “Witt’s dance” or “St. Vitus’s dance”; from the Greek χορεία, type of dance) - a syndrome characterized by erratic, jerky, irregular movements, similar to normal facial movements and gestures, but different from them in amplitude and intensity , that is, more elaborate and grotesque, often reminiscent of dance.
-Athetosis(from ancient Greek ἄθετος - unstable) - pathological involuntary movements (hyperkinesis), expressed by slow tonic spasms of the muscles of the limbs, face, and torso. The degree of cramp is variable and it predominates in one or another muscle group, as a result of which these violent involuntary movements are slow, worm-like, as if floating through the muscles. Often spreading to the proximal parts of the limbs, muscles of the tongue, face (pulling out the lips, twisting the mouth, grimacing). Important signs of athetosis are variable muscle tone and the formation of transient contractures. Athetosis occupies an intermediate position between dystonia and chorea, combining the features of both hyperkinesis. It is usually characterized by slow worm-like movements in the distal parts of the limb, but often also involves the cranial and trunk muscles. Usually occurs due to massive damage to the basal ganglia in early childhood (due to birth trauma, kernicterus, strokes, etc.)
-Tremor - see parkinsonism
-Ataxia(Greek ἀταξία - disorder) - impaired coordination of movements; one of the most commonly observed motor disorders. Genetic, neuromuscular disease. Strength in the limbs can be fully preserved, but movements become awkward, inaccurate, their continuity and consistency, and balance when standing and walking are disrupted.
There are static ataxia (impaired balance when standing) and dynamic ataxia (discoordination during movements).
-myasthenia gravis(lat. myasthenia gravis; Old Greek μῦς - “muscle” and ἀσθένεια - “powerlessness, weakness”) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by pathological, rapid fatigue of striated muscles.
-epilepsy Epilepsy(ancient Greek ἐπιληψία from ἐπίληπτος, “seized, caught, caught”; lat. epilepsy or caduca) is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases in humans, manifested in the body’s predisposition to the sudden onset of convulsive attacks. [
130. Neurogenic sensitivity disorders. Types of sensory disorders. Characteristics of the concepts: hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, anesthesia Neurogenic disturbances of sensitivity, both simple (tactile, temperature, proprioceptive, pain) and complex (senses of localization, discrimination, stereognosis) are based on damage to the somatosensory analyzer
Sensory disorders:
Smell disorders
The sense of smell is impaired in cases where the access of odorous substances to the olfactory neuroepithelium is hampered (transport losses), the receptor zone is damaged (loss of sensation) or the central olfactory pathway is affected (neural losses). Transport disturbances of the sense of smell can occur when the mucous membrane of the nasal septum swells as a result of acute respiratory viral infections, bacterial rhinitis, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, as well as organic lesions of the nasal cavity, for example, with deviated nasal septum, polyps and neoplasms. Loss of smell is also caused by disturbances in the secretion of the mucous membrane, in which the olfactory cilia are immersed in the secretion. Currently, little is known about the features of the mucosal environment of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Sensory disturbances of smell arise due to the destruction of the olfactory neuroepithelium due to viral infections. infectious diseases, neoplasms, inhalation of toxic chemical substances, drugs that disrupt cell turnover, as well as radiation therapy to the head area. Neural loss of smell is caused by cranial trauma with or without a fracture of the base of the anterior cranial fossa or cribriform plate, tumors of the anterior cranial fossa, neurosurgical procedures, use of neurotoxic drugs, and some congenital diseases such as Kallmann syndrome.
The following olfactory disorders can be distinguished:
complete (general) anosmia - lack of sense of smell;
partial anosmia - the ability to distinguish some (but not all) odors, specific
anosmia - inability to distinguish any specific smell (smells), complete (general)
hyposmia - decreased sensitivity to all odors;
partial hyposmia - decreased sensitivity to certain odors;
dysosmia (cacosmia or paraosmia) - perverted perception of odors, i.e. the sensation of an unpleasant odor when in fact there is a pleasant aroma, or the sensation of odors that are not in the given environment;
complete (general) hyperosmia - increased sensitivity to all odors;
partial hyperosmia - increased sensitivity to certain odors;
Agnosia is the inability to describe in words your olfactory sensations, even if the ability to perceive and distinguish odors remains.
Taste disorders
Taste disturbances occur in cases where it is difficult to assess the taste of a substance at the level of the receptor cells of the taste bud (transport losses); when receptor cells are damaged ( sensory disturbances), as well as in case of damage to the taste afferent nerves and the central parts of the taste analyzer (neural disorders).
Transport taste disorders develop with xerostomia (dry mouth) of various origins, including Sjogren's syndrome, poisoning with heavy metal salts and blockage of taste pores by bacteria. To restore taste, saliva surrounding the receptors is important. Sensory taste disorders occur with inflammatory and degenerative lesions of the oral cavity, taking certain medicines, especially complicating the regeneration of cells, for example, antitumor cells, during radiation therapy of the oral cavity and pharynx, during viral infections, neoplasms, diseases of the endocrine system, and some are age-related. Neural taste disorders are observed with tumors, injuries, and also after surgical interventions, as a result of which the integrity of the taste fibers is damaged. Violation of the integrity of taste sensory fibers leads to degeneration of taste buds, however, if the somatosensory afferent fibers are preserved, such a process is not observed.
Taste disorders can be divided into:
total ageusia - inability to distinguish between sweet, salty, bitter and sour tastes;
partial ageusia - impaired ability to perceive certain taste sensations;
specific ageusia - inability to distinguish the taste of certain substances;
total hypogeusia - decreased taste sensitivity to all substances;
partial hypogeusia - decreased taste sensitivity to certain substances;
Dysgeusia is a perversion of taste sensations, i.e., an incorrect sensation of taste of a particular substance, or taste sensations in the absence of a taste stimulus.
Hearing impairment
Hearing loss can be caused by damage to the external ear canal, middle ear, inner ear and pathways auditory analyzer. In case of damage to the external auditory canal and middle ear, conductive hearing loss occurs; in case of damage to the inner ear or cochlear nerve, sensorineural hearing loss occurs.
Conductive hearing loss occurs as a result of blockage of the external auditory canal by earwax, foreign bodies, with swelling of the lining of the canal, stenosis and neoplasms of the external auditory canal. The development of conductive hearing loss is also caused by perforation of the eardrum, for example in otitis media, violation of the integrity of the auditory ossicles, for example in necrosis of the long leg of the incus due to trauma or infectious processes, fixation of the auditory ossicles in otosclerosis, as well as accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, scars and tumors of the middle ear. ear. Sensorineural hearing loss develops as a result of damage to the hair cells of the organ of Corti caused by noise trauma, viral infection, use of ototoxic drugs, fractures temporal bone, meningitis, cochlear otosclerosis, Meniere's disease and age-related changes. Tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (for example, acoustic neuroma), tumors, vascular, demyelinating and degenerative lesions of the central parts of the auditory analyzer also lead to the development of sensorineural hearing loss.
-hyperesthesia(Greek ὑπερ- - extremely, excessively Greek αἴσθησις - sensation, sensitivity) - increased sensitivity to stimuli acting on the sense organs.
- hypoesthesia a condition in which superficial sensitivity to touch is reduced
-paresthesia- one of the types of sensitivity disorder, characterized by sensations of numbness, tingling, and crawling sensations.
Transient paresthesia is usually caused either by direct mechanical irritation of a superficial nerve, for example, by impact or pressure, or by a temporary disruption of the blood supply to the limb, leading to a change in the conduction of nerve impulses, for example, by prolonged exposure to an uncomfortable position, often during sleep.
-anesthesia(Greek ἀναισθησία - without feeling) - a decrease in the sensitivity of the body or part of it, up to the complete cessation of perception of information about the environment and one’s own condition.
Anesthesia occurs when there is a disturbance in the perception or transmission of a sensitive nerve impulse at different levels:
damage to sensitive receptors;
damage to sensory nerves;
brain damage that impairs the perception of nerve impulses;
mental illnesses that interfere with the correct interpretation of information that the brain has received from sensitive receptors, for example hysteria.
Depending on the type of sensitivity that is impaired, anesthesia is:
complete anesthesia (block of all types of sensitivity)
partial anesthesia (block of a certain type of sensitivity)
131. Pain. Concept, types, causes, mechanisms, biological significance. Characteristics of concepts: migraine, neuralgia, causalgia, thalamic and phantom pain. Principles of prevention and treatment.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.
EVERYTHING IS BAD WITH THE PAIN MECHANISM! I DIDN'T UNDERSTAND HIM! DON'T SHOOT THE PIANIST, HE'S PLAYING AS HE CAN!
Varieties physical pain
Acute pain
Acute pain is defined as pain of short duration of onset with an easily identifiable cause. Acute pain is a warning to the body about the current danger of organic damage or disease. Often persistent and sharp pain accompanied also aching pain. Acute pain is usually concentrated in a specific area before it somehow spreads wider. This type of pain is usually highly treatable.
Chronic pain
Chronic pain was originally defined as pain that lasts about 6 months or more. It is now defined as pain that persistently persists beyond the appropriate length of time during which it would normally end. It is often more difficult to heal than acute pain. Special attention required when addressing any pain that has become chronic. In exceptional cases, neurosurgeons may perform complex surgery to remove parts of a patient's brain to treat chronic pain. Such an intervention can relieve the patient of the subjective sensation of pain, but since signals from the pain site will still be transmitted through neurons, the body will continue to react to them.
Skin pain
Skin pain occurs when the skin or subcutaneous tissue is damaged. Cutaneous nociceptors terminate just below the skin, and due to their high concentration nerve endings provide a highly precise, localized sensation of pain of short duration.
Somatic pain
Somatic pain occurs in ligaments, tendons, joints, bones, blood vessels, and even the nerves themselves. It is determined by somatic nociceptors. Due to the lack of pain receptors in these areas, they produce a dull, poorly localized pain that is longer lasting than that of skin pain. This includes, for example, sprained joints and broken bones.
Inner pain
Internal pain arises from the internal organs of the body. Internal nociceptors are located in organs and internal cavities. An even greater lack of pain receptors in these areas of the body leads to more dull and prolonged pain, compared to somatic pain. Internal pain is particularly difficult to localize, and some internal organic injuries are “attributed” pain, where the sensation of pain is attributed to an area of the body that is in no way related to the site of the injury itself. Cardiac ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) is perhaps the best known example of attributable pain; the sensation may be located as a separate feeling of pain slightly higher chest, in the left shoulder, arm or even palm. The pain attributed may be explained by the discovery that pain receptors in internal organs also excite spinal neurons that are excited by skin lesions. Once the brain begins to associate the firing of these spinal neurons with stimulation of somatic tissues in the skin or muscle, pain signals coming from the internal organs begin to be interpreted by the brain as originating from the skin.
Phantom limb pain- a sensation of pain arising in a lost limb or in a limb that is not felt through normal sensations. This phenomenon is almost always associated with cases of amputation and paralysis.
Neuropathic pain(“neuralgia”) may appear as a result of damage or disease to the nerve tissues themselves (for example, toothache). This can impair the ability of sensory nerves to transmit correct information to the thalamus (a part of the diencephalon), causing the brain to misinterpret painful stimuli even when there is no obvious physiological cause for the pain.
Psychogenic pain
Psychogenic pain is diagnosed in the absence of an organic disease or in the case when the latter cannot explain the nature and severity pain syndrome. Psychogenic pain is always chronic and occurs against the background mental disorders: depression, anxiety, hypochondria, hysteria, phobias. In a significant proportion of patients, psychosocial factors play an important role (dissatisfaction with work, desire to obtain moral or material benefits). Particularly strong links exist between chronic pain and depression.
THERE IS STILL MINDFUL PAIN. (due to the loss of loved ones, for example)
Migraine- neurological disease, the most common and characteristic symptom which are episodic or regular severe and painful attacks of headache in one (rarely in both) half of the head. In this case, there are no serious head injuries, stroke, or brain tumors, and the intensity and pulsating nature of the pain is associated with vascular headache, and not with tension headache. Migraine headache is not associated with an increase or sharp decrease blood pressure, an attack of glaucoma or increased intracranial pressure(ICP).
Neuralgia- (from ancient Greek νεῦρον - “vein, nerve” + ἄλγος - “pain”) - defeat peripheral nerves, characterized by attacks of pain in the area of innervation of a nerve. Unlike neuritis, with neuralgia there are no motor disturbances or loss of sensitivity, and there are no structural changes. Neuralgia develops mainly in nerves passing through narrow canals and openings.
CAUSALGIA- intense burning pain in the innervation zone of a partially damaged peripheral nerve containing a large number of sympathetic autonomic fibers. Develops in 3 - 5% of cases of partial damage to peripheral nerves: on the arm - the median (less often the ulnar), on the leg - the sciatic or tibial nerve.
Thalamic pain occur with encephalitis, sometimes with vascular diseases or after injury with a predominant lesion of the thalamus opticus or its connections with the cerebral cortex. Pain occurs periodically. localized in the extremities, sometimes spreading to the whole or half of the body. During an attack, the patient has an expression of suffering from excruciating pain. With thalamo-striatal hyperkinesis, it can be violent. crying and laughing. The presence of hyperpathy is characteristic:. distortion of the perception of irritations (heat is perceived as cold, cold as pain, etc.), diffuse nature of hyperallic sensations, excruciating nature of pain, a feeling of “aftereffect” after irritation (the feeling of a prick remains for a long time after the cessation of irritation), increased pain with excitement and various nociceptive irritations. Sometimes there are false sensations concerning diseased limbs (“an increase in the number” of them, a “change in the shape” of an arm or leg, etc.), the tongue (“the tongue increases”) and other thalamic symptoms (“thalamic” arm, etc. ).
phantom pain(see above)
Treatment includes the prescription of analgesics, sedatives, finlepsin, indomethacin, ganglion blocking agents, physiotherapeutic procedures (electrophoresis with analgesics, amplipulse therapy, UHF therapy, electrosleep, electroanalgesia), psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, acupuncture, novocaine blockade of sympathetic ganglia. If drug therapy is ineffective, surgery may be indicated.
132. Neurogenic autonomic disorders. Types, causes, mechanisms, manifestations. Principles of prevention and treatment.
Different kinds stress causes stimulation of the hypothalamus through a reflex pathway or through the cerebral cortex, which leads to an increase in the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The sympathetic-adrenal system, in turn, plays a large role in the occurrence of psycho-somatic disorders under conditions of emotional stress.
Thus, mental trauma may lead to changes causing autonomic disorders, in particular dysfunction of internal organs. Sometimes these disorders can be central and attract the main attention of the patient, while the accompanying general disorders of nervous activity (increased irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, insomnia, etc.) recede into the background.
In this case, disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, genitourinary and other systems may occur. Autonomic disorders may manifest themselves in the form of vegetative-vascular dystonia and crises.
For dystonia autonomic disorders occur either in the form of increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dry mouth, chilly limbs, or, conversely, slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, increased salivation, increased intestinal motility, and redness of the skin. Sometimes these phenomena can be combined.
Against the background of dystonia, there may be vegetative crises, usually associated with emotional state:
sympathetic-adrenal
vagoinsular
mixed.
The first are expressed in increased heart rate, pain and discomfort in the heart area, pallor of the skin, numbness, coldness of the extremities, and often chills. The second is a feeling of fading or interruptions in the work of the heart, a feeling of lack of air, suffocation, discomfort in the epigastric region, increased peristalsis. In this case, there is hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat, sweating, and polyuria. Crises are usually accompanied by a state of anxiety or fear. The duration of crises ranges from several minutes to several hours.
133. Disorders of higher nervous activity. Types, causes, mechanisms, manifestations. Depression, neurosis, mental illness. Principles of prevention and treatment.
Depression(from lat. deprimo- “to crush”, “to suppress”) is a mental disorder characterized by the depressive triad: decreased mood, loss of the ability to experience joy (anhedonia), and motor retardation. With depression, self-esteem is reduced, and there is a loss of interest in life and usual activities. In some cases, a person suffering from it may begin to abuse alcohol or other psychotropic substances. depression is the most common mental disorder. Teenagers, the elderly, and women are more often affected. Not every patient requires hospitalization; treatment is often carried out on an outpatient basis. Antidepressants and psychotherapy are the most commonly used drugs to treat depression.
Mental disorder (mental illness; mental illness) - in a broad sense - a state of mind that is different from normal, healthy
Kinds:Exogenous types of mental disorders. Causal factors are directed from the outside, for example: alcohol, industrial poisons, narcotic substances, toxic substances, radiation, viruses, microbes, traumatic brain injuries, psycho-trauma.
Endogenous types of mental disorders. Internal causal factors. Example: chromosomal aberrations (disorders), gene diseases, diseases with a hereditary predisposition (can be transmitted through several generations; due to an injured gene).
Neurosis(novolat. neurosis, comes from ancient Greek. νεῦρον - nerve; synonyms - psychoneurosis, neurotic disorder)-inic picture of such disorders is characterized by asthenic, obsessive and/or hysterical manifestations, as well as a temporary decrease in mental and physical performance
Emotional distress (often for no apparent reason).
Indecision.
Communication problems.
Inadequate self-esteem: underestimation or overestimation.
Frequent experiences of anxiety, fear, “anxious expectation of something,” phobias are possible panic attacks, panic disorder.
Uncertainty or inconsistency of the system of values, life desires and preferences, ideas about oneself, about others and about life. Cynicism is common.
Instability of mood, its frequent and sharp variability.
Irritability. (see more details: Neurasthenia)
High sensitivity to stress - people react to a minor stressful event with despair or aggression
Tearfulness
Touchiness, vulnerability
Anxiety
Preoccupation with a traumatic situation
When trying to work, they quickly get tired - memory, attention, and thinking abilities decrease
Sensitivity to loud sounds, bright lights, temperature changes
Sleep disorders: it is often difficult for a person to fall asleep due to overexcitation; superficial, disturbing sleep that does not bring relief; I often feel drowsy in the morning
Headaches, heart pain, abdominal pain.
Frequent feeling of fatigue increased fatigue, general decrease in performance. (see more details: Neurasthenia)
Vegetative-vascular dystonia (VSD), dizziness and darkening of the eyes from pressure changes.
Vestibular disorders: difficulty maintaining balance, dizziness.
Appetite disturbances (overeating; undereating; feeling hungry, but quickly feeling full when eating).
Sleep disorders (insomnia): difficulty falling asleep, early awakening, awakenings at night, lack of feeling of rest after sleep, nightmares.
Psychological experience of physical pain (psychalgia), excessive concern for one’s health up to hypochondria.
Autonomic disorders: sweating, palpitations, fluctuations in blood pressure (usually downward), disruption of the stomach, cough, frequent urge to urinate, loose stools.
Sometimes - decreased libido and potency
In the treatment of neuroses, psychotherapy and, in fairly severe cases, drug treatment are used.
134. Sleep disorders. Types, causes, mechanisms, manifestations, meaning. Principles of prevention and treatment. Characteristics of the concepts: hypersomnia, hyposomnia, parasomnia, insomnia.
Hypersomnia- a term denoting the presence of excessive sleep duration. Hypersomnia is characterized by repeated episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness or excessive night sleep. Some people suffering from hypersomnia experience a loss of social, everyday, and professional skills. As a rule, hypersomnia occurs at a young age
Sleep duration less than 5 hours ( hyposomnia )
parasomnia or a sleep disorder - a disorder that may occur upon awakening from REM sleep (rapid eye movement) or partial awakening from a long sleep. Parosomnia often includes somnambulism or sleepwalking, disturbing dreams, nightmares, waking up confused, and more.
Types of parasomnia:
Scary dreams
To ensure normal functioning of the human body, sufficient activity of skeletal muscles is necessary. The work of the muscular system contributes to the development of the brain and the establishment of intercentral and intersensory relationships. Physical activity increases energy production and heat formation, improves the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other body systems. Lack of movement disrupts the normal functioning of all systems and causes the appearance of special conditions - hypokinesia and physical inactivity.
Hypokinesia is reduced motor activity. It may be associated with the physiological immaturity of the body, with special working conditions in a confined space, with certain diseases, etc. reasons. In some cases (plaster cast, bed rest) there may be a complete absence
movement and akinesia, which is even more difficult for the body to tolerate.
There is a similar concept - physical inactivity. This is a decrease in muscle effort when movements are carried out, but with extremely low loads on the muscular system. In both cases, the skeletal muscles are completely insufficiently loaded. There is a huge deficit in the biological need for movement, which sharply reduces the functional state and performance of the human body.
Some animals have a very hard time with the lack of movement. For example, when rats are kept for 1 month under conditions of akinesia, 60% of animals survive, and under conditions of hypokinesia - 80%. Chickens raised in conditions of immobilization in cramped cages and then released into the wild died at the slightest run around the yard.
A decrease in physical activity is difficult for a person to tolerate. A survey of submariners showed that after 1.5 months of being at sea, the strength of the muscles of the torso and limbs decreased by 20-40% of the original, and after 4 months of swimming - by 40-50%. Other violations of various organs and systems were also observed.
INFLUENCE OF INSUFFICIENT MOTOR ACTIVITY ON THE HUMAN BODY
In the central nervous system, hypokinesia and physical inactivity cause the loss of many intercentral connections, primarily due to disruption of the conduction of excitation in interneuron synapses, i.e., asynapsia occurs. At the same time, the mental and emotional sphere, the functioning of sensory systems deteriorates. Damage to the brain movement control systems leads to deterioration in the coordination of motor acts, errors in addressing motor commands, and inability to assess the current state of muscles and make corrections to action programs occur.
In the musculoskeletal system, some degenerative phenomena are observed, reflecting atrophy of muscle fibers - a decrease in muscle mass and volume, and their contractile properties. Blood supply to muscles and energy exchange deteriorate. There is a decrease in muscle strength, accuracy, speed and endurance during work (especially static endurance).
During locomotion, fluctuations in the general center of mass increase, which sharply reduces the efficiency of movements when walking and running.
Breathing with insufficient motor activity is characterized by a decrease in vital capacity, breathing depth, minute
respiratory volume and maximum pulmonary ventilation. Oxygen demand and oxygen debt during work increase sharply. Basic metabolism and energy metabolism decrease.
The activity of the cardiovascular system is disrupted. Atrophy of the heart muscle occurs, and myocardial nutrition deteriorates. As a result, it develops ischemic disease hearts. A decrease in heart volume leads to lower cardiac output (a decrease in systolic and minute blood volumes). The heart rate increases both at rest and during exercise.
Weakened skeletal muscles cannot adequately facilitate venous return of blood. The insufficiency or complete absence of their contractions practically eliminates the work of the “muscle pump”, which facilitates blood flow from lower limbs towards the heart against gravity. Loss of help from these “peripheral hearts” makes it even more difficult for the heart to pump blood.
The blood circulation time increases noticeably.
The amount of circulating blood decreases.
With low physical activity and a small increase in the depth of breathing during work, the “respiratory pump” almost does not help the blood flow, since the suction effect of the reduced pressure in chest cavity and the work of the diaphragm are negligible. All these consequences of decreased physical activity cause modern world huge increase in cardiovascular diseases.
In the endocrine system, there is a decrease in the functions of the endocrine glands, and the production of their hormones decreases.
In cases of akinesia, the most profound damage to the body is observed and the daily biorhythms of fluctuations in heart rate, body temperature and other functions are smoothed out.
A sharp decrease in muscle activity (it cannot be completely turned off in a living creature), associated with the need to maintain bed rest during illness, with bone injuries or due to professional necessity (staying in a state of weightlessness in spaceships or physical inactivity in bathyscaphes, etc.), with social necessity, entails unfavorable consequences. Hypokinesia (from the gr. hypo - little and kinemato - movement) means a long-term decrease in the range of movements with a predominant decrease in movements in large vessels. Hypokinesia is almost always combined with physical inactivity - a decrease in the strength of muscle contractions, muscle tone, a decrease in the entire complex of long-term tension in the muscular system, which is especially pronounced during prolonged periods of bed rest or being in weightlessness.
Hypokinesia leads to significant changes in the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system. First of all, she calls a sharp decline functions of the huge number of muscle fibers in skeletal muscles. With prolonged hypokinesia, the process of ATP resynthesis is weakened, the rate of its synthesis and the degree of oxidative phosphorylation are reduced, i.e., the main mechanism of energy synthesis in the body appears to be detrained.
Recently, it has been proven that during hypokinesia, there are tissue areas in the muscles that are in a state of hypoxia. In addition, on the 30th day of hypokinesia in rats, a decrease in myoglobin was found from 3.7 + 0.2 to 3.0 + 0.1 mg/g (P5a02), decreased oxygen capacity the muscle itself.
A study of a number of respiratory enzymes showed a clear decrease in their activity. The activity of NAD and SDH decreases. In this case, in some cases, not only the enzymes of aerobic oxidation change, but also the enzymes that take part in the initial stages of glycolytic processes - hexokinase, phosphorylase, etc. There is also a weakening of the activity of enzymes that ensure the transition of glycogen to participate in metabolism along the glycolytic pathway, i.e. e. the primary preparation of glycolytic substrates suffers.
Significant changes in the intensity of tissue respiration have been established both in individual isolated pieces of tissue and in intact animal tissues. In atrophying muscles, additional amounts of oxygen are required for the utilization of breakdown products in tissues; due to inadequate oxygen delivery, under-oxidized products accumulate in them.
Long-term hypokinesia causes pronounced changes in the structure of mitochondria and especially their internal membranes, i.e., precisely in those areas where, according to modern concepts, the processes of biological oxidation and, most importantly, the processes of associated phosphorylation are localized.
The resulting change in tissue respiration ultimately naturally cannot but affect the characteristics of general gas exchange in the body. At the same time, the dynamics of P02 and PC02 in individual tissues at rest during hypokinesia may not change.
At rest during hypokinesia, either there were no violations of the final link in the cascades of P02 and PC02 dynamics in the body, or sometimes it is possible to establish the presence of clear muscle hypoxia.
The study of external gas exchange in a state of hypokinesia showed that a person, as a rule, experiences a certain decrease in basal metabolism (by 10 - 25%). A decrease in the intensity of gas exchange and lung function leads to a certain decrease in pulmonary ventilation and respiratory rate in humans. There is a tendency towards a decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs, and the function of external respiration is affected not only by the constant decrease in requests for the supply of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, but also by the redistribution of blood during hypokinesia in bed rest, changes in the ratios of ventilation and perfusion in various parts of the lungs. This can create the precondition for prolonged blood stagnation in the dorsal parts of the lungs and pneumonia, which develops against the background of general asthenia of the body.
The absence of systematic periods of sharp increase in breathing during hypokinesia, as often happens during normal muscular work, leads to a weakening of the respiratory muscles; let us also assume that a part of the respiratory muscles, as a rule, participates in the anti-gravity tension of a person when the person is in a vertical position. muscle complex. This applies to the intercostal muscles, diaphragm and muscles abdominal wall. These same muscles create the tone of intra-abdominal pressure, which is important in the overall tone of maintaining the tone of large vascular areas: intra-abdominal, liver, stomach, intestines, etc.
The result of all these changes is a decrease in the efficiency of gas exchange and the performance of the body as a whole.
With hypokinesia, changes are observed in the heart and vascular system - arteries, veins and capillaries. The effects of reduced demands for the transport of oxygen and metabolites are increasingly manifested.
The general and functional potential of the cardiovascular system gradually develops and decreases. Against this background, pathological changes can also develop, initially in the form of vegetative cardiovascular dystonia, and at later stages - atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels and the heart.
Biochemical changes in muscles during hypokinesia are very multifaceted. They affect a number of processes occurring at the molecular level.
With prolonged and sharp restriction of movements in the muscles, the potassium content decreases. In people in a state of hypokinesia, sodium excretion in the urine increases, and the amount of potassium in muscle tissue increases.
A sharp and prolonged restriction of physical activity, as a rule, leads to an increase in the release of calcium from its main depot in bone tissue and a corresponding increase in it in the blood and urine.
The release of calcium from the depot in bone tissue is important for reducing the strength of the bone itself. In ionized form, calcium is involved in the regulation of a number of physiological and biochemical processes: in the occurrence and conduction of excitation in the neuromuscular system, the automatism of the myocardium and its contractility; determines the state of the blood coagulation system, etc. The most important aspect of the disorder calcium metabolism in the bones is its release into the blood. In itself, an increase in calcium in the blood plasma, therefore, in the intercellular fluid and, possibly, inside the cells themselves can contribute to the emergence of a number of pathological processes. With an increase in blood lipids and cholesterol, it is possible to increase the impregnation of blood vessels with calcium and accelerate the processes of atherosclerosis. Increased calcium excretion by the kidneys can lead to calcium retention in the renal tubules and the formation of kidney stones. It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that an increase in calcium content in body fluids and in tissue intercellular fluid can affect the most important bioenergetic process in the heart, muscles and other tissues.
With hypokinesia, not only isolated disturbances of mineral metabolism or the degree of bone mineralization develop, but also combined disturbances of protein, phosphorus and calcium metabolism in the entire tissue system studied.
Prolonged hypokinesia, especially physical inactivity, causes skeletal system complex, complex changes in biochemical processes on which the preservation and constant dynamic maintenance of the normal structure of bone tissue is based.
The reactivity and immunobiological state of the organism changed. These changes had a clinical manifestation in the form of pronounced allergic reactions to nonspecific stimuli.
An early expression of hypokinesia was a change in the system, which manifested itself already from the 15th day in a clear increase in blood properties, reaching a maximum by the 70th day.
With 120 days of hypokinesia, protein metabolism changed and muscle atrophy developed. There were significant water-mineral metabolism. There was water loss and a progressive increase in calcium excretion. Fat metabolism was disrupted, and the total content of lipids and cholesterol increased. Pronounced changes were observed in the cardiovascular system. Resistance sharply decreased, up to the development of collapse and dysfunction of the heart. Exercise tolerance sharply deteriorated, which was reflected in changes in a number of ECG indicators and a decrease in blood pressure. Certain changes in the blood supply to the brain, disturbances, changes in neuromuscular excitability, decreased muscle tone, disturbances in tissue trophism, and a decrease in EMG voltage during effort were noted. Thus, a sharp and very long-term decrease in muscle function gave a vivid and varied picture of general disorders in the body. At first, after prolonged hypokinesia, a person is unable to stand, rises with difficulty, experiencing dizziness, sharp pain in the legs, weakness, shortness of breath, sweating, severe fatigue, and moves using crutches or a stick. After prolonged hypokinesia, the ability to perform simple work is lost (putting away a bed, moving an object, bending down and lifting something, just walking in a straight line, etc.).
HYPOKINESIA (hypokinesia; Greek, hypo- + kinesis movement) is a term used in two meanings: 1) a symptom of movement disorders, expressed in a decrease in motor activity and speed of movement with certain lesions of the extrapyramidal system; 2) limitation of mobility due to lifestyle, characteristics of the profession. activity, bed rest during the period of illness, mechanical fixation of joints (plaster casts, skeletal traction) and, in some cases, accompanied by a lack of muscle load. Limitation of mobility due to the action of overloads or increased gravity is not accompanied by the phenomena of physical inactivity (see).
G. occurs in clinical settings in patients long time who were on bed rest, various reasons those who have lost the ability to move due to damage to the articular-ligamentous apparatus (arthritis, periarthritis) and muscles (myositis), as well as in patients with paresis and paralysis, parkinsonism (see Paralysis, paresis, Parkinsonism).
The widespread introduction of mechanization and automation of labor in production and in everyday life leads to a decrease in physical activity and, in connection with this, to the spread of hypertension in combination with physical inactivity in modern society. G. leads to detraining of homeostatic mechanisms, to a decrease in adaptive and compensatory reactions, to premature aging, and predisposes to a number of diseases. The specific consequences of G. are changes in the functional and structural basis of locomotion (stiffness of joints, incoordination of movements, disorder of motor skills). Various adverse consequences of a sedentary lifestyle served as the basis for some authors to identify a new nosological form - hypokinetic disease [Kraus, Raab (N. Kraus, W. Raab), 1961; A.V. Korobkov et al., 1968, etc.].
The main pathogenetic factor of G., accompanied by physical inactivity, is a decrease in the weight load on supporting structures, a weakening of intero- and proprioceptive afferentation and the associated detraining of statotonic anti-gravity regulatory mechanisms.
G.'s problem has also become important in space medicine, since being in the limited space of a spacecraft cabin in an unsupported position significantly changes the stereotype of motor activity and coordination of movements. In addition, in a state of weightlessness, the cosmonaut's load on the musculoskeletal system is significantly reduced, due to which G. is supplemented by a state of physical inactivity. The development of astronautics required an experimental study of the influence of gas on the body.
Long-term (up to 70 days) restriction of motor activity with the switching off of statokinetic reflexes (strict bed rest) in healthy young people was a model of the combined effects of G. and physical inactivity. It turned out that it causes a complex of polymorphic disorders. Energy metabolism decreases with a tendency to negative nitrogen balance, basal metabolism and oxygen consumption; oxygen debt increases with little change external respiration. The excretion of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and especially calcium in the urine increases, which is combined with osteoporosis. Certain changes occur in the processes of exchange of electrolytes, water, trace elements, corticosteroids, enzymes, and vitamins. Appetite is lost, intestinal motor function decreases. Body weight decreases due to muscle atrophy with a certain increase in the fat component. There is a restructuring of neurohormonal regulation of autonomic visceral functions, especially the cardiovascular system: inertia of vascular reactions, orthostatic hypotension with fainting states. The ECG reveals signs of impaired myocardial trophism with phenomena of conduction slowing and shifts in the phase structure of the cardiac cycle. The reactivity of the cardiovascular system to Pharmakol changes. Due to the suppression of immunoreactivity, conditionally pathogenic flora is activated. Some of the subjects experience acute or aggravated chronic infectious processes.
Neuropsychiatric disorders manifest themselves in emotional lability, increasing to neurotic breakdowns. The circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is disrupted. Occurs frequently headache, feeling of heaviness in the head, muscle pain. From 2-4 weeks. hypotension, malnutrition and weakness, especially of the leg muscles, are determined. EM G (see Electromyography) reveals a decrease in bioelectrical activity. Symptoms of oral automatism, hand tremors, and lack of coordination are often detected.
The most characteristic EEG changes (see Electroencephalography) are expressed in dysrhythmia, stagnant exaltation of the alpha rhythm, and a shift in cortical rhythms towards slow waves.
Prevention consists in eliminating a sedentary lifestyle (doing physical exercise at home, introducing physical therapy complexes into the work regime). For patients with limited movement, classes with a methodologist are recommended, as well as constant movement of healthy limbs. In patients with paralysis or paresis, classes should be treated. physical education should be combined with drug treatment(prescription of drugs that improve neuromuscular conduction and regulate muscle tone).
Bibliography: Fundamentals of space biology and medicine, ed. O. G. Gazenko and M. Calvin, vol. 2-3, M., 1975, bibliogr.; P a n o v A. G., L o b z i n V. S. 1v M i-khailenkoA. A. Neurological syndromes of hypokinetic disease, in the book: Human adaptation systems and the external environment, ed. V. G. Artamonova et al., p. 124, L., 1975; P a n o v A. G. et al. Autogenic training, p. 180, JI., 1973; Parin V.V. and Fedorov B.M. On the mechanisms of changes in the reactivity of the body during hypokinesia, in the book: Aviation* and Cosmic. med., ed. V.V. Parina, vol. 2, p. 116, M., 1969; Kraus H. a. Raab W. Hypokinetic disease, Springfield,
Some researchers argue that in our time, physical activity has decreased by 50-100 times - compared to previous centuries, although human nature has not essentially changed. The share of muscle effort in all energy produced on Earth over the past 100 years has decreased from 94% to 1%.
In the middle of the 19th century, when physical labor was the main source of all benefits, work required from a person not only great physical exertion, but also developed motor skills. The aristocracy despised physical labor, but made up for the lack of physical activity by horse riding, cycling and skating, fencing, and dancing. Nikolai Raevsky in the biography of A.S. Pushkina provides information about 15 balls that took place between January 11 and February 16, 1830. At one of the balls, 21 dances were danced. Only well-trained people could withstand such a load.
In the past, the energy expenditure of, for example, a peasant and an artisan was 5-6 thousand kilocalories per day; today, as a rule, they do not exceed 2.5 thousand kcal, which is clearly below the optimal level. It is believed that the average modern man“lacks” an additional level of energy expenditure of about 300 kcal per day. Currently, insufficient muscle activity has become common among people in many professions. Physical activity decreases not only among middle-aged and elderly people, but also among children and adolescents, who spend a significant part of their time sitting at a desk or near a computer.
Let's consider two important concepts that are used to characterize motor activity: hypokinesia and physical inactivity. Hypodynamia (from the Greek hypo - low and dynamis - strength) is a weakening of muscle activity caused by a sedentary lifestyle and limited physical activity.
Hypokinesia(Greek kinesis - movement) - a special state of the body caused by a lack of motor activity. Hypokinesia is a limitation in the range of voluntary movements. Usually hypokinesia is combined with physical inactivity.
Hypokinesia(physical inactivity) today seems to be an environmental and social factor - an inevitable companion of scientific and technological progress, which is accompanied by a significant reduction in the share of physical labor in material production. There are 3 main types of hypokinesia: 1. professional. 2. On an individual level, hypokinesia can be a lifestyle. The third type of hypokinesia, let's call it forced, is a long-known and well-known therapeutic technique (bed rest), used to treat or alleviate many serious diseases.
Hypoxia(Ancient Greek ὑπό - under, below + Greek οξογόνο - oxygen) - a state of oxygen starvation of both the entire body as a whole and individual organs and tissues, caused by various factors: breath holding, painful conditions, low oxygen content in the atmosphere . Due to hypoxia in vital important organs irreversible changes develop. The most sensitive to oxygen deficiency are the central nervous system, heart muscle, kidney tissue, liver. It can cause an inexplicable feeling of euphoria, leading to dizziness and low muscle tone.
This disease occurs due to the following factors:
Reloading- due to excessive functional load on an organ or tissue (in muscles during heavy work, during nerve tissue during an epileptic attack);
Mixed- any severe/prolonged hypoxia acquires a tissue component (hypoxia → acidosis → blockade of glycolysis → lack of substrate for oxidation → blockade of oxidation → tissue hypoxia).
Technogenic- occurs when constantly living in an environment with a high content of harmful emissions
In general, hypoxia can be defined as a discrepancy between energy production and the energy needs of the cell. The main link in pathogenesis is a violation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, which has 2 consequences:
Violation of ATP formation → energy deficiency → disruption of energy-dependent processes, namely:
contractions - contracture of all contractile structures,
synthesis - proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,
active transport - loss of resting potential, entry of calcium ions and water into the cell.
Accumulation of lactic acid and Krebs cycle acids → acidosis causing:
blockade of glycolysis, the only way to produce ATP without oxygen;
increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane;
activation of lysosomal enzymes in the cytoplasm followed by cell autolysis.
Clinic[edit | edit source text]
Manifestations of hypoxia depend on the specific cause (example: skin color in case of carbon monoxide poisoning is bright pink, with oxidizing agents - earthy, in case of respiratory failure - bluish) and age (example: hypoxia in a fetus and an adult).
Most common features are the following:
In acute hypoxia:
An increase in the frequency and depth of breathing, the occurrence of shortness of breath;
Increased heart rate;
For chronic hypoxia:
Stimulation of erythropoiesis with the development of erythrocytosis;
Dysfunction of organs and systems.
A sedentary lifestyle and lack of sufficient physical activity cause atrophy of muscle and bone tissue, a decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs, and most importantly, disruption of the cardiovascular system. At some point a person loses freedom of movement. Freedom of movement is determined by the range of motion in the joints and the functional state of the muscles. And here a vicious circle closes: the fewer movements are made, the more difficult they are; the more difficult they are, the less a person moves; the less a person moves, the less he needs to move.
Bibliography
1. Health-improving physical culture: Textbook. for university students / A.G. Furmanov, M.B. Yuspa. - Mn.: Theseus, 2003. - P. 3-141, 245-484.
2. Khramov V.V. Theory and methodology of health-improving physical culture: Texts of lectures. – Grodno: GrSU, 2000. – 80 p.
3. Amosov N.M., Muravov I.V. Heart and exercise. - M.: Knowledge, 1985. -64 p.
4. Amosov N.M., Bendet Ya.A. Physical activity and the heart. - Kyiv: Health, 1989. - 216 p.
5. Verkhoshansky Yu.V. Programming and organization of the training process. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985. - 176 p.
6. Dineika K.V. Movement, breathing, psychophysical training, Minsk, 1981;
7. Ivanchenko V.A. Secrets of your vigor, M. Infra M, 1998;
8. Kaptelin A.F. Rehabilitation treatment (physiotherapy, massage and occupational therapy) for injuries and deformations of the musculoskeletal system, M., 1969;
9. Kutsenko G.I., Novikov Yu.V. The book about healthy life, M.: Children's literature, 1987;
10. Minkh A.A. Essays on hygiene physical exercise and sports, M.: Education, 2000.
11. Book about health, ed. Yu.P. Lisitsyna, M., 1988.
12. Therapeutic physical culture, ed. V.A. Epifanova, M., 1987;
13. Methodological basics and forms of therapeutic physical culture. Physiological problems of detraining, ed. A.V. Korobkova, M., 1970
14. Human Physiology, ed. N.V. Zimkina, M., 1975.
15. Physical Culture student. Textbook for university students./ Ed. IN AND. Ilyinich. - M.: Gardariki, 1999.
16. Physical culture. Textbook for students of technical universities./Under the general editorship. V.A. Kovalenko. – M.: “ASV”, 2000
Loading...
