Outstanding historical figures (real-life and legendary) - briefly - from “A” to “L”. Outstanding historical figures of Russia Figures of Russian history

Approximate list of historical figures - page No. 1/1

Approximate list of historical figures

(Historical figures are in italics, the likelihood of whose appearance in KIMs and the Unified State Exam in history is unlikely. Historical figures from the course of general history are in bold italics. For monarchs, the chronological framework of their reign is indicated in brackets.)

Ancient world:

1. 
   Gaius Julius Caesar
2. 
   Solon
3. 
   Alexander the Great

1. 
   Rurik (862–879)
2. 
   Oleg (879–912)
3. 
   Igor (912–945)
4. 
   Princess Olga (945–969)
5. 
   Svyatoslav Igorevich (964–972)
6. 
   Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (980–1015)
7. 
   Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054)
8. 
   Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)
9. 
   Mstislav the Great (1125–1132)

1. 
   Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157)
2. 
   Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1174)
3. 
   Vsevolod III the Big Nest (1176–1212)
4. 
   Daniil Galitsky (1201-1264, Galician-Volyn prince)
5. 
   Alexander Nevsky (1252–1263)
6. 
   Daniil Alexandrovich (1276–1303)
7. 
   Yuri Danilovich (1303–1325)
8. 
   Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325–1340)
9. 
   Semyon the Proud (1340–1353)
10. 
    Ivan II the Red (1353–1359)
11. 
    Dmitry Donskoy (1359–1389)
12. 
    Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389–1425)
13. 
    Vasily II the Dark (1425–1462)
14. 
    Theophanes the Greek (icon painter, second half of the 14th – early 15th centuries)
15. 
    Andrei Rublev (icon painter, active in the first quarter of the 15th century)
16. 
    Sergius of Radonezh (monk, representative of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 14th century).
17. 
    Aristotle Fioravanti (architect, mid-15th century)
18. 
    Batu (Mongol commander and statesman, military leader of the campaign to the West in 1236–1242, ruler of the Golden Horde)
19. 
    Genghis Khan

1. 
   Ivan III (1462–1505)
2. 
   Basil III (1505–1533)
3. 
   Elena Glinskaya (1533–1538)
4. 
   Ivan IV the Terrible (1533–1584)
5. 
   Andrei Kurbsky (statesman, publicist of the 20-80s of the 16th century)
6. 
   Fyodor Ivanovich (1584–1598)
7. 
   A.F. Adashev (member of the Elected Rada; 1548–1560)
8. 
   Dionysius (icon painter of the second half of the 15th century)
9. 
   Joseph Volotsky (representative of the Russian Orthodox Church of the second half of the 15th – early 16th centuries)
10. 
    Joan of Arc
11. 
    Timur (Tamerlane)

1. 
   Boris Godunov (1598–1605)
2. 
   False Dmitry I (1605–1606)
3. 
   Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)
4. 
   False Dmitry II (“Tushino thief”, activity in 1606–1610)
5. 
   Ivan Bolotnikov (leader of the 1606–1607 uprising)
6. 
   D.M. Pozharsky (leader of the II militia during the Time of Troubles)
7. 
   K. M. Minin (leader of the II militia during the Time of Troubles)
8. 
   Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613–1645)
9. 
   Alexey Mikhailovich (1645–1676)
10. 
    Fyodor Alekseevich (1676–1682)
11. 
    Princess Sophia (regent 1682–1689)
12. 
    Patriarch Nikon (carrying out church reform in the 1650s–1660s)
13. 
    Avvakum (religious figure, ideologist of the church schism, 40-70s. XVII century)
14. 
    A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin (statesman under Alexei Mikhailovich)
15. 
    S.T. Razin (leader of the uprising 1667–1671)
16. 
    V.V. Golitsyn (Princess Sophia's favorite)
17. 
    Simon Ushakov (17th century icon painter)
18. 
    Simeon of Polotsk (cultural figure of the 17th century)
19. 
    Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Ukrainian state and military leader, Ser. XVII V.)
20. 
    H. Columbus

1. 
   Peter I (1682–1725)
2. 
   F.M. Apraksin (state figure of the Peter the Great era, end of the 17th century - first quarter of the 18th century)
3. 
   Catherine I (1725–1727)
4. 
   Peter II (1727–1730)
5. 
   Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740)
6. 
   Elizaveta Petrovna (1741–1761)
7. 
   Peter III (1761–1762)
8. 
   Catherine II (1762–1796)
9. 
   E.R. Dashkova
10. 
    G.A. Potemkin
11. 
    Paul I (1796–1801)
12. 
    HELL. Menshikov (statesman 1700–1720s)
13. 
    E.I Biron(Anna Ioannovna's favorite)
14. 
    A.V. Suvorov (military leader of the second half of the 18th century)
15. 
    F.F. Ushakov (naval commander of the second half of the 18th century)
16. 
    E.I. Pugachev (leader of the Peasant War of 1773–1775)
17. 
    M.V. Lomonosov (cultural figure of the 17th century)
18. 
    A.N. Radishchev (statesman, writer of the 2nd half of the 18th century)
19. 
    Charles XII Great
20. 
    Voltaire
21. 
    Oliver Cromwell
22. 
    George Washington
23. 
    Friedrich II (King of Prussia)
24. 
    M. Robespierre

1. 
   Alexander I (1801–1825)
2. 
   Nicholas I (1825–1855)
3. 
   MM. Speransky (statesman under Alexander I and Nicholas I)
4. 
   A.A. Arakcheev (statesman under Alexander I)
5. 
   M.I. Kutuzov (military leader of the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries)
6. 
   M.B. Barclay de Tolly (military leader of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries)
7. 
   P.I. Bagration(military leader of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries)
8. 
   N.M. Muravyov (one of the main ideologists of the Decembrist movement)
9. 
   P.I. Pestel (head of the Southern Society of Decembrists)
10. 
    OH. Benckendorff (head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery under Nicholas I)
11. 
    E.F. Kankrin (Minister of Finance in the 1820s–1840s)
12. 
    I. Kiselyov (statesman of the 1830s–1840s)
13. 
    A.S. Pushkin (poet of the first third of the 19th century)
14. 
    A.S. Griboyedov (cultural figure of the first third of the 19th century)
15. 
    N.M. Karamzin
16. 
    Napoleon I Bonaparte

1. 
   Alexander II (1855–1881)
2. 
   Alexander III (1881–1894)
3. 
   YES. Milyutin (statesman, minister of war in 1861–1881)
4. 
   M.T. Loris-Melikov (statesman under Alexander II)
5. 
   K.P. Pobedonostsev (statesman, Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod in 1880–1905)
6. 
   N.H. Bunge (Minister of Finance under Alexander III)
7. 
   A.I. Herzen (public figure of the 19th century)
8. 
   M.A. Bakunin (ideologist of populism)
9. 
   Ya.G. Chernyshevsky (public figure of the 19th century)
10. 
    A.M. Gorchakov (government figure of the mid-second halfXIXV.)
11. 
    P.M. Tretyakov (philanthropist of the mid-second halfXIXV.)
12. 
    M.D. Skobelev(military leader of the second half of the 19th century)
13. 
    K.P. Pobedonostsev (statesman, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, mid-2nd half.XIXV.)
14. 
    F.M. Dostoevsky (writer and thinker of the mid-second half of the 19th century)
15. 
    Otto Bismarck
16. 
    Abraham Lincoln
17. 
    Giuseppe Garibaldi

1. 
   Nicholas II (1894–1917)
2. 
   S.Yu. Witte (statesman, minister of finance in the 1890s–1900s)
3. 
   P.A. Stolypin (statesman, Minister of Internal Affairs, Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1906–1910s)
4. 
   A.A. Brusilov (military leader, participant in World War I)
5. 
   A.F. Kerensky (Russian political and public figure, minister-chairman of the Provisional Government in 1917)
6. 
   G.V. Plekhanov (Marxist theorist, figure in the Russian and international socialist movement)
7. 
   IN AND. Lenin (political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 1917–1924)
8. 
   L.D. Trotsky (Marxist theorist, one of the leaders of the RSDLP (b), People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council in 1918–1925, leader of the internal party left opposition)
9. 
   I.V. Stalin ( Secretary General Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, leader of the USSR since the late 1920s. until 1953)
10. 
    A.I. Denikin (one of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War)
11. 
    A.V. Kolchak (one of the main leaders of the White movement, Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918–1920)
12. 
    M.N. Tukhachevsky (Soviet military leader, military leader of the Red Army during the Civil War)
13. 
    N.I. Bukharin (economist, Soviet political, state and party leader)
14. 
    V.M. Molotov (Soviet politician and statesman, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars in 1930–1941, People's Commissar, and then Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1939–1949 and 1953–1956)
15. 
    L.P. Beria (Soviet statesman and politician, head of state security agencies in 1938–1953)
16. 
    G.K. Zhukov (Soviet military leader, participant in the Great Patriotic War, Minister of Defense of the USSR in 1955–1957)
17. 
    K.K. Rokossovsky (Soviet military leader, participant in the Great Patriotic War)
18. 
    L.N. Tolstoy (writer and thinker of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries)
19. 
    M. Gorky (writer of the late 19th – first third of the 20th centuries)
20. 
    M.A. Sholokhov (writer of the 20s - 60s.XXV.)
21. 
    A.A. Akhmatova (poetess of the early 20th century - 1960s)
22. 
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt
23. 
    W. Churchill

1. 
   N.S. Khrushchev (First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1953–1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1958–1964)
2. 
   L.I. Brezhnev (leader of the USSR 1964–1982)
3. 
   Yu.V. Andropov (Soviet statesman and political figure, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1967–1982, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1982–1984)
4. 
   M.S. Gorbachev (leader of the USSR in 1985–1991)
5. 
   B.N. Yeltsin (President of Russia 1991–1999)
6. 
   V.V. Putin (President of Russia in 2000–2008, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation since 2008)
7. 
   YES. Medvedev (President of Russia since 2008)
8. 
   G.V. Malenkov (Soviet statesman and party leader, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1953–1955)
9. 
   A.N. Kosygin (Soviet statesman and party leader, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1964–1980, initiator of economic reforms)
10. 
    A.A. Gromyko (major diplomat and statesman of the USSR, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in 1957–1985)
11. 
    HELL. Sakharov (Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb)
12. 
    A.I. Solzhenitsyn (writer, public and political figure, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature, dissident)
13. 
    E.T. Gaidar (Russian statesman and political figure, economist, ideologist and leader of economic reforms in the early 1990s)
14. 
    V.S. Chernomyrdin (statesman, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation in 1993–1998, Russian Ambassador to Ukraine in 2001–2009)
15. 
    Charles de Gaulle
16. 
    G. Truman
17. 
    Mao Zedong
18. 
    F. Castro
19. 
    J. Nehru
20. 
    Deng Xiaoping

Examples of historical portraits

1. Vladimir Svyatoslavovich - Grand Duke of Kiev, who reigned from 980 to 1015.

After the death of Svyatoslav in 977, Vladimir took part in the princely feud and defeated his older brother Yaropolk.

1) The Kiev prince conquered the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Yatvingians; fought with the Pechenegs, Volga Bulgaria, Byzantium and Poland. Vladimir's military campaigns strengthened the position of the Old Russian state.

2) The harsh nature of Vladimir’s policies was clearly manifested in the reform of religion. First, the prince decided to turn folk pagan beliefs into a state religion, and for this, in 980, he forcibly established the cult of the main warrior god Perun in Kyiv and Novgorod. Around 988, paganism was replaced by Christianity, which Vladimir adopted from Byzantium after capturing the Greek city of Chersonesus in Crimea and marrying the Byzantine emperor's sister Anna.

The reasons that prompted Vladimir to baptize Rus' were the need to strengthen the power of the Kyiv prince, the development of relations with Christian countries, and familiarization with Byzantine culture.

Meanings of accepting Christianity:

a) strengthening the state and the power of the prince;

3) Under Vladimir, Kyiv was re-fortified and built up with stone buildings, new fortress-cities were completed (Pereyaslavl, Belgorod, etc.).

A symptom of future princely strife was the action against Vladimir by his son Svyatopolk.

In general, the reign of Vladimir is a period of the rise of the Old Russian state, since the development of culture, agriculture, crafts, the formation of the feudal system, and successful campaigns of conquest.

Main directions and results of activities:

1) After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky in 1157, Andrei inherited the Kiev grand-ducal throne, but, despite the custom, he did not go to Kiev to live. Then he took the title of Prince of Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. Relying on his squad (“almsmen”) and the Vladimir townspeople, in 1162 Andrei expelled his father’s former warriors and princes from other tribes of Rurik from the Rostov-Suzdal land. Having become “autocracy of the entire Suzdal land,” he moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, and his residence to Bogolyubovo-on-Nerl, from which he received his nickname.

2) Despite his refusal to come to Kyiv, Andrei had no intention of giving up his powers as the supreme ruler of the Old Russian state and fought to strengthen his power. Since 1159, he stubbornly fought for the subordination of Novgorod to his dictatorship and played a complex military and diplomatic game in Southern Rus'. In 1169, the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky took Kyiv, which rebelled against his power.

3) Around 1160, Andrei made the first attempt in the history of Rus' to divide the Russian Church into two metropolises. He asked the Patriarch of Constantinople to establish a metropolis in Vladimir, independent of Kyiv, but this request was rejected.

4) During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, extensive construction began in Vladimir and its suburbs: in 1164 the Golden Gate (like those in Kiev, Constantinople and Jerusalem), Bogolyubovo Castle, as well as a number of churches, including the Assumption Cathedral (1158–1161) were built .), Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God in Bogolyubovo (1158–1165). According to a number of researchers, Andrei Bogolyubsky sought to free himself from Byzantine influence in Rus'. In particular, he invited Western European architects to build Vladimir churches. The tendency towards cultural independence can also be seen in his introduction of new holidays in Rus' that were not accepted in Byzantium. For example, on the initiative of the prince, the holidays of the Savior (August 1) and the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary (October 1) were established.

The strengthening of princely power and the conflict with prominent boyars led to a conspiracy against Andrei Bogolyubsky. On June 29, 1174, the prince was killed in Bogolyubovo by a group of conspirators from his inner circle.

During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality achieved significant power and was the strongest in Rus'.
3. Ivan III Vasilievich - Grand Duke of Moscow (1462–1505), eldest son of Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.

Main directions and results of activities:

1) During the reign of Ivan III, a centralized apparatus of power began to take shape: a command system of government was born, and the Code of Law of 1497 was drawn up. Local land ownership developed and the political importance of the nobility increased.

2) Ivan III fought against the separatism of appanage princes and significantly limited their rights. By the end of the reign of Ivan III, many appanages were liquidated.

3) The most important achievement was the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. With the broad support of the entire Russian population, Ivan III organized a strong defense against the invasion of Khan Akhmat (standing on the Ugra River in 1480).

4) During the reign of Ivan III, the international authority of the Russian state grew, diplomatic ties were established with the papal curia, the German Empire, Hungary, Moldova, Turkey, Iran, and Crimea.

5) Under Ivan III, the formalization of the full title of Grand Duke of “All Rus'” began (in some documents he is already called the Tsar). For the second time, Ivan III was married to Zoya (Sophia) Paleologus, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

6) During the reign of Ivan III, large construction began in Moscow (the Kremlin, its cathedrals, the Chamber of Facets); Stone fortresses were built in Kolomna, Tula, and Ivangorod.

7) Under Ivan III, the territorial core of the Russian centralized state was formed: the Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474) principalities, the Novgorod Republic (1478), the Tver principality (1485), the Vyatka (1489), the Perm and most of the Ryazan principalities were annexed to the Moscow principality lands. Influence on Pskov and the Ryazan principality was strengthened.

8) After the wars of 1487–1494 and 1500–1503. with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a number of western Russian lands went to Moscow: Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk. After the war of 1501–1503 Ivan III forced the Livonian Order to pay tribute (for Yuryev).

Thus, Ivan III can be called an outstanding statesman who showed extraordinary military and diplomatic abilities.

Main directions and results of activities:

1) In 1663, leading a Cossack detachment, Razin, together with the Cossacks and Kalmyks, made a campaign near Perekop against the Crimean Tatars. Thanks to his luck and personal qualities, he became widely known in the Don. Razin’s character and mentality were directly influenced by the execution in 1665 of his older brother Ivan by order of the governor, Prince Yu.A. Dolgorukov for attempting to voluntarily leave the theater of military operations against the Poles together with a detachment of Cossacks.

2) In 1667, Stepan Razin became the marching chieftain of a large detachment of Cossacks. At the head of the detachment he committed in 1667–1669. the famous hike “for zipuns” along the Volga to the shores of the Caspian Sea in Persia. Having taken large booty, he returned from the campaign and settled in the town of Kagalnitsky on the Don. His authority on the Don increased sharply; not only Cossacks, but also crowds of fugitives from Russia began to flock to his camp from different sides.

3) In the spring of 1670, he led a new campaign against the Volga, Razin’s ranks constantly expanded, and the entire Lower Volga region was in his hands. Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara were taken. Beginning as a Cossack uprising, the movement led by Razin quickly grew into a huge peasant uprising that covered a significant part of the country.

The rebels' goals were:

a) capture of Moscow;

The main forces of the rebels were unable to take Simbirsk, and here government troops managed to defeat the Razins. The ataman himself, wounded in battle, barely had time to be rescued and taken to the Kagalnitsky town.

4) In 1671, different sentiments already prevailed on the Don, and the authority and influence of Razin himself fell sharply. The confrontation between the Razinites and the lower-ranking Cossacks intensified. After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the rebels to take Cherkassk, military ataman K. Yakovlev struck back. On April 16, the lower-ranking Cossacks captured and burned the town of Kagalnitsky, and the captured Razin and his younger brother Frol were handed over to the Moscow authorities. After torture on June 6, 1671, both brothers were publicly executed in Moscow near Lobnoye Mesto.
5. Paul I - Russian emperor in 1796–1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II.

The first years after his birth, Pavel grew up under the supervision of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna; his parents were almost not allowed to see him, and he actually did not know his mother’s affection. The teacher was N.I. Panin, supporter of the Enlightenment. Pavel received a good education. Initially, his relationship with his mother after her accession to the throne in 1762 was quite close. However, over time, their relationship deteriorated. Catherine II was afraid of her son, who had more legal rights to the throne than herself. The Empress tried to prevent the Grand Duke from participating in discussions of state affairs, and he, in turn, began to evaluate his mother’s policies more and more critically.

Pavel, who inherited from his father a passion for everything military in the Prussian style, created his own small army in Gatchina, conducting endless maneuvers and parades. He languished in inactivity, made plans for his future reign, and by this time his character had become suspicious, nervous, and despotic. His mother’s rule seemed too liberal to him; he believed that in order to avoid revolution, any manifestations of personal and social freedom should be eliminated with the help of military discipline and police measures.

Paul's rise to power in November 1796 was accompanied by the militarization of the life of the court and St. Petersburg as a whole. The new emperor immediately tried to erase, as it were, everything that had been done during the 34 years of Catherine II’s reign, and this became one of the most important motives of his policy.

Overall in his domestic policy Several interrelated areas can be identified - transformation into public administration, class politics and military reform. According to the first of them, Pavel significantly increased the importance of the prosecutor general of the Senate, giving him the actual functions of the head of government, combining them with the functions of the ministers of internal affairs, justice and partly finance. A number of previously liquidated colleges were restored. At the same time, the emperor sought to replace the collegial principle of organizing management with an individual principle. In 1797, the Ministry of Appanages was created, which was in charge of the land holdings of the royal family, and in 1800, the Ministry of Commerce. Paul corrected himself even more decisively with the system of local institutions created by Catherine: city self-government, social security, some lower courts, etc. were partially abolished. At the same time, some traditional governing bodies were returned to a number of national outskirts of the empire (the Baltic states, Ukraine). An important legislative act of Paul was the law on the order of succession to the throne, published in 1797, which was in force in Russia until 1917.

In the field of class politics, Paul took a number of steps to attack the “liberties of the nobility.” In 1797, a review was announced for all officers in the regiments, and those who did not appear were dismissed. Since 1799, the procedure for transition from military service to civil law only with the permission of the Senate. Nobles who did not serve the state were prohibited from participating in noble elections and holding elective positions; contrary to the legislation of Catherine II, corporal punishment was used against nobles. At the same time, Paul tried to limit the influx of non-nobles into the ranks of the nobility. His main goal was to transform the Russian nobility into a disciplined, fully serving class. Paul's policy towards the peasantry was equally contradictory. During the four years of his reign, he gave away gifts to about 600 thousand serfs, sincerely believing that they would live better under the landowner. In 1796, peasants were enslaved in the region of the Don Army and in Novorossiya; in 1798, the ban imposed by Peter III on the purchase of peasants by non-noble owners was lifted. At the same time, in 1797, the sale of courtyards and landless peasants by auction was prohibited, and in 1798, the sale of Ukrainian peasants without land was prohibited. In 1797, Paul issued the Manifesto on the Three-Day Corvee, which introduced restrictions on the exploitation of peasant labor by landowners.

According to the Tale of Bygone Years, he was called to the throne by the Novgorodians in order to stop strife. As a result of this calling, Rurik became the prince of Novgorod. His brothers Sineus and Truvor (whose existence is questioned by historians) “settled” in Beloozero and Izborsk, respectively.

According to some sources, Rurik first ruled in Ladoga, and later seized (without any calling) power in Novgorod.

Rurik is considered the founder of the princely dynasty, ruling Russia for up to a year.

Duchess Olga(after baptism - Elena) ruled Kievan Rus after the death of her husband, Prince Igor Rurikovich, as regent for her son Svyatoslav Igorevich.

Years of life: first quarter of the 10th century - 969.

Main activities:
1) Political strengthening of Kievan Rus. In 945, Olga brutally took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband and made a campaign, during which she burned their capital Iskorosten. However, the princess showed herself not only as cruel, but also as a wise ruler - she streamlined the process of collecting tribute, replacing polyudye with a cart. From now on, uprisings like the uprising of the Drevlyans became simply impossible - a clear amount of tribute (lessons) and the places where local princes were supposed to bring it (cemeteries) were established.

2) Spiritual and cultural development of Rus'. Olga made an embassy to Byzantium, during which in 957 she was the first of the princely dynasty to convert to Christianity. And although she failed to persuade Svyatoslav to follow her example, by doing so the princess contributed to the spread of Christianity among the people of Kiev. By order of Olga, the first Christian temple was built in the capital of Rus'.

Results of Princess Olga's activities:
Olga managed to strengthen the power of the Kyiv princes. In fact, she became the first reformer in Russian history. Princess Olga ruled Russia until her death, while her son was on military campaigns.
Olga's adoption of Christianity significantly accelerated and facilitated the further Christianization of Rus'. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Princess Olga.

Alexander Yaroslavich(Nevsky) - Pereyaslavsky, Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1249), Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1252).

Years of life: 1220 (1221) – 1263 (first quarter to mid-13th century). Presumably poisoned in the Horde.

Activities:
1) Alexander Nevsky set a course for establishing good neighborly and even allied relations with the Horde. Following this course, the prince spent in 1257 year, at the request of the Mongols, a census of the population of Rus'. He also suppressed the uprising in Novgorod, directed against this census. Alexander Nevsky became one of the first Russian princes to travel to the Horde for a label to rule.

2) Considering European Catholic knights to be more dangerous opponents than the Mongols, Alexander Nevsky actively resisted their aggression. July 15, 1240 year he defeated the Swedes on the Neva. April 5, 1242 year he inflicted defeat on the German knights on the ice of Lake Peipus (Battle of the Ice). After the death of Batu, Alexander Nevsky negotiates with Khan Berke in the Horde to pay tribute in exchange for military assistance against Lithuania and the Order.

Results of Alexander Nevsky's activities:
Having secured support for his policy from the Horde nobility, Alexander Yaroslavich was able to achieve the liberation of Russian lands from the obligation to send military detachments to participate in the Mongol campaigns. The diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church was founded in Sarai (the capital of the Horde). His policy made it possible to prevent new Mongol raids on Rus' and laid the foundation for future good neighborly relations with the Horde.

On the other hand, Alexander Nevsky managed to repel the aggression of European knights. The prince stopped all attempts to impose Catholicism on Rus'. For this he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Peter I- Russian emperor, who went down in history as an outstanding reformer.

Years of life: 1672-1725. Dates of reign - 1696-1725.

Activities:
1. Strengthening absolutism. Instead of long-outdated and ineffective orders, Peter created new sectoral central management bodies - collegiums. The convocations of Zemsky Sobors are finally terminated. The Boyar Duma was replaced by the Governing Senate ( 1711 year). The church is subordinate to the state and has become one of its institutions - Peter prohibited the election of a new patriarch and created a secular body (Synod, 1721 year) on church management. IN 1721 Peter proclaimed himself emperor. In 1722, he signed the Charter on the Succession to the Throne (Decree on Succession to the Throne), according to which the emperor himself could appoint an heir.
2. The struggle for access to the seas and the transformation of Russia into a European power. 1695 And 1696 gg - Azov campaigns. 1700-1721 - North War with Sweden. Having started the war with defeat near Narva ( 1700 year), Peter was able to seize the initiative and defeat the enemy in a number of land forces (at Lesnaya ( 1708 year), near Poltava (general battle, 1709 year)) and marine (Gangutskoye ( 1714 year) and Grengamsky ( 1721 year)) battles. As a result of the war, the Nystadt Peace Treaty was concluded. 1711 year - unsuccessful Prut campaign.

Results of Peter's activitiesI:
Russia secured access to the Baltic Sea. TO Russian Empire Livonia, Estland and Ingermanland on the Baltic coast were annexed. This allowed our country to open a window to Europe, i.e. to become a European maritime power, whose opinion was henceforth taken into account in Europe. The acquisition of land in the Baltic states allowed Russia to expand trade and strengthen economically.

Political reforms contributed to the strengthening of absolutism. The state management system has become more efficient. However, it should be noted that many of the reforms were either not implemented or were quickly forgotten (Chief Magistrate). The decree on succession to the throne caused a lot of harm, since it became one of the causes of the era of Palace coups. It should also be noted that the reforms of Peter I, which turned Russia into a great European state, became a heavy burden for the people. The population of our country during the reign of Peter decreased by almost half.

August(63 BC - 14 AD) - the most famous and powerful Roman emperor. Augustine the Blessed(354-430) - Christian philosopher, one of the "fathers of the church." Adenauer Konrad(1876-1967) - first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Akbar Jalal-ud-din Muhammad(1542-1605) - the greatest of the Mughal emperors. He dreamed of uniting all the religions of the world into one. Alaric I(376-410) - king of the Visigoths who destroyed Rome, Alexander the Great(356-323 BC) - the greatest commander and conqueror of antiquity. Alexander Nevskiy(1220-1263) - Novgorod prince who defeated the Swedes (1240) and the Teutonic knights (1242, Battle of the Ice). Alexander II the Liberator(1818-1881) - Russian emperor. Abolished serfdom. Killed by a terrorist. Alcibiades(450-404 BC) - Athenian statesman and commander, student of Socrates. Andrew Saint- one of the students Jesus Christ, patron saint of Russia and Scotland. Anthony Mark(83-30 BC) - Roman military leader and general. Arakcheev Alexey Andreevich(1769-1834) - general, all-powerful temporary servant of Emperor Alexander I. Arthur(c. 600) - Celtic warrior, legendary king, glorified in legends. Askold(d. 882) - Old Russian prince, ruled together with Dir in Kyiv. Killed by Oleg. Ataturk(1881-1938) - literally “father of the Turks” (Mustafa Kemal) - leader of the national liberation war in Turkey 1918-1923, first president of the Turkish Republic. Attila(406-453) - leader of the Huns, destroyer of Rome. His army was defeated on the Catalaunian fields. Bestuzhev-Ryumin Mikhail Pavlovich(1803-1826) - second lieutenant, one of the Decembrists. Hanged. Bismarck Otto von Schönhausen(1815-1898) - prince, chancellor, unifier of Germany. Bolivar Simon(1783-1830) - fighter for the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America. Bolotnikov Ivan Isaevich(d. 1608) - leader of the uprising of Cossacks and peasants of 1606-1607. Exiled, blinded and drowned. Borgia Caesar(1476-1507) - son of Pope Alexander IV, Prince of Romagna. He was particularly cruel and treacherous. Botha J. Louis(1862-1919) - first president of the Union of South Africa. Brown John(1800-1859) - anti-slavery fighter in the United States, fanatically devoted to this fight. Brutus Mark(85-42 BC) - Roman Republican, killer of Julius Caesar. Buddha (Siddhardha Gautama)(623-544 BC) - founder of Buddhism. Bacon Francis(1561-1626) - English philosopher and public figure. Batu (Batu Khan)(d. 1255) - Mongol khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, who led the conquest of Rus' and Europe. Washington George(1732-1799) - first President of the United States. Wellington Arthur(1769-1852) - "Iron Duke", an English military leader who became famous in the fight against Napoleon I. Wilhelm I of Prussia(1797-1888) - first emperor of a united Germany. Wilhelm II(1859-1941) - last German emperor. Overthrown in 1918 William of Orange(Silent) (1533-1580) - prince-liberator of Holland from the Spanish yoke; was killed. Vytautas (Vytautas) the Great(1350-1430) - Grand Duke of Lithuania, led the Lithuanian army in the Battle of Grunwald, annexed the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands to Lithuania. Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great, Saint, Red Sun(d. 1015) - Prince of Novgorod, Kiev; baptized Rus'. Vladimir II Monomakh(1053-1125) - Prince of Kiev, fought civil strife. Gandhi Indira(1917-1984) - Prime Minister of India, daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru. Killed by terrorists. Gandhi Mahatma(1869-1948) - great Indian patriot, social reformer, mentor, fighter for national independence. Hannibal(247-183 BC) - the greatest Carthaginian commander. Garibaldi Giuseppe(1807-1872) - Italian patriot, fighter for the unification of Italy. Harun-al Rashid(763-809) - Caliph of Baghdad during its heyday, the hero of the Arabian Nights fairy tales. Henry (Henri) IV(1553-1610) - king of France and Navarre. Introduced the Edict of Nantes (1598) on religious tolerance. Huguenot who converted to Catholicism. His words “Paris is worth a mass” became popular. Politics contributed to the strengthening of absolutism. Killed by the Catholic fanatic Ravaillac. St. George- patron of Great Britain and Moscow. Herodotus(485-425 BC . BC) - ancient Greek historian, "father of history." Herzen Alexander Ivanovich(1812-1870) - Russian revolutionary, writer, philosopher. He published the magazine “Bell”, hostile to the tsarist regime. Hitler Adolf(real name Schicklgruber) (1889-1945) - “Führer of the German nation”, organizer of wars, genocide, massacres. Started the Second World War. Gladstone William(1809-1898) - English politician. Gaulle Charles de (1890-1970) - French general, head of Fighting France during World War II. From 1958 to 1969 - President of the French Republic. Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich(b. 1931) - initiator of “perestroika” (1985), first and last president of the USSR. Grant Ulysses(1822-1885) - American general, one of the commanders of the Northern troops in the Civil War. Gregory XIII(1502-1585) - Pope, introduced the Gregorian calendar ("new style"). Gregory the Great(504-604) - one of the most prominent popes. Gregory the Saint(257-336) - founder of the Armenian church. Gurko Joseph, Vladimirovich(1828-1901) - Russian general, hero of the Russian-Turkish war. Gus Jan(1369-1415) - Czech religious reformer. After his execution, civil war continued for half a century. David(1038-970 BC) - king, unifier of the Israelites in Canaan, father of King Solomon. David IV the Builder(1073-1125) - Georgian king, unifier of Georgia. Danton Georges(1759-1794) - one of the leaders of the Great French Revolution. Darius I(522-486 BC) - king of Persia from the Achaemenid dynasty, conqueror; under him, the Persian power reached its highest peak. Davis Jefferson(1808-1889) - President of the American Confederacy during the Civil War. Jackson Thomas(1824-1863) - the most famous southern general in the American Civil War. Jefferson Thomas(1743-1826) - author of the Declaration of Independence, later (twice) President of the United States. Diderot Denis(1713-1781) - French encyclopedist, whose ideas had a great influence on the minds of the French before the Great Revolution. Diocletian(215-313) - Roman emperor, persecutor of Christians. Catherine II the Great(1729-1796) - Empress of Russia. When she was attached Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, Western Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands, the Zaporozhye Sich was liquidated. Elena the beautiful(XII century BC) - wife of Menelaus, king of Trojan, according to legend, the culprit of the Trojan War. Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich(b. 1932) - the first president of independent Russia. Joan of Arc(1412-1431) - the heroine of the French people in the war of liberation against the British. Executed by the Inquisition in Rouen. Ivan IV the Terrible(1530-1584) - Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (from 1533), the first Russian Tsar (from 1547). Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, and reforms of administration and the court were carried out. The Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were conquered, and the annexation of Siberia began. He used cruel and bloody methods to strengthen autocratic power, for which he received the nickname Grozny. Jesus Christ- The God-man, the founder of Christianity, who accepted death on the cross to atone for human sins, then rose again and ascended to heaven. Herod the Great(73-4 BC) - king of Judea under the rule of Rome, persecutor of Christians and other dissenters. Calvin Jean(1509-1564) - French religious reformer, founder of Calvinism. Charlemagne(792-814) - king of the Franks, founder of the Great Roman Empire. Charles XII(1682-1718) - King of Sweden, commander. His invasion of Russia ended in defeat. Carnegie Andrew(1835-1919) - the son of a poor Scot, who became a multimillionaire, gave most of his wealth for the education of the people. Cassius Gaius(d. 42 BC) - member of the Triumvirate, co-ruler of Julius Caesar in Ancient Rome. Castro Fidel(b. 1917) - organizer of the revolution in Cuba, President of the Republic of Cuba. Kakhovsky Petr Grigorievich(1797-1826) - Decembrist, retired lieutenant. Hanged. Quetzal Coatl(b. 947) - legendary prophet of the Maya people. Kidd William(c. 1645-1701) - legendary pirate captain, sailed under the English flag. He plundered countless treasures and, according to legend, left behind treasures. Executed in London. Cue(VI century) - the legendary founder of Kyiv, a Slavic prince who lived on the Danube. Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius(XI century) - brothers, educators of the Slavs, creators of the Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic alphabet). Kitchener Horatio(1850-1916) - general, commander of British troops in the Anglo-Boer War, conqueror of Sudan. Claudius I(10 BC - 54 AD) - Roman emperor, under whom many magnificent buildings were erected. Cleopatra(69-30 BC) - queen of Egypt, the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Mistress of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She fought with Rome, but was defeated. Confucius (Kun Tzu)(551-479 BC) - the greatest Chinese philosopher, founder of Confucianism (book "Conversations and Reflections"). Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich(1806-1854) - Russian vice admiral, hero of the Sevastopol defense in the Crimean War. Kornilov Lavr Georgievich(1870-1918) - Russian general, one of the founders and leaders of the white movement. Cortez Hernando(1485-1547) - Spanish conqueror of Mexico. Kosciuszko Tadeusz(1746-1817) - leader of the Polish uprising of 1794 Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich(b. 1934) - the first president of independent Ukraine, one of the initiators of the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords and the collapse of the USSR. Croesus(d. c. 546 BC) - the last King of Lydia. He was famous for his incalculable wealth. Cromwell Oliver(1599-1658) - leader of the Republicans in the English Revolution (Independents). Kruger Paul(1825-1904) - President of the Transvaal Republic, commander of the Boer troops in the Anglo-Boer War. Xenophon(430-355 BC) - Greek philosopher and military leader, student of Socrates. Xerxes(519-465 BC) - Persian king, fought with Athens. Kublai Khan(1216-L 294) - Emperor of India from the Mughal dynasty. Expanded the empire and increased its power. Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich(1745-1813) - prince, field marshal, Russian commander, conqueror of Napoleon. Lao Tzu(IV-III centuries BC) - founder of Taoism. Lenin (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich(1870-1924) - leader October revolution in Russia, one of the ideologists of world communism, the founder of the USSR. Leonidas- King of Sparta during the Greco-Persian War (480 BC). Killed at the Battle of Thermopylae. Lee Robert Edward(1807-1870) - general, commander of the southern troops in the American Civil War. Lincoln Abraham(1809-1865) - US President, anti-slavery fighter. Killed by a fanatic. Lloyd-George David(1865-1945) - English Prime Minister, one of the leaders of the Entente in the First World War. Loyola Ignatius(1491-1546) - founder of the Jesuit order. Lawrence Thomas Edward (Lawrence of Arabia)(1885-1935) - English intelligence officer, archaeologist and adventurer, leader of the Arabs in the war with the Turks. Louis XIV (1638-1715) - King of France (“Sun King”), embodied the idea of ​​absolute monarchy; He owns the expression “The State is me.”

Basic documents of the era

“The Tale of Bygone Years”, “Russian Truth”, “Izbornik”, “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”.

Alexander Nevskiy(1220-1263) - son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest. Prince of Novgorod (1236-1251), Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1252). After the defeat of the Swedish military detachments of Birger at the mouth of the Neva in 1240, it began to be called Nevsky. On April 5, 1242, on the ice of Lake Peipsi, he defeated the troops of the Livonian Order, ensuring the independence of Northwestern Rus' from foreigners. Being the Grand Duke of Vladimir, he took measures to prevent the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars on Rus'. Was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a warrior-deliverer who also opposed the introduction of Catholicism in the northwestern Russian lands.

Evpatty Kolovraty- legendary hero, Ryazan boyar. In 1237, with a “regiment” of 1,700 people, he defeated the Mongol-Tatars on Suzdal land. Killed in battle. Sung in “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu.”

Daniil Alexandrovich(1261-1303) - the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky. Grand Duke of Moscow. Under him, the Moscow principality separated from the Vladimir principality as an independent one, and founded the Danilov Monastery. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Ivan Danilovich Kalita(1296-1341) - son of Daniil Alexandrovich. Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1325) and Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1328). Having assisted the Horde in suppressing the Tver uprising in 1327, he received a label to reign in Kostroma. In 1332 he received the bulk of the grand ducal possessions. Significantly replenished the treasury. Expanding the territory of the Moscow principality, increasing its influence and authority, Ivan Kalita laid the foundations for the subsequent transformation of Moscow into a center for the gathering of Russian lands and the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Sergius of Radonezh(about 1321-1391) - founder and abbot of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Initiator of the introduction of communal regulations in Russian monasteries. He actively supported the unification and national liberation policies of Prince Dmitry Donskoy.

Will replant. Alexander(?-1380) - monk of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Hero of the Battle of Kulikovo. His duel with the Tatar hero Temir-Murza (Chelubey), in which both died, became the beginning of the battle.

Oslyabya Rodion(?-1398) - monk of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, brother of Peresvet. Hero of the Battle of Kulikovo. In 1398 he traveled with the Moscow embassy to Byzantium.

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy(1350-1389) - Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359). The main thing was to strengthen the position of the Moscow Principality and the struggle for the great reign of Vladimir. Since the 1370s, he strengthened resistance to the Horde, including armed resistance. In the battle on the Piana River (1377) he was defeated. On the Vozha River (1378) he defeated the Horde army. In September 1380, he showed leadership talent and defeated the huge Golden Horde army of Mamai. Significantly expanded the boundaries of the Moscow principality at the expense of the Meshchera, Smolensk, Okie, and Belarusian lands. He was the first Russian prince to inherit power in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir to his son without the sanction of the Horde. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Vasily II Vasilievich Dark(1415-1462) - Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1425). In the internecine struggle of 1425-1453 he won. In 1446 he was blinded by his cousin Dmitry Shemyaka. Annexed the Nizhny Novgorod principality and part of the Yaroslavl lands to Moscow. He took measures to develop the Vyatka, Perm lands, and the Pechersk region. Reduced land grants to secular feudal lords. Personally led numerous military campaigns.

Ivan III Vasilievich(1440-1505) - Grand Duke of All Rus' (since 1478). Founder of the united Moscow state. He annexed the principalities of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Novgorod (1477), the Tver principality (1485), and a number of other territories to the Moscow principality. Under Ivan III, the final liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke took place (1480). Under him, the apparatus of the Russian centralized state took shape and the Code of Laws of 1497 was compiled. He pursued an active foreign policy.

Vasily III Ivanovich(1479-1533) - Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow, sovereign of all Rus' (since 1505). Supporter and continuer of the line to strengthen the Russian centralized state. In 1510 he annexed Pskov, in 1521 - Ryazan. During the Russian-Lithuanian war, Smolensk became part of Russia (1514). To ensure the security of the southern and eastern borders of the state, he ordered the creation of the Great Serif Line (1521). He sought to limit monastic land ownership. Under him, the international position of the Moscow state significantly strengthened.

Basic documents of the era

“Code of Law” of 1497, “Code of Law” of 1550, “Stoglav” of 1551, “Chronograph”, “Great Fourth Menaion”, First Petition of Ivan Peresvetov, Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky, “Decree on Fugitive Peasants” of 1597 .

Historical figures

Ivan IV Vasilievich the Terrible(1530-1584) - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' (from 1533), Russian Tsar (from 1547). In February 1547 he married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina - Yuryeva. The first years of his reign were with the Elected Rada, whose reforms marked major changes in the country. He pursued an active foreign policy. In 1565 he established the oprichnina, which he abolished in 1572. The result of the oprichnina was the ruin and devastation of the country, the undermining of the peasant economy, which formed the basis of the country's economy.

Fedor Ivanovich(1557-1598) - Russian Tsar. He was married to Irina Godunova. He was distinguished by his humble character and religiosity. At the initial stage of the reign, real power was wielded by the Regency Council, appointed by Ivan the Terrible. Since 1586, Boris Godunov practically became the tsar’s co-ruler. He died without leaving an heir. The Rurik dynasty ended with him.

Kurbsky Andrey Mikhailovich(1528-1583) - prince, boyar. Member of the Elected Rada. During the Livonian War - governor. During the period of persecution of members of the Elected Rada, he chose to flee to Lithuania. Participated in the war against Russia.

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich(?-1561) - Duma nobleman, okolnichy, bed servant. From the late 1540s - head of the Elected Rada. Initiator of a number of reforms. He was the keeper of the state treasury and seal, and headed the Petition Order. In 1560 he fell into disgrace and died in Yuryev.

Sylvester(?-about 1566) - priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. He had a great influence on Ivan IV, being his confessor. Member of the Elected Rada. Author of a special edition of Domostroy and other works. Since 1560 it has been in disgrace. He became a monk.

Macarius(1482-1563) - church leader, writer. Metropolitan since 1542. In 1551, he achieved the rejection by Ivan IV of the project of secularization of church lands. Editor of the “Great Chatya Menaion” and the “Book of the Degree of Royal Genealogy.” With his assistance, a printing house was opened in Moscow.

Peresvetov Ivan Semenovich- Russian writer-publicist of the 16th century, ideologist of the nobility. In his petitions he put forward a holistic and clear concept of a noble state headed by an autocratic tsar.

Basic documents of the era

Kissing letter of Tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606), Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1649), New Trade Charter (1667), “Life” of Archpriest Avvakum.

Boris Fedorovich Godunov(1552-1605) - Russian Tsar. Since 1567 - member of the Oprichnina court of Ivan the Terrible. On February 17, 1598, he was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor. An outstanding statesman who had extraordinary abilities and skills in governing a huge country. During the decisive battles with the troops of False Dmitry I he died.

False Dmitry I (Tsar Dmitry)(?-1606) - Russian Tsar (June 1605-May 1606). Impostor. Presumably the fugitive monk of the Chudov Monastery in Moscow is Grigory Otrepiev.

Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky(1552-1612) - Russian Tsar from 1606 to 1610. When elected to the kingdom, he gave a sign of the cross about the boundaries of his power and loyalty to the people. In September 1610, he was handed over to the Poles by the government of the Seven Boyars and taken to Poland, where he soon died in captivity.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov(1596-1645) - the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty. Elected king Zemsky Sobor in February 1613. During his reign the foundations of autocratic power were laid.

Alexey Mikhailovich"The Quietest" (1629-1676) - Russian Tsar since 1645. In selecting his closest assistants, he was guided primarily by their abilities. He was an active participant in the drafting of the Council Code of 1649, which created legislative framework for Russian society for many decades.

Filaret(in the world Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) (1554-1633) - boyar since 1587. In 1600, for preparing a conspiracy against Boris Godunov, he was forcibly tonsured a monk. Since 1605 - Metropolitan of Rostov. He was captured by the Poles. In 1619 he was returned to Russia and elected patriarch. He actually became co-ruler of his son, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

Nikon(in the world - Nikita Minin) (1605-1681) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' (1652-1666). Conducted church ritual reform. In 1655 he came up with the idea of ​​the primacy of church power over secular power, which led to a conflict with the authorities. In 1666, on the initiative of the tsar, a church council was convened, which condemned Nikon and deprived him of the rank of high priest. He was exiled to a monastery, where he died.

Basic documents of the era

Decree on single inheritance (1714), Table of Ranks, Decree on the purchase of villages for factories (1721), Customs tariff (1724), “Conditions” of Empress Anna Ioannovna” (1730), Manifesto on the granting of liberty and freedom to all Russians to the nobility (1762), Charter to the nobility (1785), Charter to the cities (1785), Manifesto on forcing peasants to work on Sundays (1797).

Ivan V Alekseevich(1666-1696) - Russian Tsar in 1682-1696. He was in poor health and did not strive for independent rule. Removed from real power by Sofia Alekseevna, and then by his brother Peter I.

Sofya Alekseevna(in monastic life - Susanna) (1657-1704) - ruler of Russia in 1682-1689. She was an educated, power-hungry and cruel person. After the failure of the conspiracy against Peter I in 1689, she was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, and after a new coup attempt (1698) she was tonsured a nun.

Peter I Alekseevich the Great(1672-1725) - Russian Tsar since 1682, Emperor since 1721. He was an outstanding statesman who significantly advanced the development of Russia in all areas. The main task of his reign he considered Russia's access to ice-free seas. He died on January 28, 1725, without having time to leave orders about the heir to the throne.

Anna Ioannovna(1693-1740) - Russian empress (1730-1740). In 1710-1711 she was married to the Duke of Courland, after his death she lived mainly in Mitov. After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to invite Anna to the Russian throne, subject to the limitation of her power. Having agreed to these conditions, Anna soon “at the request” of the guards-nobles broke the “conditions”. Ruled the country with the help and support of foreigners.

Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761) - empress (1741-1761), born out of wedlock. Based on a number of signs, it can be said that her course was the first step towards a policy of enlightened absolutism. She pursued an active foreign policy.

Catherine II the Great(born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst) (1729-1796) - Russian Empress (1762-1796). Originally from Prussia. In internal affairs tried to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism, but after the Peasant War and the French Revolution, it set a course towards tightening the regime and intensifying repression. In foreign policy, it significantly expanded the boundaries of the Russian Empire.

Paul I(1754-1801) - Russian Emperor (1796-1801). Upon his accession to the throne, he began a radical destruction of everything that his mother Catherine II had created. Many of Catherine’s closest associates fell into disgrace. At the same time, the general direction of domestic policy has not essentially changed.

Alexey Petrovich(1690-1718) - Tsarevich, eldest son of Peter I and Evdokia Lopukhina. He was hostile to Peter's reforms. Fearing persecution from his father, he secretly went to Austria in 1716, was returned, and was arrested by an influential politician. A man of great intelligence, rare energy and ability to work.

Menshikov Alexander Danilovich(1673-1729) - Russian statesman and military leader, generalissimo (from May 1727). He was the closest associate of Peter I. After his death, he led the movement for the enthronement of Catherine I, becoming the de facto ruler of Russia. Then he was compromised in the eyes of Peter II, accused of high treason, arrested, exiled with his family to Berezov, where he soon died.

The Russian Federation is a great state, occupying first place on the planet in terms of territory and national wealth. However, its main pride is its outstanding citizens who have left a noticeable mark on history. Our country has raised a huge number of famous scientists, politicians, military leaders, athletes and artists of world renown. Their achievements allowed Russia to occupy one of the leading positions in the list of superpowers on the planet.

Rating

Who are they, outstanding citizens of Russia? The list can be continued endlessly, because every period in the history of our Fatherland has its great people who became famous in different fields of activity. Among the most prominent personalities who, to one degree or another, influenced the course of both Russian and world history, it is worth mentioning the following:

1. Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
2. Peter the Great.
3. Alexander Suvorov.
4. Mikhail Lomonosov.
5. Dmitriy Mendeleev.
6. Yuri Gagarin.
7. Andrey Sakharov.

Minin and Pozharsky

The outstanding citizen of Russia Kuzma Minin and his equally famous contemporary Prince Dmitry Pozharsky went down in history as the liberators of Russian lands from Polish invaders. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Time of Troubles began in the Russian state. The crisis, which engulfed many areas of life, was aggravated by the presence of impostors on the capital’s throne. In Moscow, Smolensk and a number of other cities, the Polish gentry ruled in full swing, and the western borders of the country were occupied by Swedish troops.

In order to drive out foreign invaders from Russian lands and liberate the country, the clergy called on the population to create a people's militia and liberate the capital from the Poles. The Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin (Sukhoruk), who, although not of noble origin, responded to the call, but was a true patriot of his Motherland. Behind a short time he managed to gather an army from the residents of Nizhny Novgorod. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky from the Rurik family agreed to head it.

Gradually, residents of surrounding cities, dissatisfied with the dominance of the Polish gentry in Moscow, began to join the people's militia of Nizhny Novgorod. By the fall of 1612, the army of Minin and Pozharsky numbered about 10 thousand people. At the beginning of November 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia managed to expel the Poles from the capital and force them to sign an act of surrender. The successful operation was made possible thanks to the skillful actions of Minin and Pozharsky. In 1818, the memory of the heroic liberators of Moscow was immortalized by the sculptor I. Martos in a monument erected on Red Square.

Peter the First

The significance of the reign of Peter I, nicknamed the Great State for his services to the state, is difficult to overestimate. An outstanding citizen of Russia, Peter the Great was on the throne for 43 years, coming to power at the age of 17. He turned the country into the greatest empire, founded the city of Petersburg on the Neva and moved the capital to it from Moscow, carried out a number of successful military campaigns, thanks to which he significantly expanded the borders of the state. Peter The great one began trade with Europe, founded the Academy of Sciences, opened many educational institutions, introduced compulsory study of foreign languages, forced representatives of the noble classes to wear secular attire.

The significance of the reign of Peter I for Russia

The sovereign's reforms strengthened the economy and science, contributed to the development of the army and navy. His successful domestic and foreign policies became the basis for the further growth and development of the state. Voltaire highly appreciated the internal transformations of Russia in Peter's times. He wrote that the Russian people managed to achieve in half a century what other nations could not achieve in 500 years of their existence.

A. V. Suvorov

The most outstanding citizen of Russia in the second half of the 18th century is, of course, the great commander, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Alexander Suvorov. This talented military leader fought more than 60 major battles and was not defeated in any of them. The army under the command of Suvorov managed to win even in cases where the enemy forces significantly outnumbered it. The commander took part in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, brilliantly commanded Russian troops during the storming of Prague in 1794, and in the last years of his life he led the Italian and Swiss campaigns.

In battles, Suvorov used combat tactics that he personally developed, which were significantly ahead of their time. He did not recognize military drill and instilled in his soldiers a love for the Fatherland, considering it the key to victory in any battle. The legendary commander made sure that during military campaigns his army was provided with everything necessary. He heroically shared all the hardships with the soldiers, thanks to which he enjoyed great authority and respect among them. For his victories, Suvorov was awarded all the high military awards existing in his time in the Russian Empire. In addition, he was a holder of seven foreign orders.

M. V. Lomonosov

Outstanding citizens of Russia glorified their country not only in the art of statecraft or military tactics. Mikhail Lomonosov belongs to the cohort of the greatest Russian scientists who made a huge contribution to the development of world science. Born into a poor family and unable to receive a decent education, from early childhood he had a high intelligence and was drawn to knowledge. Lomonosov's desire for science was so strong that at the age of 19 he left his village, walked to Moscow and entered the Slavic-Greco-Roman Academy. This was followed by studies at St. Petersburg University at the Academy of Sciences. To improve his knowledge of the natural sciences, Mikhail was sent to Europe. At 34, the young scientist became an academician.

Without exaggeration, Lomonosov can be considered a universal person. He had brilliant knowledge of chemistry, physics, geography, astronomy, geology, metallurgy, history, and genealogy. In addition, the scientist was an excellent poet, writer and artist. Lomonosov made many discoveries in physics, chemistry and astronomy, and became the founder of the science of glass. He owns the project for the creation of Moscow University, which was later named after him.

D. I. Mendeleev

The world-famous chemist Dmitry Mendeleev is the pride of Russia. Having been born in Tobolsk in the family of a gymnasium director, he had no barriers to receiving an education. At the age of 21, young Mendeleev graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with a gold medal. A few months later, he defended his dissertation for the right to lecture and began teaching practice. At the age of 23, Mendeleev was awarded a master's degree in chemistry. From this age he began teaching at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. At the age of 31 he became a professor of chemical technology, and after 2 years - a professor of general chemistry.

Worldwide fame of the great chemist

In 1869, at the age of 35, Dmitry Mendeleev made a discovery that made him famous throughout the world. We are talking about the periodic table chemical elements. It became the basis for all modern chemistry. Attempts to systematize elements by properties and atomic weight were made before Mendeleev, but he was the first who managed to clearly formulate the pattern existing between them.

The periodic table is not the only achievement of the scientist. He wrote many fundamental works on chemistry and initiated the creation of the Chamber of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg. D.I. Mendeleev was a holder of eight honorary orders of the Russian Empire and foreign countries. He was awarded a doctorate from the Turin Academy of Sciences, Oxford, Cambridge, Priston, Edinburgh and Göttingen universities. Mendeleev's scientific authority was so high that he was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times. Unfortunately, the winners of this prestigious international award were different scientists each time. However, this fact does not in any way diminish the merits of the famous chemist to the Fatherland.

Yu. A. Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin is a prominent citizen of Soviet-era Russia. On April 12, 1961, on the Vostok-1 spacecraft, he flew into space for the first time in the history of mankind. Having spent 108 minutes in Earth's orbit, the cosmonaut returned to the planet as an international hero. Even world movie stars could envy Gagarin’s popularity. He made official visits to more than 30 foreign countries and traveled throughout the USSR.

An outstanding citizen of Russia, Yuri Gagarin, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the highest insignia of many countries. He was preparing for a new space flight, but a plane crash that happened in March 1968 in the Vladimir region tragically cut short his life. Having lived only 34 years, Gagarin became one of the greatest people XX century. Streets and squares in all major cities of Russia and the CIS countries are named after him, and monuments to him have been erected in many foreign countries. In honor of Yuri Gagarin's flight, International Cosmonautics Day is celebrated all over the world on April 12.

A. D. Sakharov

In addition to Gagarin, there were many other outstanding Russian citizens in the Soviet Union. The USSR became famous throughout the world thanks to academician Andrei Sakharov, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of physics. In 1949, together with Yu. Khariton, he developed a project for a hydrogen bomb - the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon. In addition, Sakharov conducted a lot of research on magnetic hydrodynamics, gravity, astrophysics, and plasma physics. In the mid-70s, he predicted the emergence of the Internet. In 1975, the academician was awarded Nobel Prize peace.

In addition to science, Sakharov was engaged in active human rights activities, for which he fell out of favor with the Soviet leadership. In 1980, he was stripped of all titles and highest awards, after which he was deported from Moscow to Gorky. After the start of Perestroika, Sakharov was allowed to return to the capital. Last years he continued to do his life scientific activity, and was also elected as a deputy of the Supreme Council. In 1989, the scientist worked on a draft of a new Soviet constitution, which proclaimed the right of peoples to statehood, but sudden death did not allow him to complete the work he had started.

Outstanding citizens of Russia of the 21st century

Today in our country there live a huge number of people who glorify it in politics, science, art and other fields of activity. The most famous scientists of our time are physicists Mikhail Allenov and Valery Rachkov, urbanist Denis Vizgalov, historian Vyacheslav Vorobyov, economist Nadezhda Kosareva, etc. Outstanding artists of the 21st century include artists Ilya Glazunov and Alena Azernaya, conductors Valery Gergiev and Yuri Bashmet, opera singers Dmitry Hvorostovsky and Anna Netrebko, actors Sergei Bezrukov and Konstantin Khabensky, directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Timur Bekmambetov and others. Well, the most outstanding politician in Russia today is its President, Vladimir Putin.