How is penicillin diluted for injection? Rules for diluting antibiotics. What type of penicillin is safe for rabbits?

The most popular antibiotic is penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 units. Dosed in action units.

It is better to dissolve penicillin in 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, since it is better retained in the body. In case of individual intolerance to novocaine, use saline solution or water for injection.

There is a rule: 1 ML of solution SHOULD CONTAIN 100,000 units. PENICILLIN

Thus, if the bottle contains 1,000,000 units, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.

Note. Antibiotics are released in ED (units of action), grams, milligrams and percentages.

1 g = 1,000,000 units

1. Take a bottle, check the name of the antibiotic, dose, expiration date of the drug, and integrity of the bottle.

2. Wash and disinfect your hands, put on sterile rubber gloves.

3. Add solvent to the bottle. To dilute antibiotics, dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 are used.

Dilution 1:1

a) Add such a quantity of solvent into the bottle with the antibiotic that 1 ml of the solvent contains 100,000 units of antibiotic (or 100 mg of antibiotic).

For example:

– if the bottle contains 0.5 g, which is 500,000 units, to get 100,000 units in 1 ml, you need to take 5 ml of solvent;

If 1 g (1,000,000 units) – 10 ml of solvent;

If 0.25 g (250,000 units) - 2.5 ml of solvent.

b) When diluted 1:1, all prescribed doses of antibiotics must be divided by 100,000.

For example:

Antibiotic dose 150,000 units - after dilution, draw 1.5 ml into a syringe;

The antibiotic dose is 80,000 units - after dilution, draw 0.8 ml into the syringe.

Dilution 1:2

a) Introduce such a quantity of solvent into the bottle with the antibiotic that 1 ml of solution contains 200,000 units of antibiotic (or 200 mg of antibiotic).

For example:

5 ml of solvent must be added to a bottle with 1,000,000 units of antibiotic;

2.5 ml of solvent must be added to a bottle with 500,000 units of antibiotic;

1.25 ml of solvent must be added to a bottle with 250,000 units of antibiotic.

b) At a dilution of 1:2, all prescribed doses of antibiotics must be divided by 200,000.

For example:

Antibiotic dose 200,000 units - after dilution, draw 1 ml into a syringe;

The antibiotic dose is 350,000 units - after dilution, draw 1.75 ml into the syringe.

Dilution 1:4 (rarely used in pediatric practice)

a) Add such a quantity of solvent into the bottle with the antibiotic that 1 ml of solution contains 400,000 units of antibiotic (or 400 mg of antibiotic).

For example:

2.5 ml of solvent must be added to a bottle with 1,000,000 units of antibiotic.

b) At a dilution of 1:4, all prescribed doses of antibiotics must be divided by 400,000.

For example:

Antibiotic dose 400,000 units - after dilution, draw 1 ml into a syringe;

The antibiotic dose is 600,000 units - after dilution, draw 1.5 ml into the syringe.

4. Indicate on the bottle the date, time of dilution, dose of antibiotic in 1 ml, and sign.

Note. Store the diluted antibiotic in the refrigerator for 24 hours!

5. Test for penicillin. To test for penicillin, draw 0.1 ml of diluted antibiotic into a syringe and add 0.9 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or water for injection. Carry out the test using the scarification method.

Introduction antibacterial agents It is used intravenously or intramuscularly for moderate to severe disease. Parenteral administration allows:

• significantly increase the bioavailability of the product used;
• accelerate the achievement of maximum therapeutic concentrations in plasma and obtain a visible therapeutic effect much faster;
• exclude the effect of digestive system enzymes on the drug;
• provide first aid to unconscious patients with uncontrollable vomiting or dysphagia (impaired swallowing);
• use drugs that are poorly absorbed or destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Antibiotic injections must be performed in a hospital setting. The attending physician must prescribe medications, as well as calculate the dosage of antibiotic required for administration. Antibiotic dosages are selected individually and depend on the age, weight and severity of the patient’s condition.

To prevent the development of allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock), all antibiotics are administered only after a sensitivity test has been performed.

Independent choice of the drug and selection of dosages can cause the development of severe side effects.

Before diluting the drug, the nurse should check the labels on the ampoule with the prescription sheet, and also check the expiration date of the ampoule. The packaging with the syringe must be checked for integrity and expiration date. Then a thorough hand hygiene is carried out. After the gloves are put on, they are treated with an alcohol ball.

The package with the syringe must be opened from the piston side. After opening the package, you should connect the needle to the syringe (the protective cap cannot be removed from the needle).

After opening the metal cap on the antibiotic bottle, you should also treat the rubber protective stopper with an alcohol ball.

Next, you need to remove the protective cap from the needle, draw the required solvent into the syringe (injection water, isotonic physiological solution). After piercing the rubber stopper with a needle, you need to carefully introduce the liquid into the bottle.

After disconnecting the syringe from the needle (the needle remains in the cap), the bottle must be shaken thoroughly until the antibiotic is completely dissolved.

The dissolved drug must be homogeneous, transparent and free of foreign matter. For some antibiotics, a yellowish tint of the solution is allowed.

After the antibiotic has completely dissolved, you need to connect the syringe back to the needle, turn the bottle over and draw out the required amount of medicine.

After collecting the solution, you need to make sure that there are no air bubbles in it. If necessary, turn the syringe over with the needle up, lightly tap the barrel (so that the bubbles rise up) and release the air bubbles.

How to calculate the dose of an antibiotic

Two dilution methods are used - 1:1 and 2:1.

IN pediatric practice They use a one to one dilution, and for adults - two to one.

To correctly calculate the dose, you must remember that 1,000,000 units of the drug is equal to 1,000 milligrams (1 gram). Accordingly, 0.5 grams = 500,000 units, 0.25 grams = 250,000 units.

When diluting an antibiotic using the one-to-one method, 1 milliliter of solvent is used per 100,000 units of antibiotic. Accordingly, to dilute 250 thousand units of the drug, add 2.5 milliliters, 500 thousand - five milliliters, 1 million units - 10 milliliters of solvent.

Dilution of antibiotics and calculation of the required dose in neonatology is also carried out on a one-to-one basis.

If an antibiotic is diluted at a rate of two to one, then 0.5 milliliters of solvent is used per hundred thousand units of the drug.

Accordingly, for 250 thousand units 1.25 of solvent is taken, for 500 thousand - 2.5 and for 1 million units - 5 milliliters of solvent.

Rules for diluting antibiotics

When using the one-to-one dilution method, it must be taken into account that each milliliter of the resulting solution will contain 100 thousand units or 100 milligrams of the drug. Accordingly, every 0.1 milliliter of solution contains 1000 units or ten milligrams of the drug.

The antibiotic solution must be prepared immediately before administration.
Calculation example:

Description

Amorphous or finely crystalline white powder, soluble in water, alcohol, ether and acetone.

Compound

1 bottle of the drug contains active substance: benzylpenicillin sodium salt- 1,000,000 units.

pharmachologic effect

Benzylpenicillin is active against gram-positive microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, anaerobic bacilli, anthrax bacilli), gram-negative cocci (gonococci, meningococci), as well as against spirochetes, some actinomycetes and other microorganisms.

Benzylpenicillin, when administered intramuscularly, is quickly absorbed into the blood and detected in body fluids and tissues; penetrates into the cerebrospinal fluid in small quantities. The maximum concentration in the blood is observed after intramuscular administration after 30-60 minutes. 3-4 hours after a single intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, only traces of the antibiotic appear in the blood. To maintain concentration at a level quite high for a therapeutic effect, injections must be given every 3-4 hours. At intravenous administration the concentration of penicillin in the blood decreases rapidly. Bacteria of the enteric typhoid group, Brucella, mycobacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi and rickettsia do not respond to the action of penicillin. This is due to the fact that these microorganisms are capable of producing a specific enzyme - penicillinase, which destroys the lactam ring in the penicillin molecule, as a result of which they lose their antimicrobial effect.

Application

Treatment of necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, pneumonia, mastitis, wound infection and infections in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, rabbits, fur-bearing animals and dogs, chickens, ducks, turkeys urinary tract, septicemia, phlegmon, as well as actinomycosis, emphysematous carbuncle, streptococcal infection; wash, catarrhal and lobar pneumonia, influenza, stachybotriotoxicosis of horses; streptococcosis, staphylococcosis, infectious stomatitis and rhinitis, plague of fur-bearing animals and dogs; erysipelas of pigs and spirochetosis of poultry.

Dosage

Solutions of the sodium salt of benzylpenicillin are prepared in sterile distilled water or in a 0.5% solution of novocaine, which prolongs the action of benzylpenicillin, or in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and administered intramuscularly. To maintain the required constant high concentration in the blood, penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day in the following doses:

The course of treatment is at least 4-7 days, in severe forms of the disease 7-10 days or more. A solution of benzylpenicillin sodium salt can be administered intravenously (in severe septic conditions). With this method, the dose of antibiotic is 2 times less than that recommended for intramuscular administration. It is also used subcutaneously and as a powder on wound surfaces. If necessary, you can use an aerosol.

Contraindications

Use in animals with hypersensitivity to the drug is prohibited.

Warning

Slaughter of animals for meat is allowed on the 3rd day, consumption of milk for food on the 2nd day after the last administration of the drug. By the specified date, meat and milk are fed to non-productive animals or disposed of (depending on the veterinarian’s conclusion).

Release form

Glass bottles of 500, 1000, 1500 thousand units.

Storage

List B. Dry, dark place at a temperature from +5°C to +20°C.

Inject sodium salt only endolumbarally. For injection under the skin or into muscles, make the solution with 1% novocaine.

Use benzylpenicillin novocaine salt in the form of a suspension, prepare it with isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile water for injection. Administer the drug once a day, only intramuscularly.

A suspension of novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin with aqueous soluble ecmoline is also administered intramuscularly once a day. It comes in 2 bottles, which must be mixed according to the instructions and stored at room temperature.

A long-acting drug is bicillin 1, it is injected for diseases caused by pathogens sensitive to penicillin. Prepare the suspension with isotonic solution.

ED - 1 ml of solvent

Solvents for antibiotics:

0.25% and 0.5% novocaine

Water for injections

Dose ratio a/b in g. and ED:

In a bottle of penicillin units.

We know that for a standard a/b dilution, you need to take 1 ml of solvent for every unit, so for this bottle we will need: UNIT: UNIT = 10 ml of solvent.

In a bottle of penicillin.

U:U = 5 ml of solvent.

In a bottle of penicillin.

For this bottle we need a solvent:

U:U = 2.5 ml of solvent.

The patient must be given a unit of penicillin. There are 0.25 g bottles in the treatment room. How many bottles should I take? How many ml.

Synonyms: Baclofen, Lioresal, Penbak, Penglob.

Pharmachologic effect. Semi-synthetic antibiotic from the penicillin group for oral administration. It has a bacteriolytic (bacteria-destroying) effect. Has a wide spectrum of action, including gram-positive (streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci that do not produce penicillinase -

an enzyme that destroys penicillins) and gram-negative microorganisms (enterococci, gonococci, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, as well as Branhamella catarralis, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella species). Acid-resistant, does not break down in the intestines.

Indications for use. Bacterial infections: bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), dysentery, salmonellosis, colienteritis (inflammation small intestine, caused by Escherichia coli), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis), purulent infections of the skin and soft tissues.

Purpose: parenteral administration of drugs.

Indications: doctor's prescription.

Contraindications: expired suitability of the medicinal product, violation of the sterility of the bottle.

Equipment: bottle of medicines, syringe with needle; 70% alcohol, cotton balls, scissors.

Rules for diluting antibiotics:

Solvents: 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, 0.9% sodium solution chloride, sterile water for injection.

1 ml of solution should contain a unit of penicillin

Thus, if the bottle contains ED, then you need to take 5 ml of novocaine.

Algorithm of actions of the nurse:

1. Read the name on the bottle.

Intramuscular administration of penicillin, especially in massive doses and for a long time, can lead to aseptic infiltrates at the injection site. Aseptic infiltrates occur as a result of hemorrhages at the injection site and compression of the vessels feeding the tissue. In the latter cases, tissue necrosis develops. More often, necrosis is observed in infants and when the depth of needle insertion is insufficient (when solutions enter the subcutaneous fatty tissue). Therefore, injections should be done slowly. The occurrence of infiltrates is usually not a contraindication for further injections, but it requires appropriate measures to be taken. Thermal procedures promote the resorption of infiltrates: paraffin and ozokerite applications and UHF. The use of compresses is undesirable, as they lead to maceration of the skin in the injection area. Less commonly, septic abscesses occur at injection sites of penicillin or other antibiotics, caused by resistant staphylococci that fall on the needle.

Most often, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly. Antibiotics for injection are produced in the form of crystalline powder in special bottles. Before use, it is dissolved in a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride (saline solution 0.9% sodium chloride), water for injection or 0.5% novocaine solution.

Let's look at the rules for diluting antibiotics.

The most popular antibiotic is penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles, units. Dosed in action units.

Cefotaxime is used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, blood poisoning, endocarditis, infections genitourinary system, bones and joints. The use of this antibiotic in patients with immunodeficiency is also effective.

Dosage and dilution of cefotaxime

Before diluting cefotaxime, its dose is calculated, it depends.

The most popular antibiotic is penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles, units. Dosed in action units.

It is better to dissolve penicillin in 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, since it is better retained in the body. In case of individual intolerance to novocaine, use saline solution or water for injection.

There is a rule: 1 ML of the solution MUST CONTAIN food. PENICILLIN

Thus, if the bottle contains ED, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.

Note. Antibiotics are released in ED (units of action), grams, milligrams and percentages.

1. Take a bottle, check the name of the antibiotic, dose, expiration date of the drug, and integrity of the bottle.

2. Wash and disinfect your hands, put on sterile rubber gloves.

3. Add solvent to the bottle. To dilute antibiotics, dilutions of 1:1, 1:2 are used.

Talk to the master and ask him how and with what needles he works. Ask for a portfolio; a good specialist is always happy to show it to clients. If the explanations are too vague or the master offers to do the piercing with a special gun, it is better to refuse his services and continue the search.

Alexander Fleming

It was this Scottish scientist who discovered penicillin. Born August 6, 1881. After leaving school he graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons, after which he remained to work there. After England entered the First world war, became captain of the Royal Army Military Hospital. After the war he worked on isolating pathogens infectious diseases, as well as methods to combat them.

History of the discovery of penicillin

Fleming's worst enemy in his laboratory was mold. A common gray-green mold that affects walls and corners of poorly ventilated and damp rooms. More than once, Fleming lifted the lid of a Petri dish and then noticed with annoyance that the streptococcal cultures he was growing were covered with a layer of mold. As soon as the bowl with the biomaterial was left in the laboratory for a few hours, the nutrient layer on which the bacteria grew immediately became covered with mold. As soon as the scientist did not fight with her, everything was in vain. But one day, on one of the moldy bowls, he noticed strange phenomenon. A small bald patch has formed around the colony of bacteria. He was under the impression that bacteria simply could not multiply in moldy areas. The antibacterial effect of mold has been known since ancient times. The first mention of the use of mold to treat purulent diseases was mentioned in the writings of Avicenna.

Discovery of penicillin

Having preserved the “strange” mold, Fleming grew an entire colony from it. His research showed that streptococci and staphylococci were unable to develop in the presence of this mold. Having previously carried out various experiments, Fleming concluded that under the influence of some bacteria others die. He called this phenomenon antibiosis. He had no doubt that in the case of mold, he had encountered the phenomenon of antibiosis with his own eyes. After careful research, he was finally able to isolate an antimicrobial drug from the mold. Fleming named the substance penicillin in honor of Latin name the type of mold from which he isolated it. Thus, in 1929, in the dark laboratory of St. Mary's Hospital, the well-known penicillin was born. In 1945, Alexander Fleming, as well as the scientists who established the industrial production of penicillin, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain, were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Industrial production of the drug

Fleming's attempts to establish industrial production of penicillin were in vain. Only in 1939, two Oxford scientists, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain, after several years of work, were able to achieve noticeable success. They obtained a few grams of crystalline penicillin, after which they began the first tests. The first person whose life was saved by administering penicillin was a 15-year-old boy suffering from blood poisoning.

• How penicillin was discovered in 2018

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• Pain under breasts in rib cage area? Help?

What can cause pain?

Malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract;

Various pathologies nervous system;

Osteochondrosis thoracic spine.

How to determine the cause of pain?

Survey gastrointestinal tract is also required if there is pain on the left side chest accompanied by nausea and vomiting, since it is necessary to exclude the presence of malignant neoplasms.

Pain in the left hypochondrium caused by an enlarged spleen is extremely dangerous. If you feel an attack of severe cutting pain in the left hypochondrium, accompanied by darkening of the skin around the navel, you must urgently call emergency assistance. We may be talking about a ruptured spleen, and the lack of timely medical care may be fatal.

If attacks acute pain after a few days they begin to be accompanied skin rashes, the patient may be diagnosed with herpes zoster.

Sometimes the cause of attacks of acute causeless pain in the left side of the chest is a pathology of the nervous system. Typically, such pain occurs suddenly and disappears without painkillers, accompanied by cramps or migraines.

Discovery of penicillin

The discovery of penicillin was truly a happy accident. Scientist, professor, and later Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming, lived and worked in Scotland at the beginning of the last century. During World War II, he worked as a doctor in a military hospital. At that time, people died from blood poisoning and gangrene, despite the fact that the operations were carried out successfully. Fleming really wanted to find a drug that would be able to prevent sepsis.

The scientist was somewhat sloppy, and having left home, where he conducted experiments in search of a cure, for a long time, he left the Petri dishes dirty. In them he conducted bacteriological experiments. When the doctor returned, he discovered that mold had bloomed everywhere, and in one of the cups it had killed staphylococcus. The scientist brought this mold by accident from a neighboring laboratory where experiments were carried out with mold fungi.

These events took place in 1928 and, until the 40s, Fleming struggled to develop a cure. Because it was necessary not only to understand how it works, but also to conduct experiments, develop the required form of the drug and set up production. Only in 1941 was it possible to save the first person from death with the help of penicillin. And mass production of this antibiotic was established by 1952. From this point on, penicillin could be purchased at most pharmacies.

How does penicillin work?

Penicillin is safe for humans and animals, unlike antiseptic drugs. Its action is based on the inhibition of the vital activity of bacteria that produce peptidoglycan, which is involved in the construction cell membranes. Penicillin blocks the production of this substance, thereby preventing the construction of new bacterial cells and destroying existing ones. Human cells are not exposed to penicillin because they have a different structure.

Penicillin today

It is generally accepted that penicillin is becoming obsolete as an antibiotic. That he is no longer able to cope with the huge number of pathogenic bacteria that, having adapted to him, have mutated, forming new species. This is partially true, but today new semi-synthetic drugs have been created to which bacteria have not yet had time to adapt, unlike natural penicillin.

However, in surgery, only this antibiotic can cope with acute purulent infections. Semi-synthetic antibiotics are mostly unable to cure such an infection and their use in the fight against it is useless. Penicillin often becomes last hope for diseases such as furunculosis, meningitis, pneumonia. It is mainly used in the form of intravenous and intramuscular injections. This is preferable for the body, as the intestinal microflora suffers less, unlike the use of tablets.

Tip 7: Why does it often sting under the ribs on the left side?

Possible causes of pain

Severe stabbing “dagger” pain can signal a perforation of a stomach ulcer, injury to the spleen (up to its rupture).

Stitching pain when coughing, accompanied by high fever, is one of the symptoms of left-sided pneumonia.

Rules for diluting antibiotics

Most often, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly. Antibiotics for injection are produced in the form of crystalline powder in special bottles. Before use, it is dissolved in a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride (saline solution 0.9% sodium chloride), water for injection or 0.25%, 0.5% solution of novocaine, 2% solution of lidocaine.

The most popular antibiotic is PENICILLIN (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of ED. Dosed in action units.

It is better to dissolve penicillin in a 0.25% or 0.5% solution of novocaine, because it is better retained in the body. In case of individual intolerance to novocaine, use saline solution or water for injection.

There is a rule: For 100 thousand units (0.1 g) of penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt), take 1 ml of solvent.

Thus, if the bottle contains ED, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.

The penicillin solution cannot be heated, because under the influence of high temperature it is destroyed. Penicillin can be stored in diluted form for no more than a day. Penicillin should be kept in a cool and dark place. Iodine also destroys penicillin, so iodine tinctures are not used to treat the rubber stopper of the bottle and the skin at the puncture site.

Penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day every 4 hours. If the contents of the bottle are intended for one patient, penicillin is diluted randomly with 2-3 ml of novocaine or water for injection (if there is an allergy).

STREPTOMYCIN can be dosed both in grams and in units (units of action). Bottles of streptomycin are available in 1.0 g, 0.5 g, 0.25 g. Therefore, in order to dilute it correctly, you need to know TWO RULES:

1.0 gr. corresponds to ED.

A unit of streptomycin is diluted with 1 ml of 0.5% novocaine

IU - 2 ml 0.5% novocaine

IU - 4 ml 0.5% novocaine _

BICILLIN is an antibiotic of prolonged (extended) action. Bicilin - 1, Bicilin - 3, Bicilin - 5. It is produced in bottles of ED, ED, ED, ED.

The solvent used is isotonic sodium chloride solution, water for injection. It is necessary to REMEMBER that ED take 2.5 ml of diluent

Rules for performing bicillin injections:

1. The injection is performed as quickly as possible, because the suspension crystallizes. The injection needle should have a wide bore. Air from the syringe should only be released through the needle cone.

2. The patient must be fully prepared for the injection. We dilute carefully in the presence of the patient. When diluting the suspension, there should be no foaming.

3. The suspension is quickly drawn into the syringe.

4. The drug is administered only IM, deep into the muscle , it is better to use the 2-step method in the thigh: before insertion, after puncturing the skin, pull the plunger towards you and make sure that there is no blood in the syringe. Add the suspension.

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• HomeBeauty and HealthSauna, Massage, Fitness How to dilute penicillin?

How to dilute penicillin?

How to dilute penicillin?

Antibiotics of the penicillin series are among the oldest, are low-toxic and have high antibacterial activity. A sufficient amount of penicillins can only be taken by injection, since they are destroyed in an acidic environment, then their effect is not noticeable.

Penicillin is prescribed for inflammatory processes caused by streptococci and staphylococci. Spirochetes, pneumococci.

Penicillin antibiotics are available in powder form and sold in bottles. For intramuscular administration, the powder must be diluted immediately before injection, since the diluted solution quickly decomposes. It is eliminated from the body very quickly; very frequent administration over a course of five to seven days is required.

Powder for injection must be diluted with isotonic solution, water for injection or novocaine.

It can be diluted with any solvent, but it must be taken into account that novocaine is an anesthetic, but penicillin diluted with novocaine may become cloudy, this does not affect the quality of the medicine. Keep in mind that novocaine ndash; allergen. You must know your body's reaction to such a remedy.

If you need to administer 250 mg of oxacillin sodium intramuscularly, then this amount is diluted with 1.5 ml of water for injection, 500 mg ndash; 3 ml water.

Ampicillin sodium and ampiox sodium are also diluted with water for injection; for this, 2 ml of solvent is taken per bottle of powder.

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How to dilute penicillin correctly

Usually penicillin antibiotics are produced in powder form, packaged in special bottles and in this form supplied to pharmacies and medical institutions. As a rule, any solution prepared from these powders is subject to rapid decomposition, so it is usually recommended to dilute penicillin immediately before using it. At the same time, it is not allowed to dilute penicillin with other drugs, except for the liquid in which its powder was mixed. The rule is relevant even when such drugs are used together in complex therapy.

Before asking a patient to dilute penicillin for appropriate injections, the doctor will most likely weigh the possible risks, the hypothetical harm of using this particular antibiotic and the benefits that it can bring. If the former are outweighed, another antibiotic will almost certainly be prescribed. In case the best option such injections will be recognized, penicillin for their implementation will be diluted in novocaine, so-called. injection water and saline solution (water with sodium chloride). Each of them has its own dosage prescribed.

If it is intended to dilute penicillin with novocaine, it is permissible to use a 0.25-, 0.5- or 1% solution of the latter, depending on medical prescriptions. For one-time mixing, thousand are taken. units of the antibiotic itself. The dosage in each case is prescribed strictly individually, based on the age of the sick person and the nature of the course of the disease. Don’t worry if you dilute penicillin with novocaine and the resulting solution becomes slightly cloudy. Such a reaction in this case is considered normal.

As for the volume of novocaine in which penicillin should be diluted, these drugs are usually combined at the rate of 5-10 thousand units of the latter per milliliter of the former. By the way, approximately the same proportion is observed when it is prescribed to dilute penicillin with other substances: sterile injection water or saline solution. In this case, you must definitely adhere to a certain daily dosage drug. For adults, its maximum is 500 thousand-2 million units, based on the characteristics of the disease, for children - no more than 60 thousand units. for every kilogram of body weight.

For certain ailments: inflammation of the head or spinal cord etc., endolumbar (into the spine) injections are required. In this case, it is also recommended to dilute penicillin with cerebrospinal fluid - the spinal cord fluid of the patient himself. For 3-4 ml of a regular penicillin solution, a similar volume of cerebrospinal fluid is taken, and thus an injection is given, strictly according to medical instructions and only by medical personnel. Penicillin is also diluted to create eye drops. Then fill the bottle with penicillin completely, but without the top, with saline solution or injection water and stir well.

Penicillin: how to dilute correctly?

IN modern times in the fight against various diseases, including purulent ones, penicillin is widely used. This drug is obtained from an extract of mold fungi, and its effectiveness has already been proven.

Penicillin is an antibiotic, that is, an antiviral and antimicrobial agent wide range actions. It is produced in powder form. This begs the question, if the powder on sale is penicillin, how to dilute it? medicine. In diluted form, penicillin does not participate in cell breakdown processes and is not adsorbed in the liver. It is these properties that distinguish it from many other medications. Therefore, penicillin is the maximum effective remedy, which is not harmful to health.

This medicine is widely used for purulent inflammations, conjunctivitis, infections. Few people know how to make penicillin. Penicillin is mainly used intramuscularly. Of course, we can take it orally in a diluted form, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Penicillin is diluted immediately before use. Depending on the severity and nature inflammatory process, the dosage of drug dilution may vary. For example, for each disease, penicillin, how to inject and in what dosage is prescribed by the doctor, and you must follow his recommendations when using this drug. Penicillin is always diluted with saline solution (sodium chloride) and novocaine. When administering the drug drip, penicillin is diluted with glucose.

If it is necessary to use penicillin intramuscularly, it is necessary to clearly take into account possible harm for health and its fundamental benefits. Therefore, before you get penicillin at the pharmacy, you should read the instructions. The standard penicillin dilution scheme looks like this: 1:1/3:1/3. That is, one dose of penicillin, one third of the dosage of antibiotic, sodium chloride and one third of novocaine. Changes in the dosage of the drug can only be adjusted by a doctor.

Each person was directly exposed to penicillin at home. What is penicillin, how to get this miracle drug, many would like to know. In principle, penicillin is a mold fungus that everyone has repeatedly encountered when bread and other products spoil, but the use of such penicillin is not safe. It is important to remember that for any disease, you must contact a specialist; you should not self-medicate.

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Benzylpenicillin - drugs (sodium salt, potassium salt, novocaine salt, benzathine benzylpenicillin, etc.), action, instructions for use (how to dilute, dosage, methods of administration), analogues, reviews, price

Varieties, names, composition, release forms and general characteristics

• Benzylpenicillin sodium salt ( trade names drugs – “Benzylpenicillin sodium salt”, “Novocin”, Penicillin G);
• Benzylpenicillin potassium salt (trade name of the drugs is “Benzylpenicillin potassium salt”);
• Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt (trade name of the drugs is “Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt”);
• Benzylpenicillin procaine salt (trade name of the drugs is “Procaine Penicillin”);
• Benzathine benzylpenicillin (trade names of drugs - “Retarpen”, Extensillin, Bicillin-1, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Moldamin);
• Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin).

All of these varieties of benzylpenicillin contain as active substance namely benzylpenicillin in the form of various salts. Dosage of any variety medicinal product indicated in IU (international unit) or ED - units of action of pure benzylpenicillin. Since the dosage for all types of the drug is universal, they can be easily compared with each other and, if necessary, replace one with another.

Benzylpenicillin - drugs

• Benzylpenicillin potassium salt;
• Benzylpenicillin sodium salt;
• Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt;
• Benzathinebenzylpenicillin;
• Bicillin-1 (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
• Bicillin-3 (a mixture of benzathine, sodium and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin);
• Bicillin-5 (a mixture of benzathine and procaine salt of benzylpenicillin);
• Moldamine (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
• Novocin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
• Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin sodium salt);
• Procaine Penicillin (benzylpenicillin procaine salt);
• Retarpen (benzathine benzylpenicillin);
• Extensillin (benzathine benzylpenicillin).

Action

• Gonococci (Neisseria gonorrheae);
• Meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis);
• Pneumococci;
• Staphylococci that do not produce penicillinase;
• Streptococci of groups A, B, C, G, L and M;
• Enterococci;
• Alcaligenes faecalis;
• Actinomycetes;
• Bacillus anthracis;
• Clostridiae;
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae;
• Erysipelothrix insidosa;
• Escherichia coli;
• Fusobacterium fusiforme;
• Leptospirae;
• Listeia monocytogenes;
• Pasteurella multocida;
• Spirilllim minus;
• Spirochaetaceae (causative agents of syphilis, yaws, Lyme borreliosis, etc.);
• Streptobacillus moniliformis;
• Treponema pallidum.

Indications for use

Sodium, potassium, novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin

• Infectious diseases of the respiratory system (pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural empyema, bronchitis, etc.);
• Infectious diseases of the ENT organs (tonsillitis, scarlet fever, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, etc.);
• Infections of the genitourinary tract (gonorrhea, syphilis, cystitis, urethritis, adnexitis, salpingitis);
• Purulent infections of the eye, mucous membranes, skin and bones (for example, blenorrhea, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, mediastinitis, osteomyelitis, phlegmon, erysipelas, wound infection, gas gangrene, etc.);
• Purulent meningitis or brain abscess;
• Sepsis or septicemia;
• Peritonitis;
• Arthritis;
• Treatment of diseases caused by spirochetes, such as syphilis, yaws, pinta, anthrax, etc.;
• Treatment of fever caused by rat bites;
• Treatment of infections caused by clostridia, listeria and pasteurella;
• Prevention and treatment of diphtheria;
• Prevention and treatment of complications of streptococcal infections, such as rheumatism, endocarditis and glomerulonephritis.

Preparations containing benzylpenicillin benzathine

• Long-term prevention of relapses of rheumatism;
• Syphilis;
• Yaws;
• Infections caused by group B streptococci, such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas;
• Prevention of postoperative infections.

In general, the main difference between benzathine benzylpenicillin preparations and other salts of this substance is that they are optimal for long-term therapy, since they have a long-lasting effect and are therefore recommended for treatment chronic diseases. All other benzylpenicillin salts (potassium, sodium, novocaine and procaine) have a short duration of action and are therefore optimal for the treatment of acute infections.

Instructions for use

Rules for choosing benzylpenicillin salt

Dilution of Benzylpenicillin

• Sterile water for injection (can be used for any type of injection - intravenous, intramuscular, lumbar, subconjunctival, etc.);
• Saline solution (used only for preparing solutions for intravenous, intramuscular, lumbar, pleural, subcutaneous administration);
• 2.5% and 5% Novocaine (used only for preparing a solution for intramuscular injection);
• 5% glucose (used only for preparing solutions for intravenous infusions, so-called “droppers”).

To prepare a solution for injection, select a suitable solvent and draw it into a sterile syringe in a volume of 1 - 3 ml, if planned. intramuscular injection, or 5 - 10 ml for any other type of injection (intravenous, pleural, etc.). Then remove the top aluminum cap from the bottle with benzylpenicillin powder with the required dosage. Using the needle of a syringe with a solvent, pierce the rubber stopper of the bottle with benzylpenicillin powder and carefully release the entire volume of liquid. After this, the needle is raised above the surface of the liquid and the bottle is gently shaken until the powder is completely dissolved. When a clear solution without impurities or flakes is formed in the bottle, stop shaking. When using Novocaine as a solvent, the finished solution may be slightly cloudy, but without flakes. Next, lower the syringe needle to the very bottom of the bottle and draw the entire volume of the solution into it. Then the needle is removed from the stopper and the injection is made.

• Sterile water for injection;
• Saline;
• 2.5% and 5% Novocain.

To prepare the solution, take 5 ml of the selected solvent into a sterile syringe, remove the aluminum foil from the bottle with the powder and pierce the rubber stopper with a needle. Then the entire volume of the solvent is released into the bottle with the powder and gently shaken until a clear solution is formed. After this, draw the entire volume of the resulting solution into a syringe, remove the needle from the stopper and perform the injection.

Methods of administration of benzylpenicillin salts

• Intramuscularly;
• Intravenously;
• Subcutaneously;
• Pleural (in the pleura of the lung);
• Lumbar (into the spinal canal);
• Subconjunctival (in the eye tissue);
• IN ear canal ear in the form of drops;
• In the nasal passages in the form of drops;
• Intraorgan (introduced directly into the tissue of an organ during surgery).

During therapy, you can change the method of administration of benzylpenicillin drugs or combine them if necessary. For example, at the beginning of therapy, benzylpenicillin can be administered intravenously to quickly achieve a therapeutic effect, and after a few days switch to intramuscular injections, etc.

Dosage

Benzylpenicillin sodium and potassium salt - instructions for use

Novocaine and procaine salts of benzylpenicillin - instructions for use

Benzathine benzylpenicillin - instructions for use

• Bicillin-1 – adults are given a food supplement once a month. Children weighing less than 25 kg are given food supplements, and children weighing more than 25 kg food food are also administered once a month;
• Bicillin-3 – adults are given a meal once a week. For children this drug cannot be used;
• Bicillin-5 - adults are given one meal once every three weeks, and children are given a meal every 2 weeks.

special instructions

Impact on the ability to operate machinery

Interaction with other drugs

Benzylpenicillin for syphilis - instructions for use and dosage. Can syphilis be treated with Ceftriaxone if you are allergic to penicillin? Consequences, complications and prevention of syphilis - video

Benzylpenicillin for children

Side effects

2. Central nervous system:

• Candidiasis of the vagina or oral cavity;
• Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (fever, chills, low arterial pressure, tachycardia, nausea, headache, muscle pain). Usually occurs in the treatment of syphilis and other diseases caused by spirochetes;
• Interstitial nephritis;
• Anemia;
• Leukopenia (the level of white blood cells in the blood is below normal);
• Thrombocytopenia (the level of platelets in the blood is below normal);
• Violation of the pumping function of the myocardium (only for sodium salt of benzylpenicillin);
• Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, hyperkalemia (only for benzylpenicillin potassium salt);
• Oliguria (small amount of urine excreted);
• Albuminuria (protein in the urine) and hematuria (blood in the urine) develop only against the background of existing nephropathy.

Contraindications for use

• Individual increased sensitivity or allergic reactions for antibiotics of the penicillin or cephalosporin group (Cephalexin, Ceftazidime, etc.);
• Hyperkalemia – increased level potassium in the blood (only for potassium salt);
• Arrhythmia (potassium salt only);
• Premature babies and newborns up to six months (only for benzylpenicillin procaine salt);
• Age under 12 years (only for Bicillin-3).

In the presence of epilepsy, lumbar administration of benzylpenicillin solutions is contraindicated.

Benzylpenicillin - analogues

• Azlocillin sodium salt lyophilisate for the preparation of a solution for intravenous administration;
• Amosin tablets, capsules and powder for the preparation of solution for oral administration;
• Ampicillin capsules, tablets, granules for the preparation of a suspension for oral administration, powder for the preparation of a solution for injection;
• Gramox-D powder for the preparation of suspension for oral administration;
• Carbenicillin disodium salt powder for solution for injection;
• Oxacillin capsules, tablets, powder for solution for injection;
• Ospamox capsules, tablets and powder for the preparation of suspension for oral administration;
• Ospen 750 syrup;
• Standacillin capsules;
• Star-Pen granules for the preparation of a suspension for oral administration;
• Phenoxymethylpenicillin dragees, tablets, granules and powder for the preparation of suspension for oral administration;
• Hiconcil capsules and powder for the preparation of suspension for oral administration;
• Ecobol tablets.

• Benzylpenicillin sodium and potassium salts, units, 1 bottle – 6 – 8 rubles;
• Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt, unit, 1 bottle – 6 – 7 rubles;
• Bicillin-1, unit, 1 bottle – 6 – 7 rubles;
• Biillin-3, ED, 1 bottle – 9 – 22 rubles, 50 bottles – 417 – 448 rubles;
• Bicillin-3, ED, 1 bottle – 12 – 15 rubles, 50 bottles – 422 – 558 rubles;
• Bicillin-5, ED, 1 bottle – 12 – 20 rubles, 50 bottles 613 – 679 rubles;
• Retarpen, ED, 50 bottles, 400 – 500 rubles.

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Most often, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly. Antibiotics for injection are produced in the form of crystalline powder in special bottles. Before use, it is dissolved in a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride (saline solution 0.9% sodium chloride), water for injection or 0.25%, 0.5% solution of novocaine, 2% solution of lidocaine.

The most popular is antibiotic PENICILLIN(benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 units. Dosed in action units.

It is better to dissolve penicillin in a 0.25% or 0.5% solution of novocaine, because it is better retained in the body. In case of individual intolerance to novocaine, use saline solution or water for injection.

There is a rule: For 100 thousand units (0.1 g) of penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt), 1 ml of solvent is taken.

Thus, if the bottle contains 1,000,000 units, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.

X =------------------= 10 ml solvent

The penicillin solution cannot be heated, because under the influence of high temperature it is destroyed. Penicillin can be stored in diluted form for no more than a day. Penicillin should be kept in a cool and dark place. Iodine also destroys penicillin, so iodine tinctures are not used to treat the rubber stopper of the bottle and the skin at the puncture site.

Penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day every 4 hours. If the contents of the bottle are intended for one patient, penicillin is diluted randomly with 2-3 ml of novocaine or water for injection (if there is an allergy).

STREPTOMYCIN can be dosed both in grams and in units (units of action). Vials of streptomycin are available in 1.0 g, 0.5 g, 0.25 g. Therefore, in order to dilute it correctly, you need to know TWO RULES:

1.0 gr. corresponds to 1,000,000 units.

0.5 g -"-"- 500000 units.

0.25 g -"-"- 250000 units.

250,000 units of streptomycin are diluted with 1 ml of 0.5% novocaine

500,000 units - 2 ml of 0.5% novocaine

1,000,000 units - 4 ml of 0.5% novocaine _

BICILLIN - antibiotic of prolonged (extended) action. Bicilin - 1, Bicilin - 3, Bicilin - 5. It is produced in bottles of 300,000 units, 600,000 units, 1,200,000 units, 1,500,000 units.

The solvent used is isotonic sodium chloride solution, water for injection. It is necessary to REMEMBER that 300,000 units take 2.5 ml of diluent

600000 units -"-"- 5 ml

1200000 IU-"-"- 10 ml

1500000 IU-"-"- 10 ml

Rules for performing bicillin injections:

1. The injection is performed as quickly as possible, because the suspension crystallizes. The injection needle should have a wide bore. Air from the syringe should only be released through the needle cone.

2. The patient must be fully prepared for the injection. We dilute carefully in the presence of the patient. When diluting the suspension, there should be no foaming.

3. The suspension is quickly drawn into the syringe.

4. The drug is administered only IM, deep into the muscle , it is better to use the 2-step method in the thigh: before insertion, after puncturing the skin, pull the plunger towards you and make sure that there is no blood in the syringe. Add the suspension.

5. Apply a heating pad to the injection site.