The main features of the ideology of the modern Belarusian state. State ideology of the Republic of Belarus: concept, essence, main directions Political foundations of the ideology of the Belarusian state

Lecture #3(2 hours) :

1. Belarusian community, national idea and statehood.

2. Belarusian national statehood.

3. Traditional (sociocultural) ideals and values ​​of the Belarusian people.

Question 1. Belarusian community, national idea and statehood

The concept of Belarusian statehood is based on the system of traditional values ​​of the people living within the Belarusian lands for many centuries. Ideology of statehood- this is a systematized set of ideas and ideas of a given people regarding the prerequisites for the formation of the Belarusian ethno-social community, the features of its state structure, and the prospects for further development.

In the history of ethnic development and the formation of Belarusians as a social community, the following are distinguished: stages:

1) the period of Kievan Rus (XI-XII centuries) is characterized by the formation of intertribal communities (Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi), on the basis of which the Belarusian nationality is formed, as well as a common idea for all East Slavic tribes of culture;

2) during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIII-XVI centuries), the Belarusian nation and its identity were formed on the basis of the Slavic-Orthodox culture;

3) the period of the Commonwealth (XVII-XVIII centuries) - Belarusians' awareness of their Slavic-Orthodox civilized identity, their national and cultural-historical kinship with Great Russians (Russians) and Little Russians (Ukrainians);

4) period Russian Empire(XIX - early XX centuries) - the formation of the Belarusian national idea, the development of the concept of national self-determination of Belarusians;

5) Soviet period(from January 1, 1919 to August 1991) - the process of national self-determination, the constitution of Belarusians as a nation-state, the formation of Belarusian state institutions;

6) in the post-Soviet period (from August 1991 to the present), Belarusians are searching for their adequate civilized identity, in accordance with the historical experience of the development of state forms (social state), as well as ways for its further self-affirmation in the modern world.

The problem of the formation of the Belarusian ethno-social community is directly related to Belarusian national idea .

national idea represents a conscious and expressed idea that this historical community of people is a special social subject: a people, a nation, and that in this capacity it can independently build its internal life activity and its relations with other peoples. The national idea matures in the course of the centuries-old development of this community and acts as the natural core of its self-consciousness.

The national idea of ​​the Belarusians was born and realized throughout entire epochs. At the beginning of the XX century. it was epicly succinctly formulated by Yanka Kupala and figuratively expressed by the words: “We are Belarusians”. In the poem "And who goes there?" the poet declared the existence of Belarusians as an original people and their right to a respectful attitude towards themselves (“And what, what did they care about / Pagardzhan age, blind, deaf? / - People call”) or, as he says in another poem, to occupy "his pachesny pasad among peoples".

The idea “We are Belarusians” is a reflection of the identity of the people, as a special kind of Slavic-Russian community.

The national idea is a complex structural formation. This is both a clearly expressed view of the common fundamental values ​​of a certain national community, and common in society value orientations, and the image and quality of life, and the social and moral ideal, and awareness of the place and role of the country in the world, and national self-identification. Elements of the national idea – these are the original bricks that form the foundation of the ideology of the Belarusian statehood, capable of uniting the majority of citizens of the Republic of Belarus, respecting the rights and interests of national minorities, different confessions and social actors.

The ideology of the Belarusian state is a set of ideas, ideals that reflect national-historical traditions and value orientations that correspond to the goals and characteristics of the Belarusian path of social development. The ideology of the Belarusian state is the core of the political culture of the modern Belarusian society, it plays an important role in the consolidation and further development of the Belarusian people.

Worldview basis State ideology is a national idea that includes the traditional orientations of Belarusians, as well as universal and Christian values, national-state self-consciousness, citizenship and patriotism.

Legal basis The ideology of the state is the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. The main provisions of the ideology of the Belarusian state are fixed
in the Basic Law of the Republic of Belarus, which contains 146 articles defining: the foundations of the constitutional order, relations between the individual, society and the state, the electoral system, the procedure for interaction between the branches of government, the functioning of local government and control bodies, the foundations of the financial and credit system, as well as the procedure for and changes to the constitution itself.

Economic basis ideology of the Belarusian state - the Belarusian economic model of development (socially oriented market economy).

The ideology of the Belarusian state contributes to the formation and development political consciousness people (individual and public), worldview positions and value orientations. The ideology of the Belarusian state provides mechanisms for the political socialization of the individual, education and development of political culture.

Priorities the ideologies of the Belarusian state are: ensuring the national interests and national security of the Republic of Belarus and its sovereignty; creation of a dynamically developing, socially oriented market economy; implementation of the principles of social justice, patriotism and responsibility for the fate of the Belarusian state; providing conditions for the realization of the creative abilities of people in all spheres of the development of society, education, science in accordance with the traditions of the Belarusian people.

At the republican seminar "The system of ideological work in the Republic of Belarus: current state and development prospects" it was rightly noted that "the ideology of the Belarusian state basically contains a clear system of views and values ​​that have been formed over the centuries by the very course of Belarusian history", and its basic principles are "the unity of the nation, social justice, solidarity, morality".

The significance of these principles is emphasized in the National Security Concept of the Republic of Belarus: "Universal human values ​​and national spiritual traditions are reflected in the ideology of the Belarusian state, the basic principles of which are the unity of the nation, social justice, solidarity, morality."

In modern conditions, when carrying out ideological work, it is important to take into account the following features of the ideology of the Belarusian state.

1) Its focus on improving and strengthening the foundations of the Belarusian state and institutions of power. A strong state is the key to sustainable and stable development of the Belarusian society in the context of modern globalization. Strengthening the state means, first of all, the improvement of public administration, and “the creation of an effective state presupposes that the country has formed and effectively operates state and legal conditions for the normal functioning of a socially oriented market economy, protection of the rights
and legitimate interests of citizens and enterprises of all forms of ownership, stimulating investment and innovation activity, raising the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP), the quality and competitiveness of goods
and services produced by the national economy.

2) Its focus on ensuring equality of all forms of ownership, all forms of management. On the basis of equality of all forms of ownership, all forms of management, the tasks of improving the Belarusian models of a socially oriented economy. The Fourth All-Belarusian People's Assembly approved the main provisions of the Program for the Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015, which defines the strategic goals, objectives and priorities, main directions and expected results of the social and economic development of the Republic of Belarus. economic development countries until 2015. In this document, as the main goal of socio-economic development, growth of welfare and improvement of living conditions of the population based on the improvement of socio-economic relations, innovative development and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.

This Program also notes that the country's economy has demonstrated its viability in the context of a deep global economic crisis.

The Belarusian model of economic development consistently takes into account the negative consequences for society that are of great ideological significance
and a person of ill-conceived privatization, unemployment, sharp polarization of incomes of the population, criminalization of consciousness and management practices, etc.

3) Its connection with the formation and development of strong spiritual and moral foundations of the state and society.

In the Republic of Belarus, subject to the principle of equality of religions before the law and the secular nature of the state successfully add up partnerships state and leading historically traditional Churches.

For example, on June 12, 2003, within the framework of civil law, an Agreement on Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Belarusian Orthodox Church. It defines the principles of relations between the state and the Church and the areas of cooperation. On the basis of this Agreement, the Cooperation Programs of the National Academy of Sciences, various ministries and the Belarusian Orthodox Church were signed.

4) Its connection with modern processes of globalization and integration.

Today, the Republic of Belarus is a member of various international integration unions and associations. Special meaning for our country is the construction of the Union State with the Russian Federation, integration processes and the development of cooperation within the framework of the EurAsEC, the CIS.

Belarus considers integration in the post-Soviet space as a main foreign policy and foreign economic priority, proceeding from the fact that, in addition to economic integration, these associations need new facets of cooperation in the social and information spheres, healthcare and sports, and the development of foreign policy priorities
and a single integration ideology. The ideology of the Belarusian state is also open for cooperation of the Belarusian state on the basis of the principles of equality and justice with all countries of the East and West, North and South.

The ideology of the Belarusian state plays a unifying and mobilizing role in modern Belarusian society. It has a powerful and diverse impact on the spiritual world of a person and his worldview, on the social behavior of individuals and groups, on the policy of the Belarusian state, its internal
and international priorities. An important form of dissemination and development of the ideology of the Belarusian state is political symbols.

Similar information.

When analyzing the state ideological discourse in Belarus, two positions are usually distinguished. The first is that, while recognizing the existence of a state ideology in Belarus, they consider it as a continuation of the communist project, a "reserve of socialism", etc.

Another position, which President Lukashenko himself has repeatedly voiced, is that it has not been possible to create any harmonious, unified ideological system in Belarus in 20 years. Let's try to consider these positions in more detail.

Job Nation

In our opinion, the Belarusian state is quite consistently implementing its own ideological project. It certainly has a symbolic and institutional continuity with the BSSR, but a priori it is not socialist, much less communist. On the one hand, the central element and core of this project is the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War, a kind of nationalized "cult of Victory", and the modified state symbols adopted in the 1995 referendum should also be included here. On the other hand, although there were no radical liberal economic reforms in Belarus, nevertheless, market reforms still took place and are taking place. As political scientist Yury Shevtsov notes, "the political power of Belarus was not initially enough to revive the USSR, and therefore the essence of the Belarusian path is not opposition to market reforms, but a specific form of adaptation to them, a special exceptional form of reform". This exceptional form of reform, which implies a high degree of centralization of power and state participation in managing the economy, was due to the need to preserve the large industry inherited by Belarus from the Soviet Union. That is, it was the industrial factor that played perhaps the most important role in the formation of the modern Belarusian state and its ideology.

The problem of perception of the ideological project being implemented in Belarus is also connected with the problems of the model of national identity constructed by the state. A number of Belarusian researchers, for example, Jovita Pranevichute, say that the process of nation formation in modern Belarus is still far from complete.. At the same time, its standard Eastern European version, based on language, historical consciousness and distancing from Russia, is assumed as the content of national identity. The "exemplary" national identity understood in this way is opposed to the Soviet one.

One can hardly agree with this. Actually, the process of Belarusian nation-building was started precisely by the Bolsheviks, and as a result of their determination to create nations in the Soviet Union from the most "suitable" peoples, it became irreversible. But to understand the specifics of the Belarusian national identity and the foundations laid down in the ideological project of the modern Belarusian state, conceptual approaches other than the distinction between "national" and "Soviet" are needed. One of these approaches can be the concept of the Gestalt of the Worker proposed by the German philosopher Ernst Junger and the concept of total mobilization associated with it.. Gestalt of the Worker, Work as a conceptual category for Junger is a kind of all-encompassing principle of the involvement of large human masses, societies, peoples and states in the 20th century in a grandiose constructive activity that grinds all previously existing social and state forms.

The Gestalt of the Worker as the apogee of Modernity is manifested in total mobilization, and in the Belarusian case it is collectivization, super-industrialization, participation and victory in the world war, accelerated urbanization. That is, it was these factors in the aggregate that determined the specifics of the formation of the Belarusian nation, making the Belarusians “a nation of Work in the Jungerian sense. That is why Eastern European ethno-nationalism has not taken root in Belarus, and the ideological foundations of the modern Belarusian state (industrial identity, state symbols, the cult of Victory) are associated with the era of active assertion of the Gestalt of the Worker, for which a specific ideological form (communism, socialism) is not of decisive importance.

Other Europe

Thus, within the framework of Eastern Europe, Belarus is a very interesting exception, and serious differences from other countries of the region and Western Europe, or even contradictions with them, have quite deep value bases. In geopolitical terms, this is expressed in a commitment to an alliance with Russia and the choice of the Eurasian vector of integration, which, in the opinion of the country's leadership, is much more capable of preserving the legacy and industrial identity of the nation. In the context of the politics of memory, this is manifested in a much greater emphasis on the events of the Great Patriotic War than, say, the memory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as part of Western European civilization. However, if we recall the exclusive claims to the heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by a significant part of Belarusian nationalists and the contestation of the historical rights of Lithuanians to it, then we can say that the version of national identity and politics of memory implemented by the Belarusian authorities is much less conflicting towards neighbors.

At the same time, Belarus is positioned precisely as a European state. In one of his New Year's addresses to the nation, President Lukashenko states: "Belarus is a European state. And we don't have to prove it." Nevertheless, differences in the understanding of Europeanness in Belarus and in Western Europe are quite obvious. What are the reasons for these differences? In fact, they were formulated in 2003 in the report of Alexander Lukashenko, devoted to the formation of state ideology: "Belarusian ideology should be oriented towards traditional values ​​for our civilization: the ability to work not only for profit, but also for the benefit of society, the collective, others The need for ideals and lofty goals, mutual assistance, collectivism as opposed to Western individualism... In fact, in the East Slavic (if we take into account the residence in our open spaces and other peoples - Eastern European) world, we remained the only country openly preaching loyalty to our traditional civilizational values. All this allows us to say that with time, fate, the situation, Belarus has moved to the great role of the spiritual leader of Eastern European civilization. And not because we want it, because we aspired to it. Or because we are so smart This happened due to our conservatism and those traits inherent in our people ... which we have kept.

That is, we are talking about the fact that Belarus, within the framework of the state ideology, is perceived as a European country belonging to the eastern version of European civilization, committed to social conservative attitudes and traditional values, which has a protective function in relation to the liberal fundamentalism of the West and East. Comp. verbal characterization of President Lukashenko by American professor Grigory Ioffe during the presentation of his book "Reassessing Lukashenka": "Lukashenko is a democrat, but not a liberal democrat". This vision of the Belarusian identity is preserved in the current ideological discourse of the Republic of Belarus.

This can be seen in the program articles of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus Vladimir Makei, published on English language: "Human Rights: What and Who Made Them Divide the World?" and "Identity Politics and Culture Wars: A New Determinism?". The first article substantiates the thesis that differences in values ​​and understanding of human rights in the West and East are due to different historical and cultural paths of development of the societies belonging to them. Minister Makei, comparing two models of social organization, emphasizes: "Opponents of the West, due to the historical conditioning of their way of thinking, devoted more time to building domestic peace and harmony than spreading their values, it may seem to the ordinary observer that ... collective rights are less valuable than individual rights. But this is a dangerous and defective perception, which, unfortunately, has become widespread in the discourse of human rights in recent times" and concludes the need to respect different identities and paths of development: "Thus, the issue of human rights will not inherently be a conflict, what it is now, if we begin to appreciate each other's special historical ways of development, and treat each other accordingly. And this is especially true in a situation where globalization is giving impetus to the development of policies of awareness of one's own roots, and when the relationship with the "other" is becoming more fundamentally important than ever..

The second article is also sustained in an identitarian, communitarian spirit and contains a polemical message regarding the libertarian and universalist attitudes of Western thinkers: "Do we need a universal culture, civilization, or a universal set of values? I doubt it very much. Regardless of which culture they predominantly reflect "universal culture, civilization or set of values ​​will inevitably lead to a simplified society. Creativity and progress in such a society will undoubtedly end, because this activity has always been driven by intense competition that comes from diversity" . That is, we are talking about a completely conscious conceptual design of those ideological guidelines that Belarus has been guided by for 20 years of its existence as an independent state. And these guidelines are no longer only principles for internal use, but also part of the foreign policy strategy.

You can be convinced of this by reading the article by a member of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, an influential historian Igor Marzalyuk "Who is there?", dedicated to the problems of national ideology. Senator Marzalyuk once again formulates the theses about Belarus's belonging to the European civilization, but already declares the goals of turning Belarus into the center of traditional Europe and the "assembly point" of Eurasia, thus continuing and supplementing the integral rhetoric of President Lukashenko and Minister Makei: "Belarus should strive not only to to survive - it must be competitive and successful. And this is possible only in an equal, partner economic union of states that share our basic values. At the same time, we must postulate our national super-task - to create in our country, based on our own tradition, an organic, healthy synthesis of the European East and West We must appeal to millions of people in Western, Central and Eastern Europe for whom the concept of good and evil, traditional morality and ethics (including the work ethic) and family are as dear to us as they are to us. Belarus should be an attractive center of traditional normality - the center of traditional Europe. [...] Belarus today, due to objective economic, cultural and social factors, continues to preserve and cultivate its traditional civilizational matrix. That is why Belarus can and should become the center of the socio-cultural and economic "assembly" of Eurasia""

Fundamentals of the ideology of the Belarusian state

Under the general editorship

Professor S.N. Knyazev and Professor S.V. Reshetnikova

candidate of legal sciences, professor Knyazev S.N.,

doctor of political sciences, professor Reshetnikov S.V.,

Doctor of Law, Professor Vasilevich G.A.,

Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Zemlyakov L.E.,

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Denisyuk N.P.,

candidate of political sciences, associate professor Antanovich N.A.,

Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor Yaskevich Ya.S.,

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Starovoitova L.V.,

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Grechneva.,

Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Krishtapovich L.E.,

Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor Dmitriev E.I.,

candidate of political sciences Parechina S.G.,

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Antonova N.B.,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Matsel V.M.,

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Cheshchevik A.B.,

doctor of historical sciences, professor Shinkarev V.V.,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Sokolovsky A.A.,

doctor of sociological sciences, professor Kotlyarov I.V.,

doctor of economic sciences, professor Kozik L.P.,

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Adulo T.I.,

Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Bushchik V.V.,

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Matusevich E.V.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Stashkevich N.S.

Vartanova L.V.

PhD in Law, Petrik I.L.

Scientific reviewers: Department of Philosophy, Belarusian State Pedagogical University. M. Tanka; Professor of the Department of Cultural Studies of the Belarusian State University of Culture, Doctor of Social Sciences R.V. Grebennikov

Fundamentals of the ideology of the Belarusian state: Proc. for universities / under. ed. S.N. Knyazeva, S.V. Reshetnikova.-Mn.: Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus.-2004.-690s.

Based on a systematic approach, the book reveals the content of such important components of the ideology of the Belarusian state as the theory, history and methodology of ideological processes, the dynamics of ideological processes, ideological aspects of the activities of state institutions, state policy in the ideological sphere. The content of the textbook corresponds to the curriculum of the special course for higher educational institutions approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus.

The book is intended for students, graduate students and university professors. It is also addressed to professional politicians and ideologists and will be useful to everyone who is interested in the ideological processes taking place in modern Belarusian society.

Foreword

The concept of "ideology" is inextricably linked with a systematic analysis of political, legal, moral and aesthetic relations in society. In the political plane, this construction allows you to better understand this or that phenomenon. Ideology is a kind of environment, “feeding” the political decision-making center, where the legislative, judicial and executive branches of power form a single block.

When significant periods in the life of society come (they also include presidential elections, the formation of local authorities), people express their views by voting for one candidate or another, thoughts whose preferences coincide with the personal sympathies of citizens. Therefore, in the formation and implementation of electoral technologies, the ideological component can be considered as a system of people's value orientations that determines their choice, the scale of their preferences. From this point of view, it is important as a precursor to the adoption of state and political decisions.

At the stage of electoral battles, the term “ideology” can be identified with such a multi-vector concept as “propaganda” or “agitation”, which includes, among other things, knowledge about political technologies, marketing and image-making. When the elections have taken place, the election platforms of the candidates become significant state documents, where the priorities for the power structures are already indicated. Here, the victorious, so to speak, ideological constructions take on the form of doctrines, programs, and projects. Therefore, the constitution of any state, by and large, is the main ideological document, which spells out the main goals of the state (then they are specified in the programs for the development of the economy, social sphere, culture, etc.).

If the decisions of state bodies correspond to the expectations of citizens, and the country's leadership pursues an appropriate policy in all areas, then a certain balance, social balance is observed in the political system.

The ideology of the state is not a frozen idiom, but a mobile and constantly transforming system aimed at meeting the needs and demands of society, clarifying its attitude to various institutions of power. Quite often, after the elections, in the short term, there is a need to change, to some extent, adjust the course based on new trends, specifics and aspirations of people. How to do it correctly, quickly and efficiently? First, the state needs to constantly monitor and probe public opinion in order to identify the preferences of citizens. Secondly, for the ideological support of state policy, in addition to the direct connection “citizen-state”, which is especially pronounced during election campaigns, Feedback"power, governing bodies - a person."

We have formed a social orientation of ideological preferences. The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus clearly states that our country is a welfare state. Thus, Belarusians expect social guarantees from the government, elimination of pain points, first of all, in the economic and social spheres. It seems that the second feature of the Belarusian ideological component is the solution of the whole range of problems related to the elimination of consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Parties complement the general palette of ideological preferences in our country. However, today it is impossible to say with complete certainty which platform enjoys the greatest confidence of voters. In general, our citizens expressed their confidence in the strong government and the institution of the Presidency, as well as their commitment to Christian values.

As for the dialogue between scientists and specialists, whether another universal document is needed, where political, social, philosophical, religious and economic relations will be affected, the question remains open. It seems that the state should be interested in the development of scientific concepts related to the phenomena of “statehood”, “ideology”, “national idea”, since they cannot be imposed “from above”, artificially, but should be “collected” bit by bit.

Attempts to formulate a national idea in recent years have been made more than once. Unfortunately, none of them was successful, and they looked more like a declaration of intent, not justified by scientific developments. After all, the creation of a national idea is not a propaganda action, but the determination of the direction and prospects of state building.

An ideology must, firstly, have an ideological core. According to the authors of the book, this core is Belarusian citizenship, national state consciousness and patriotism. This is the foundation on which the worldview is formed. In addition, of course, the economy, the policy of the state, and other spheres of public life have a significant impact.

We emphasize once again: the ideology of the Belarusian state is the ideology of the Belarusian way of social development, it is an ideal model of social structure.

The structure of the course is systemic, it includes 4 sections, 4 levels of consideration of issues of ideology. The first, theoretical and methodological level is theory, history, methodology and, in particular, the constitution as the legal basis of ideology. The second level - the dynamics of ideological processes - is the "procedural level" of state political decision-making. It covers culture, mentality, mass media, which reflect the thoughts and views of the population and, in turn, form both public opinion and, to the full extent, the socio-political course of the state. The media is a direct and feedback link between the people and the authorities, the most important tool for shaping public consciousness. At the political level, the country's government noted that there are three fundamental pillars on which our country is based: Soviets, powerful trade union and youth organizations. Therefore, in the “Dynamics of ideological processes” section, we also included the topic of the role of trade unions in order to consider how trade unions influence the formation of the ideology of the Belarusian state and economic stability.

In the same section - the theme of the ideology of election campaigns. We considered that this aspect must also be present, since we are talking about the elections of the governing bodies of state power, and this depends on the population, including the media. There is a formation of public opinion, ideas about how state institutions will fulfill political, economic, worldview, ideological tasks. Therefore, it is most important to study and trace the process of organizing and conducting election campaigns.

The third block of problems is devoted directly to decision-making centers. It is called: "State Institutions and Ideological Processes". The formed authorities - the president, parliament, government, local governments - are called upon to act in the interests of the people, the economic prosperity of the country, to protect sovereignty, national integrity. We find out how, taking into account what factors, decisions are made in the administrative sphere, at the highest political level? Isn't it interesting for students, for all citizens?..

And the fourth level, instrumental, includes mechanisms for the implementation of the state course and is called: "State policy in the ideological sphere." Ideology permeates all spheres of the state's life - economic, political, worldview and actually ideological. But you need to know what to do after the announcement of the goals: how, in what ways to achieve them - and what will be the results?

Belarus has a good social science school, rich potential of scientists and teachers. In many ways, it depends on them how this course will be perceived by students, the people, and citizens. We are counting on it very much. After all, this is not some kind of on-duty, opportunistic, propaganda event, but a purely scientific, systems approach to the understanding of the essence of ideology. The deep fundamental development of the course of ideology, on the one hand, significantly promotes the development of our science, on the other hand, it solves an important ideological task: it provides a dialogue with young people within the walls of the university regarding the main directions of internal and foreign policy of our country, to what extent they correspond to the aspirations, needs, demands of citizens. By and large, this is an open, interested dialogue between the authorities and the population.

Continuation. Start at #20

basics
The political foundations of the ideology of the Belarusian state are a set of ideas and ideas of the Belarusian people about the political structure of the Republic of Belarus, the mechanism of interaction between state authorities, the place and role of socio-political forces in the political process and ways to improve the political system.
Democracy
The foundation of the political and state structure of the Republic of Belarus is democracy. The Belarusian people, being the only source of supreme power, creates mechanisms by which citizens take an active part in solving state affairs and resolving political conflicts. Distinctive feature The latest political history of Belarus is the widespread use of forms of direct democracy, referendums, elections and All-Belarusian People's Assemblies.
The referendum is the highest
our form of expression of the will of the people, a way for citizens to make decisions on the most important issues state and public life through the popular vote. It was the holding of referendums in 1995 and 1996 that allowed Belarus to avoid a large-scale state crisis. The positive practice of holding republican referendums testifies to their important role in the formation of the Belarusian state and the possibility of using them not only at the national, but also at the local levels.
Of no small importance is the All-Belarusian People's Assembly (1996, 2001, 2006, 2010), the origins of which originate in the history of the Polotsk Principality. The appeal of the Belarusian authorities to the citizens in especially disturbing and fateful moments for advice testifies to the recognition by the state of the people as the main subject of the political process.
Elections are another form of participation of Belarusians in the exercise of state power. In order for the government to serve the people, it must be controlled by them. Citizens should be able to independently form power structures on the basis of general and free elections.
The Belarusian state creates all the necessary conditions for holding fair, equal and honest elections in order to ensure the coming to power of worthy people elected by the majority of the country's population and enjoying the trust and support of the people. The Republic of Belarus, one of the few countries in the world, has an Electoral Code that contains the legal framework for holding free and democratic elections. Compliance with the norms of the Electoral Code allows Belarusian citizens to create effective bodies of state power and, first of all, the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus.
Thanks to the high professionalism of the deputies in the republic, a the legislative framework for the successful development of our country. The Belarusian Parliament is an arena for political discussions, a place where a free and constructive exchange of views takes place on the most complex and crucial issues of political and socio-economic transformations in the Republic of Belarus. The political situation in Belarus is characterized by the publicity and openness of the political decision-making process.
Today it is obvious that only organs government controlled, created on a legal and legitimate basis, can be the spokesmen of the will of the people and pursue a policy aimed at improving the welfare of the population.
Political pluralism
Democracy in Belarus is based on the principles of pluralism, diversity of political institutions, ideologies and opinions. A necessary factor in the implementation of these principles is a developed civil society, which serves as a kind of social space where the necessary conditions are created to meet the diverse needs of individuals and social groups, to realize their interests and goals. Civil society opposes authoritarian manifestations on the part of state power, protects human rights and freedoms.
The framework of civil society is political parties, public organizations and associations, local governments. Unfortunately, a developed party system has not yet developed in Belarus. The vast majority of political parties are in fact political clubs that do not have the proper organizational structure and social support. Often, parties are created for specific individuals - leaders who are cut off from ordinary members and are only interested in realizing their personal ambitions, which determines the political hopelessness and uncompetitiveness of many parties.
Therefore, strong Councils of Deputies, trade unions and a youth organization (BRSM) should become the backbone of the Belarusian society, designed to ensure the connection of the people with power structures, involve citizens in active state building and exercise control over the activities of state authorities.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, our country managed to preserve the system of local self-government, which allows citizens to directly participate in the management of public affairs, in solving economic and social problems on the ground. However, due to a number of objective reasons, the independence and independence of the Soviets did not take shape in Belarus. Most of the existing powers for the management of administrative-territorial units are concentrated in the executive committees.
There is a need to reform the system of local government and self-government, as a result of which real conditions should be created for the implementation by local councils of the entire range of tasks for territorial self-government, large-scale involvement of the citizens of the republic in the mechanism of public administration in order to implement the basic principle of the Belarusian state - democracy.
The specificity of the processes of self-organization of the Belarusian society lies in the fact that the main initiator of the transformations, the partner of the emerging civil society is the state.
As a result,
In order to promote the youth movement in the republic, a powerful youth organization has been created - the Belarusian Republican Youth Union, which represents the interests of the vast majority of Belarusian boys and girls. Its main tasks are to reveal and reveal the creative potential of young people, to form the worldview of young citizens of the Republic of Belarus based on the principles of patriotism, humanism and morality.
Also, thanks to the efforts of the state, it was possible to return trade unions to their main function - to protect and defend the interests of workers. In the future, it is necessary to ensure a high level of protection for Belarusian workers by strengthening the discipline of trade union cadres and increasing their responsibility to trade union members.
Separation of powers
State power in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. Each government within its powers is independent and independent, which is a necessary condition for building a legal democratic state.
However, the authorities, being separated, should complement each other, forming a single "political mechanism". The solution to this problem is a system of checks and balances. A mechanism is being created in which each branch of power, independently solving state problems, balances the others with its legal means, preventing the possibility of usurpation of the powers of the supreme power by any one body.
The specificity of the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in the Republic of Belarus lies in the fact that the usual triad of powers is supplemented by another one - the presidential one, which takes care of the conflict-free and coordinated functioning of other branches of power, acts as an arbiter between various political forces, which helps to resolve contradictions between them. The mediation of the President is removed from the sphere of public authorities, extended to the relations of state authorities, the state and the people.
Giving the Head of State such a status is necessary to perform the functions assigned to the President by the Constitution - the implementation of continuity and interaction between state bodies, maintaining political and economic stability. The institute of presidency in the Republic of Belarus ensures the functioning of a strong and effective government.
The Belarusian society is aware of the need for a strong institution of the presidency, capable of uniting all the progressive forces of society to bring the country to a new qualitative level of development, build a democratic state and civil society, and create the necessary conditions for revealing the inner potential of the individual.
3. LEGAL BASIS
The legal foundations of the ideology of the Belarusian state are a set of ideas and ideas of the Belarusian people about the sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, the principles of building a legal state and the mechanism for realizing the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
Sovereignty
The only source of state power and bearer of sovereignty in the Republic of Belarus is the people. This means that the people exercise their power independently, both through representative bodies and directly (at referendums, during elections). The sovereign will of the people is decisive in the development of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. It is the people who form the bodies of state power and exercise control over their activities.
Popular sovereignty can be realized only if there is state sovereignty, which is the supremacy, independence and fullness of the highest state power on its territory, independence from other states or international organizations in the conduct of domestic and foreign policy.
There is a dialectical relationship between popular and state sovereignty. Democracy forms the basis of the Republic of Belarus, and the state acts as an authorized representative of the people and undertakes to provide appropriate living conditions for its citizens. The state should not abuse its sovereignty to the detriment of the principles of humanism and democracy.
As written in the Declaration “On the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus” dated July 27, 1990: “The state sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus is established in the name of the highest goal - free development and well-being, a worthy life for every citizen of the republic on the basis of ensuring individual rights in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus and its international obligations."
In order to pursue an independent policy in the interests of its people, the state must have real sovereignty - independence in resolving any domestic and foreign policy issues. However, in today's unipolar world, not everyone succeeds. Superpowers and, above all, the United States, seeking to achieve world domination, carry out economic expansion into less developed states.
For these purposes, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development are used. These international organizations provide financial assistance to states only subject to the fulfillment of certain obligations. Such measures lead to undermining the state sovereignty and dependence of developing countries. It is not surprising that the country's leadership has repeatedly spoken out against Belarus receiving large foreign loans.
The problems of Belarus in the international arena are not caused by internal reasons(allegedly occurring violations of human rights, democracy), but by the Belarusian state pursuing an independent policy, consistently defending national interests, and integrating with Russia. It is the latter circumstance that causes the greatest dissatisfaction of the West, which seeks to establish control over the natural and geopolitical potential of Russia. strengthening Russian Federation through the Union with Belarus, and in the future with other CIS countries, contradicts the implementation of data
plans.
Belarus has become the target of an information war launched against it by the West and, above all, the United States. Particular attention is paid to the formation and support (information, financial, etc.) of radical forces in order to create on their basis the so-called "fifth column", whose activities are aimed at undermining the national security of the Republic of Belarus, destabilizing the domestic political situation, overthrowing
constitutional order. Unfortunately, the goal of the radical opposition is not to develop alternative options for the development of the country, not to find ways to improve the welfare of Belarusian citizens, but to come to power at any cost, even at the expense of limiting state sovereignty.
The country's leadership pursues a policy in the interests of the Belarusian people and unequivocally declares that the sovereignty and independence of Belarus will remain unshakable under any circumstances, even with the deepening of integration processes with the Russian Federation.
The following factors will contribute to maintaining the real sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus:
political and economic independence;
strong and effective state power;
stability and law and order;
national consensus;
capable armed forces;
integration within the CIS.
Constitutional state
The rule of law is a form of state organization
tion, in which the state
The state power in its activities is subject to law and considers the main goal to ensure human rights and freedoms. The state, all its bodies and officials act within the limits of the Constitution and legislative acts adopted in accordance with it. Legal acts or their individual provisions, recognized in the manner prescribed by law as contrary to the provisions of the Constitution, have no legal force.
Signs of the rule of law:
law supremacy;
separation of powers;
mutual responsibility of the individual and the state;
the reality of the rights and freedoms of a citizen;
developed civil society.
The rule of law presupposes the presence of a powerful economic basis, high living standards and the dominance of the "middle" class in the social structure of society. The formation of a rule of law state is possible only in a multi-structural market economy, since economic monopoly gives rise to political monopoly, i.e. dominance of one party, ideology, value system.
The creation of a rule of law requires balanced efforts in various spheres of society. It is impossible to carry out legal reform in isolation from the political, economic, social, etc.
Significant advance of political reforms in case of worsening economic situation rightly can give rise to a protest of the masses. Democracy fades if the state is not able to provide its citizens with security and a simple reproduction of life at the level of elementary biological and social needs.
Building a rule of law state in the Republic of Belarus should contribute to the formation and development of civil society, improve the welfare of citizens, maintain law and order and stability in the country.
Human rights
A person, his rights and freedoms in our country are constitutionally proclaimed as the “highest value”, which the state is obliged to recognize, observe and protect.
The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus establishes fundamentally new concept relationship between the state and the citizen. If in the Soviet period human rights and freedoms occupied a secondary place, and priority was given to the interests of society or individual social groups, now highest value states are the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The state assumed responsibility for creating conditions for the free, dignified and all-round development of the individual.
In the implementation of the rights and freedoms of Belarusian citizens great importance is the creation by the state of real conditions for their implementation. Citizens of Belarus can openly express their views and ideas, establish independent media, create public associations and political parties, and participate in solving state affairs.
In order to determine the main directions of the state's activities to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, their further strengthening and protection, the "National Action Program for the Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens" was adopted as the basis for the formation of a democratic legal social state in Belarus.
Of particular importance in this matter belongs to the Head of State, who acts as a guarantor of human and civil rights and freedoms and takes all measures to protect them. The role of the President as the guarantor of rights and freedoms has been raised to the same level as his role as the guarantor of the entire constitutional system. This confirms the thesis that human rights and freedoms are the main priority of the state.
The Belarusian state will continue to seek more complete observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens, and, first of all, from representatives of power structures, who must not only refrain from any actions that violate or infringe on rights and freedoms, but also create conditions for their implementation, and take measures to restore violated rights.
For all executives in modern conditions, the most important requirements are compliance with current legislation, high level legal culture, which will protect society from making illegal management decisions.
Very often, the main obstacle to the realization of rights is low level legal awareness of Belarusian citizens, elementary ignorance of domestic legislation, legal nihilism. The solution of this problem will be facilitated by the formation of a high political and legal literacy of the population of the Republic of Belarus, the introduction of such academic disciplines, as "Human Rights", "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Republic of Belarus", etc.
The rights and freedoms of a person are closely connected with his duties and, first of all, with the strict implementation of the instructions set forth in the regulatory legal acts, in the refusal to achieve socially significant results by illegal means.
Awareness by each individual of responsibility for his actions, respect for the rights and freedoms of other members of society - necessary condition building a legal democratic state.