Types of poetry and genres in types. What are the types and genres of poetry? Major poetic genres

Genres of literature- these are historically developing groups of works of literature, which are united by a set of formal and meaningful properties based on formal features.

Fable- a poetic or prose literary work of a moralizing, satirical nature. At the end of the fable there is a brief moralizing conclusion - the so-called morality.

Ballad- this is a lyrical-epic work, that is, a story set forth in poetic form, of a historical, mythical or heroic nature. The plot of the ballad is usually borrowed from folklore.

epics- these are heroic-patriotic songs-tales that tell about the exploits of the heroes and reflect the life Ancient Rus' IX-XIII centuries; a kind of oral folk art, which is characterized by a song-epic way of reflecting reality.

visions- is a genre of medieval literature, which is characterized, on the one hand, by the presence of the image of a "clairvoyant" in the center of the narrative and the afterlife, otherworldly, eschatological content of the visual images themselves, revealed to the clairvoyant, on the other.

Detective is a predominantly literary genre, the works of which describe the process of investigating a mysterious incident in order to clarify its circumstances and solve the riddle.

Comedy- a type of dramatic work. Displays everything ugly and ridiculous, funny and awkward, ridicules the vices of society.

Comedy of manners(comedy of characters) is a comedy in which the source of the funny is the inner essence of the characters and mores of high society, a funny and ugly one-sidedness, an exaggerated trait or passion (vice, flaw). Very often comedy of manners is a satirical comedy that makes fun of all these human qualities.

lyric poem(in prose) - a type of fiction, emotionally and poetically expressing the feelings of the author.

Melodrama- a type of drama, the characters of which are sharply divided into positive and negative.

Myth is a narrative that conveys people's ideas about the world, man's place in it, about the origin of all things, about gods and heroes.

Feature article- the most reliable type of narrative, epic literature, displaying facts from real life.

Song, or song- the most ancient type of lyric poetry; a poem consisting of several verses and a chorus. Songs are divided into folk, heroic, historical, lyrical, etc.

Science fiction- a genre in literature, and other forms of art, one of the varieties of fantasy. Science fiction is based on fantastic assumptions (fiction) in the field of science, including different kinds sciences, such as: exact, natural, and humanities.

Novella- this is the main genre of short narrative prose, more short form fiction than a short story or a novel. The author of stories is usually called a novelist, and the totality of stories is called short stories.

Tale- medium form; a work that highlights a series of events in the life of the protagonist.

Oh yeah- a genre of lyrics, which is a solemn poem dedicated to an event or a hero, or a separate work of such a genre.

Poem- type of lyrical epic work; poetic storytelling.

Message(uh pistol literature) is a literary genre that uses the form of "letters" or "messages" (epistol).

Story- a small form, a work about one event in the life of a character.

Fairy tale- this is genre literary creativity, h Most of all, fairy tales contain magic and various incredible adventures. .

Novel- large form; a work, in the events of which many characters usually take part, whose fates are intertwined. Novels are philosophical, adventure, historical, family and social.

Tragedy- a type of dramatic work that tells about the unfortunate fate of the protagonist, often doomed to death.

Folklore- a type of folk art that reflects the general laws of the social development of peoples. There are three types of works in folklore: epic, lyrical and dramatic. At the same time, epic genres have a poetic and prose form (in literature, the epic genre is represented only by prose works: a story, a novel, a novel, etc.). A feature of folklore is its traditionalism and orientation to the oral way of transmitting information. The carriers were usually rural residents (peasants).

epic- a work or a cycle of works depicting a significant historical epoch or a great historical event.

Elegy- a lyrical genre that contains in a free poetic form any complaint, an expression of sadness, or an emotional result of philosophical reflection on the complex problems of life.

Epigram- This is a small satirical poem that makes fun of a person or social phenomenon.

epic- this is a heroic narrative about the past, containing a holistic picture of people's life and representing in a harmonious unity a kind of epic world of heroes-heroes.

Essay is a literary genre, a prose work of small volume and free composition.

Genre translated from French (genre) - genus, species. AT fiction There are three genres: drama, epic and poetry. Epic genres include not only prose works (epopee, fairy tale, novel, story, short story, short story, essay, etc.), but also poetry, such as fable, epic, poem, novel, fairy tale in verse. The lyrical genres of poetry include an ode, a ballad, an elegy, a song, a short poem, etc.

A lyrical work is a piece of music, exciting. It is in the lyrics that the most intimate, deep feelings of the poet are embodied as a citizen of the country, conveying his attitude towards society and the world as a whole. Each poem bears the stamp of the poet's individuality with his own passions and moral assessments. “Self-observation and a deeply personal interpretation of the experience become the main method of artistic expression for the lyricist.” sixteen

Lyrics are divided into four main thematic categories: philosophical, civil, love and landscape. Now there is a shift of genres, their interpenetration. Works in which lyrical and epic principles are combined are called lyrical-epic poetry. The romantic poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, the poems of V. Mayakovsky, A. Voznesensky and others belong to this type of poetry. (44)

Civic lyrics include journalistic poetry, which responds to important phenomena in the socio-political life of the country, to events in the world. We know the journalistic poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov. M. Gorky's poetic works "The Song of the Falcon" and "The Song of the Petrel" are permeated with a huge journalistic intensity. With "all his ringing power as a poet," V. Mayakovsky asserted journalistic poetry:

grimaces bitterly,

quilt with a whip:

Where is the soul?

Yes it is -

rhetoric!

Where is poetry?

One publicity?

Capitalism -

ugly word,

sounds much more elegant

"nightingale",

I will return to him

again and again.

Raise the propaganda slogan!

(from the poem "V. I. Lenin").

Such lyrical verses as an elegy are imbued with meditation, reflection of the poet; permeated with a sense of sadness and hope, sadness and joy. Elegies are written mainly in iambic pentameter:

My path is sad. Promises me labor and sorrow

The coming turbulent sea.

But I don't want, oh friends, to die;

I want to live in order to think and suffer...

One of the varieties of lyrical verse is the sonnet. Sonnet - from the Italian word sonare - to sound, to ring. His homeland is Italy of the XIII century. Sonnets were written by Petrarch, Dante, Michelangelo, Shakespeare; in Russia - Derzhavin, Pushkin, Lermontov, Blok, Bryusov, Akhmatova ... Many modern poets also turn to sonnets.

A sonnet is a strict form of fourteen lines, usually consisting of two quatrains and two three lines. Shakespeare has a different construction of the sonnet: three quatrains and a final couplet. (45)

Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter. The rhymes of the sonnets are sonorous and rich. Each stanza represents a complete whole. Usually in the first quatrain, which is perceived as an exposition, the main theme of the sonnet is affirmed. In the second - there is a development of the provisions put forward at the beginning; in the third - there is a denouement. And the most powerful in thought, imagery and feelings are the last two lines (in Shakespeare) or the last line in a tercet. These Stitches are called "sonnet lock". One should pay attention to the "sonnet lock" when studying the material and when performing sonnets.

We want to end the section on the laws of versification with the words of L. N. Tolstoy: “Science and art are as closely interconnected as the lungs and the heart, so that if one organ is perverted, then the other cannot function correctly.” However, the wrong point of view of some directors, actors, leaders of amateur groups, who affirm the priority of intuition, improvisation over the laws of creativity, has not yet been eliminated; We must not forget main principle system of K. S. Stanislavsky "From the conscious to the subconscious"; forget that an actor, a reader can improvise only when everything is carefully thought out, worked out to the smallest detail. It is known that “intuition is enough to discern the truth, but it is not enough to convince others and oneself of this truth. This requires proof." 17 But in order to prove to others, the head of an amateur studio must be knowledgeable in all matters of art, able to comprehend the laws of creativity. This is the only way to ensure the effectiveness of the final result of the work of the leader, the team, and each of its participants.

VERBAL ACTION IN SOUNDING POETRY

We don't want to great declaim

That is, just speak a monologue. We want

They act, live them in a comprehensive

concept of this word!

K. S. Stanislavsky.

Not to recite, but to act, to live in the material is also necessary when performing verses. After all, poetry, especially lyrical, in fact. its own is a monologue in which the complex inner world of the lyrical hero is revealed. Working on any literary work a certain sequence must be observed, which allows you to more organically master the art of verbal action. What is the sequence of work on poetic material? |

Directing and performing work on a poetic work can be divided into five stages. eighteen

1. Choice of material.

2. Knowledge of the characteristic features of the selected material.

4. Creative act of performance.

5. Analysis of the performance.

Material selection

When choosing a performing material, certain conditions must be observed. The first condition is the relevance of the material, its high ideological and artistic sound. At the same time, one should not understand by topical material only Soviet poetry, and, moreover, by all means recent years. The relevance of the problems that concern us, we find in many classical works of poetry. Having taken the verses of our classics into work, one must be able to read them from the standpoint of modernity. To do this, it is necessary to determine precisely: to change what situation in the life of our society, the world, a classic work can be directed.

Let's take Pushkin's lyrical poem "I loved you" as an example.

"I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different " (47)

Here the main idea this poem. A person should always remain a person and be grateful to the one who lit the fire of love - a feeling that not everyone can experience.

Performing these poems by Pushkin, we perform a speech action: to warn against a petty feeling of malice and possessiveness, to remind a person that he is a higher being with a kind heart and a wise mind. “My love is dear to me torment. Let me die, but let me die loving,” the poet says in his other poems.

The second condition for the right choice of material is that the performer likes it, excites him, causing a desire to work on it. It is better if the team members themselves look for it. And do not immediately disappoint them if the material they have proposed for some reason is not worth taking into work. You can tactfully replace it with another one on the same topic that excited the reader, but of better quality. Or advise to postpone work on it for a while and, as a stepping stone to the mastery of poetry, offer to make another poem that will enrich the performer with the necessary technological skills and abilities.

The third condition that ensures success in work is the compliance of the material with the creative abilities of the amateur reader and the degree of his preparedness for performances: after all, there are frequent cases (the results of competitions, reviews, creative reports of groups of the artistic word convince of this) when materials are performed that are clearly beyond the strength of reader. This is especially evident when the poems of the poets A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, with their very personal content, complicated by the train of thought, occupy an unduly large place in the programs of amateur readers. The poems of these poets require the highest skill of execution.

Often performers "drown" in huge time. (20-25 minutes) poetic compositions, poorly scripted. When performing such materials, creative abilities are not revealed, but, on the contrary, are crossed out. And in the audience, such performances cause bewilderment, annoyance. However, out of condescension towards non-professional readers, they are even praised. This is what harms the development of creative individuality. The aesthetic criteria of art are lost, the creative growth of the performer is delayed, bad taste and a frivolous attitude towards one of the most difficult types of art - reading art are brought up. (48)

Second phase work on poetry: the study of all the features of the form of the poem chosen for execution. * (* It is assumed that the reader knows the basic laws of versification. Comprehending the form of a verse is carried out in close connection with its ideological and effective analysis. Therefore, we are talking about the conditionality of the stages of work. One stage is woven into another. But they cannot be bypassed.)

In order to correctly read a lyrical poem, one must live with the high feelings of the poet, hear the poetic intonation, the tone of purposeful action; This is facilitated by a careful acquaintance with the work of the poet, as well as the study of the "biography" of the poem being performed. What does this "biography" mean?

Poems are born from experienced events, meetings, memories, surging feelings, contact with nature, etc. A thoroughly studied "biography" of poems should, as it were, guarantee a more faithful disclosure of the poet's intention, the world of his feelings and thoughts. Here is an example of a “biography” of A. S. Pushkin’s poem “I. I. Pushchin. Recall its content:

The uniqueness of the lyrics lies in the fact that the inner world of the lyrical hero, his thoughts and experiences come to the fore in it. This can be clearly seen in...

By Masterweb

The uniqueness of the lyrics lies in the fact that the inner world of the lyrical hero, his thoughts and experiences come to the fore in it. This can be clearly seen in works where not only any visual images of the outside world are completely absent, but also its descriptive, narrative lyrics. The experience is transmitted due to the emotional expression of speech, the nature of the tropes, and so on. Thus, in order to determine the genre of a poem, it is necessary to pay attention to the very nature of the experiences.

In literature, from ancient to modern, there is a tradition that the lyric genre helps to express a variety of feelings, which can often reach the strength of pathos. It is satire, elegy and ode. Initially, they expressed the feelings of the poet, which were caused by a certain external object, circumstance of life or events. From here, a descriptive-meditative composition is taken and a very large volume of the text of most works is obtained. The genres of small-form poems are mainly madrigals, epigrams and epitaphs.

Traditional genres

Ode is a genre that is a solemn poem. It is dedicated to a specific event or hero. In addition, this was the name of a separate work written in the same manner.

Initially in Ancient Greece an ode was any form of lyrics in verse. It was intended for musical accompaniment. Choral singing was also considered an ode. In Roman literature, the most famous odes were the works of Horace, which used the dimensions of Eleatic lyric poetry, primarily the Alcaean stanza, which he successfully adapted for Latin. He called the collection of his works in Latin Carmina.

Since the Renaissance, odes began to be called lyrical works that were written in a high pathetic style and focused on samples of antiquity. Classicism made this genre canonical for high lyrics. The most famous poems of that period can be considered elegies that contain in a free poetic form a certain complaint, an expression of longing or emotional experiences based on philosophical reflections on complex life problems.

Initially, in the poetry of ancient Greece, an elegy was a poem that was written with a stanza of a certain size - a couplet.

Message

This is a genre of poetry, which is a letter to someone.

The most ancient messages that are mentioned in the Eastern and classical literature, are the works of the Indian king Stratobat, who wrote to Semiramis, as well as David's letters addressed to Joab.

Classical antiquity was distinguished by a significant development of the epistolary genre. The Greek epistles that have survived to our times are mostly falsifications, which attributed certain rhetorical arguments to grandiose historical figures.

From the ancient Romans to our times, mainly messages have come down that were originally intended for great circle readers. Perhaps only Cicero has genuine private letters, but the works of Seneca and Pliny are distinguished by their epistolary form of presentation. Since the second century, writing has been a special literary genre. The letters of the Romans and Greeks were similar in stylistic form: no signature was put, the name of the writer was placed at the head of the letter, before the name of the recipient. In imperial times, in particular, at the court of Byzantium, the classical simplicity of writing disappeared. Private letters approached the importance of their style to official messages. The designation where and when the message was written remained unchanged. Christian Latin writers needed letters mainly for sermons.

Epigram

These are small satirical works that make fun of a certain person or social phenomenon.

In the era of Antiquity, epigrams were called dedicatory inscriptions on altars, sculptures, on objects that were dedicated to the gods. They were also placed on tombstones. Gradually, a thematic variety of epigrams is formed. They could be descriptive, love, drinking, satirical, solemn. Epigram differs from epic forms in its brevity, as well as a pronounced subjective attitude regarding a certain fact or event. The epigram was written using elegiac distich, and later iambs and other sizes began to be used.

In Russian literature, the epigram was used in their work by Simeon Polotsky and Feofan Prokopovich. Many poets composed a variety of satirical epigrams, and during the time of Zhukovsky and Pushkin they received a salon character and a touch of album poetry.

Song

This is a genre of poems that can act as both epic and lyrical. Epic songs are distinguished by their plot, for example, "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The basis of a lyrical song is the experience of the protagonist or author.

The genre originates in traditional oral folk art.

romances

These are small epic poems that summarize events in brief, which helps to awaken fantasy and feelings. First of all, this genre appeared in the southern countries, it is distinguished by its liveliness, bright colors. While the ballad that appeared in the northern countries most often depicts gloomy, mysterious and serious events in nature or in the human soul. The word "romance" has Spanish roots. In Romance countries, it was called " vernacular”, as well as a poem written on it.

Sonnets

This is a lyrical genre of rigid form poems, because they consist of only 14 lines, which are organized into stanzas in a special way. Sonnets are distinguished by the strictness of the principles of rhyme, as well as stylistic laws. There are several types of them:

• Italian, which may consist of two quatrains or two tertiary lines.
• English sonnets have 3 quatrains and one couplet.
• Occasionally, French sonnets stand out. Their stanza is similar to Italian, but uses a slightly different rhyme.
• Russian sonnet. It originated under the influence of French, and was first used by Anton Delvig.

Satire

This is a lyrical genre of poetry. The works that are written in it express the indignation and indignation of the poet regarding the negative aspects of public life. Satire is distinguished by its rhetoric, therefore the author serves as a mouthpiece for society, especially for that part of it that is concerned negative sides social life. For example, Cantemir in his works advocates the transformations of Peter I. He stigmatizes the ignorant, malevolent nobles who boast of their origin, and all those who seek to live according to old customs. Belinsky stated that the Kantemirovskaya tradition in the literature of Russia is most closely connected with life.

Despite the fact that caustic mockery was filled a large number of Ancient Greek iambs, as an independent genre, satire is formed only in Roman literature. It is found in the works of Horace, Juvenal and Persius. Now you know a little more about what genres of poems exist and what their differences are.

How did the luminaries of Russian poetry write?

You can briefly consider what genres prominent Russian poets liked to use in their work.

Blok's favorite genres of poetry were poems, elegies and epistles. His most famous works are "Poems about beautiful lady”,“ Lyric dramas ”,“ Twelve.

Pushkin's favorite genres of poems are satire, odes, elegies, and songs. Alexander Sergeevich has so many famous works that listing them would take a long time.

The most frequently used genre of poems by Lermontov was the elegy. This is not surprising, since the elegiac mood is most suitable for the poet's lyrical heroes. Motives of loneliness, melancholy and dissatisfaction with life sound in his works.

Kievyan street, 16 0016 Armenia, Yerevan +374 11 233 255

One of the main mistakes was to leave the maintenance (adding) of genres at the mercy of the authors. What you will not find on the site, and most importantly - it is difficult to decide whether it is prose or poetry.

Recently, independent input of genres on the site is prohibited. And in this article, an attempt is made to review the materials of literary sites and encyclopedias dedicated to poetry.

Poetry from the Greek - means creativity, creation.

In a narrow sense, poetry is understood as poetic, rhythmically organized speech. In this sense, poetry is opposed to prose.

An additional measure of speech is a verse (poetic line), as well as rhymes, meter, and so on. Often the word poetry is used in a figurative sense, meaning the beauty of the presentation of the depicted object, and in this sense a purely prosaic text can be called poetic. But in this article we will touch only the genres of poetry.

Here is approximately the following classification (with slight variations) of poetry given by online publications and dictionaries:

Lyric poetry serves to express strong feelings, and since they usually do not last long, lyrical works are always small. Whereas epic works sometimes make up whole volumes (for example, poems, novels), lyric works in most cases consist of several lines. The poet expressed his feeling - and puts down his pen. If he, despite the fact that his feelings have cooled, continues to write, then his lyrical work will not evoke an appropriate mood among readers: only a sincere feeling is conveyed.

epic poetry, usually a long narrative poem that tells about heroic deeds, its other name is the heroic epic. The origins of epic poetry are most likely rooted in prehistoric stories of gods and other supernatural beings. These narratives, or myths, were probably recited during sacred rituals calling for patronage. higher powers in achieving earthly well-being.

Philosophical poetry These are poems about life. This is easy to explain - after all, any person is concerned about the issues of life, death, relations with the outside world. A person who writes is rarely satisfied with his life, talks about good, evil, truth and lies, often thinks about the role of the Creator in managing people's lives. The theme of the verses - thoughts of the author becomes his own destiny.

Publicistic poetry- poetry dedicated to topical issues of socio-political life.

satirical poetry- a manifestation of the comic in art, which is a poetic humiliating denunciation of phenomena using various comic means: sarcasm, irony, hyperbole, grotesque, allegory, parody, etc.

humorous poetry- Probably. every person, if he is not a pedant and a cracker, likes a good joke. A person who has a sense of humor, who loves to laugh, has much more reason to love and enjoy life than a gloomy pessimist.

children's poetry- In poetry for children, it is rare to find lyrics in pure form: the subject of children's poetry is not the content of the inner life of the poet, but what happens in the outside world, it is directed not at the subject, but at the object. Therefore, children's poetry is mostly epic, each poem is a small story with its own plot.

Each of these "poetry" is divided into genres. Here I will try to list in alphabetical order the most famous genres of poetry (this is my personal opinion and this list can be continued and challenged).

Ballad(from French ballade, Italian ballata from ballare - to dance) - a genre of lyric poetry, which includes works with a narrative component.

It developed from folk dance songs of love content, common among the southern Romanesque peoples, initially in Provence, and then in Italy. From about the 12th century, a small lyrical poem was called a ballad, consisting of three or four stanzas, more often eight, ten or twelve stanzas, interspersed with a chorus (refrain), and usually had a love complaint in content. Initially, such a work was sung to accompany dances.

Heroias (French heroide, of Greek origin)- a letter in verse on behalf of some famous hero of history or legend; a special kind of elegy, in which the expression of a feeling of unsatisfied and yearning love is put into the mouths of gods and heroes; a poetic genre common in the literature of the late 18th century; lost its importance with the fall of false classicism. (quote from wikipedia)

Limerick- a form of short humorous poem that appeared in the UK, based on playing around with nonsense. Traditionally, a limerick has five lines built according to the AABBA scheme, and in the canonical form the end of the last line repeats the end of the first. The plot of a limerick is built something like this: the first line says who and where, the second - what he did, and then - what came of it.

Lyrics, lyric poetry(from Greek - "performed to the sounds of a lyre, sensitive" "lyrical; lyre") reproduces the subjective personal feeling or mood of the author. Lyrics - poetry, the object of which is the personal or collective experiences of a person in the form of directly expressed feelings.

Madrigal (French madrigal, Italian madrigale)- in classical poetry, a small lyric poem-compliment, a poem of laudatory content. A song in the native (mother's) language is a small musical and poetic work, usually of a love-lyrical content; originally a monophonic song in Italian. In the XIV-XVI centuries, poetic madrigals were created, as a rule, for musical embodiment. Later, the literary madrigal was not associated with music and was a genre of salon and album poetry.

Pastourelle (fr. pastourelle))- a narrative song about the meeting of a lyrical hero (usually a knight) with a shepherdess (pastoure) and his flirting, often interrupted by the aggressive intervention of a shepherd's friend.

Poem- a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot. A poem is also called an ancient and medieval epic, nameless and author's.

Novel in verse- a literary genre that combines the properties of composition inherent in the novel, a system of characters with a poetic form.

rubaiyat(in plural“Rubaiyat - quatrain; a form of lyric poetry widespread in the Near and Middle East.

Knightly poetry- one of the most striking expressions of the worldview developed by chivalry. It is the poetry of the Provencal troubadours.

stanzas(French stance from Italian Stanza - room, room, stop) - a lyrical-epic work, consisting of compositionally complete stanzas, isolated from each other. This is expressed in the prohibition of semantic transfers from one stanza to another and in the obligatory nature of independent rhymes that are not repeated in other stanzas.

Stanzas - in poetry of the 18th-19th centuries. a small elegiac poem (often meditative content, less often love) with a simple strophic structure (usually 4-line 4-foot iambic) (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary). For example, "Aul Bastundzhi" Lermontov, "House in Kolomna" Pushkin.

Travesty(from Italian travestire - to change clothes) - a kind of humorous (sometimes satirical) poetry, in which a poetic plot of serious or sublime content is presented in a comic form by the fact that its content is clothed in a form that does not correspond to its character (hence the name), while in parody in the strict sense, on the contrary, a serious form is preserved, but the content does not correspond to it. Depending on the type of poetry, travesty can be epic, lyrical and dramatic. (quote from Wikipedia).

philosophical poem- genre of philosophical literature.

Haiku (formerly haiku)- a genre of traditional Japanese lyric poetry.

Elegy- genre of lyric poetry; in early ancient poetry, a poem written in elegiac distich, regardless of content; later (Callimach, Ovid) - a poem with the character of thoughtful sadness. In the new European poetry, the elegy retains stable features: intimacy, motives of disappointment, unhappy love, loneliness, the frailty of earthly existence, determines the rhetoric in the depiction of emotions; classical genre of sentimentalism and romanticism. (quote from Wikipedia). Epigram (Old Greek "inscription"))- a small satirical poem that makes fun of a person or social phenomenon

Poetry is one of the oldest literary genres, and therefore there are a lot of types of poetry. I will try to pay attention to the main types of poems: 1) Rhymeless verse - this type of versification originated in antiquity. There is rhythm, however, there is no clear rhyme. A striking example is folk epics. Now no longer used. It was replaced by "White" verse. A variety of white verses are folk verses and their imitations, among which there are masterpieces that surprise with their unique melodiousness and melody. Example: Sing a harp, cheerful sonorous About my faithful and devoted love, As the black-eyed one drove crazy, I killed with sweet confessions. But in this field, I think, Vuk Stefanovich Karadzic, a Serbian philologist and folklorist, worked best of all. 2) Free verse (free verse) - non-rhyming verses without a meter, divided into poetic lines and not possessing permanent signs of their commensurability. In other words, there is melody, but rhythm and rhyme - not always. She came from the cold, Flushed, Filled the room with the Aroma of air and perfume, With a sonorous voice And chatter that was completely disrespectful to her studies. (A. Blok) Unfortunately, my own example did not come to mind, but I think Blok's lines clearly illustrate this type of versification. 3) Free verse (free iambic) - free alternation of rows of different number of lines. In Russian poetry, the usual size of fables, many elegies, epistles, etc. Free verse is most suitable for conveying colloquial speech. What does "various verses" mean? The feet are a group of syllables distinguished and united by ikt, the rhythmic stress in the verse. A line of a poem in poetry is called a "verse". There can be two, three or four or more feet in a verse. And these lines contain a certain number of pauses called caesuras. Ideally - in each "verse" the same number of "caesuras". But it's hard to follow. From here came the diverse verses: The stars do not give me (ts - caesura) the desired peace. Mirage is my dream. And let us part for a long time (c) with you, Still in love. This poem is written in iambic. There is a pause, there is no pause. And so is the whole poem. A free iambic means that there can be three "caesuras" in one line, two in the second, and not in the third. Example: "It leaves the day (c) five times from the herd, Wherever I may be, She (c) all day (c) is glad to be there. She only cares (c) that I love her." (Sumarokov) 4) Single verses - verses with rhyming, in which in the stanza, in addition to rhymed lines, there are also non-rhyming ones (not having a rhyming pair). Idle verses can be both with a regular expectation of the absence of rhyme in certain places of the stanza, and with the effect of a deceived expectation. That is, in one stanza there is rhyme, in the other it is not. The tradition of single verses was adopted by Russian poets from German poetry - from the middle of the 19th century. a large number of poems by H. Heine, who used idle rhyming, were translated into Russian. Since then, idle verses have become a common occurrence in Russian poetry, which until then knew only isolated cases. An example of an idle verse: The land of my fathers has gone mad: It flies to Tartarus without conscience and faith... And I declare to you seriously, friends, That from now on I am a Citizen of Venus. I rejected the earthly on Venus, And indulge in unearthly drunkenness... As if on a planet of complete unbelief, I'll take a look by chance, I'll immediately get drunk! It can be seen that in the first stanza the third line does not rhyme with the first, i.e. - this is an idle verse with the effect of deceived expectation. 5) A poem in prose is a small, emotionally rich lyrical work in prose form without signs of meter and rhyme. Distinctive features - melody and melodiousness. In other words, it is rhythmic prose. If you recall the creations of some modern benchmarks, you will notice that there is not always a rhyme there - there is a certain melody. In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, - You are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people! (I. S. Turgenev) "We sawed firewood, took an elm log - and cried out: since the trunk was cut last year, and dragged by a tractor, and sawed it into pieces, and threw it into barges and bodies, and rolled into stacks, and dumped on the ground - but the elm log did not give up! It let out a fresh green sprout - a whole future elm or a densely noisy branch. We already laid the log on the goats, as if on a chopping block, but did not dare to cut into the neck with a saw: how "Saw it? After all, it also wants to live! After all, this is how it wants to live - more than us!" (A Solzhenitsyn). From the examples you can see that this is not quite poetry. Again, you can send the reader to the ancient epics, legends. There are a great many of these "poems in prose". 6) Experimental (exotic poems) - original poems built on unconventional ways rhyming, construction of stanzas, alternation of rhymes, etc. Such verses include: acrostics, pantorhymes, palindromes, monorhymes, curly verses, anacycles, endless verses. 7) Monorim (Greek monos - one, rime - verse) - a verse built on one rhyme; rare in European poetry, but widespread in the classical poetry of the Near and Middle East. In other words, all the lines end with a single sound: Soul impulse, blind passion. And how can I not fall into the fire, How can I not fall into mortal madness, And how can I not fall into the pool? Monorims are rarely written in their pure form. Among Russian poets, monorhymes are often found as components of a work. 8) Acrostic (Greek akrostichis - extreme verse) - a verse, the first letters of all lines of which form a word or phrase, most often the name of the author himself. The acrostic has its origins in magical texts and was popular in the poetry of the Middle Ages. I see the light of your eyes And sometimes I go dumb, Like a cold dawn, They pour emptiness. (guess the name of the author) 9) Mesostich (from the Greek mesos - located in the middle and stichos - verse) - a verse in which a word or phrase is made up of the letters of each line. In the mesostich, the word is formed by letters arranged in a certain order inside the lines, and the vertical arrangement is not necessary. In addition, as a rule, the encrypted word or phrase is highlighted. As an example - the quatrain of one of the founders of the Russian mesostikh hieromonk Karion Istomin, in which he recorded his spiritual title and surname. Jesus the Lord to Him of the Servants of These, will take up to her the Prayer of the SCIENCES of all the free ones. Mercy love of all blessings Teach. (Karion Istomin) 10) Telestic - a verse in which the last letters of each line form a word or phrase. A variety of acrostics: Give praise to mothers For the warmth of their eyes, Without these eyes, I swear to you, And I'm not happy with the sun. 11) Centon (from Latin cento - clothes or a blanket made of shreds) - a humorous poem composed of "blanks" - excerpts from different poems by one or more authors. It usually looks like a parody. Do not sing beauty in my presence: The east is burning like a new dawn. And in the painted window A friend of my harsh days ... 12) Pantorim - a verse in which all words rhyme. In its pure form pantorim exists extremely rarely. Basically, verses-pantorims are found as components of any work. It is very difficult to write. Bold running intoxicates, White snow blows, Noises cut through the silence, Thoughts of spring do not caress. (V. Bryusov) 13) Anacycle (Greek ana - forward, against and cyclos - circle, cycle) - a poem written in such a way that it can be read equally from top to bottom from left to right, and from bottom to top from right to left. The anacycle is read in both directions not by letters (as in a palindrome), but by words. Anacyclic verses are extremely rare even for experimental poetry, since compiling an anacycle is a very laborious work: Cruelly - meditation. Night silence Shakes visions of the past, Flicker meets smiles severely. Suffering - Deep - deep! Suffering sternly meets a smile ... The flickering of the past - the vision shakes ... Silence, night meditation - cruel! (V. Bryusov) 14) Reverse - a poem that can be read both from the beginning (from left to right) and from the end (from right to left), while the general meaning is preserved, but the order of presentation changes and, most importantly, rhymes change, and rhyme may change. Your green eyes I will dream again, and Tear, as your pure image, Spring will remember crazy. (author unknown to me) 15) Ropalik - a verse in which the number of syllables increases with each word in a line. Appeared in the writings of Homer. There can be both horizontal and vertical rolls. In a horizontal ropal verse, the words from the beginning to the end of the line increase by one syllable: Life is a game of fleeting desires, There is a time for unconscious dreams, There are, then, proud accomplishments, Boredom, languor, far-sighted languor ... (V. Bryusov) In a vertical ropalic, each new line has one more syllable. 16) Figured verse - a poem, the lines of which visually form any figure or object - a star, cone, heart, cross, pyramid, rhombus, etc. Thus, figured verses are intended exclusively for visual perception. Simmias of Rhodes, an ancient Greek poet who wrote three poems in the form of an egg, an ax and wings, is considered to be the inventor of figured poetry. Later, figure verse was in use in European baroque poetry, and was also not deprived of attention by Russian poets. And suddenly the road will not seem so hard, You will want to sing and think again. So many stars are burning in the sky, blood is flowing so violently ... Dreams, anxiety, Love! (A. Apukhtin) 17) Endless verses - verses with a ring structure, where the end goes to the beginning. Everyone knows the verse: "The priest had a dog ...", or "The house that Jack built." 18) Palindromon (Greek palindromos - running back) - a poem, the lines of which are palindromes and are equally read from beginning to end and from end to beginning. A well-known example: "And the rose fell on the paw of Azor." 19) Heterogram (equal letter) - a play on words that are different in meaning, but similar in letter composition. Often a heterogram can be found in tongue twisters: I saw once a hedgehog: Already, and shrunk without breathing, The hedgehog snorted at the snake: Wow, and the meeting is good! 20) Parody - (Greek parodía, literally - singing inside out), in literature and (less often) in musical and fine arts comic imitation of a work of art or a group of works. Madly in love with this type of versification, I advise the authors to start with parodies. Helps to develop. Example: "And the Mirror in response to her:" You are terrible, no doubt! If you and I had seen the show "Dancing with Ghouls" On the ground or on the ice, On the water, or at least in Hell, You would have won immediately And received a gas mask as a gift On your face: I would put it on once, Yes, and more would I wouldn’t shoot And I wouldn’t scare people! ”In addition, the lyrics are divided into love, landscape, philosophical, spiritual, urban, everyday, etc. There are tragedies, thoughts, children's poems. Each of these types has its own semantic load, its own content. I hope there is no need to explain these concepts. There are, hypermetric, Alexandrian, declamatory, accented, ray, sapphic, Aristophanean, Falecaic, Adonic, cataletic verse. All these verses differ in poetic size. If it is interesting, write, and I will talk about them after the part about poetic sizes, but for now we will complete the part about the types of poems.