Yellow fever vaccination - where and when to do it? Yellow fever - symptoms and types of vaccines Restrictions on yellow fever vaccination

Yellow fever (amaryllosis) is an acute hemorrhagic disease of a viral nature, transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and the genus Haemogogus. Endemic territories - North and South America, Africa.

Causes, symptoms and treatment of yellow fever

The virus that causes amaryllosis belongs to the Flavivirus family. There are two forms of yellow fever:

rural (transmitted by mosquitoes from monkeys);
urban (transmitted by a mosquito from person to person).

The disease begins acutely. The incubation period is 7-10 days. The disease occurs in several phases:

hyperemia (symptoms predominate general intoxication: increased body temperature, chills, muscle pain, delirium. The face and neck are hyperemic and swollen. Photophobia, lacrimation, redness of the oral mucosa and tongue are observed. Towards the end of the phase, the sclera becomes pigmented, or icteric. The duration of the period of hyperemia is 3-4 days);
short-term remission phase (body temperature normalizes, general state temporarily improves. With a mild course, the patient recovers. Duration of the phase - 1-2 days);
period of venous stasis (occurs with a severe course of the disease, accompanied by fever, cyanosis, yellowness of the skin and visible mucous membranes. The patient’s condition worsens, signs of hemorrhages on the skin and mucous membranes, bleeding of internal organs appear. In case of further progression of the infection, toxic shock occurs, renal and hepatic failure).

Treatment of yellow fever occurs in a hospital and boils down to the following measures:

compliance with bed rest;
drinking plenty of water;
detoxification therapy with the introduction of saline and glucose solutions;
use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In cases of severe kidney damage, hemodialysis is indicated. To prevent the disease, immunization with vaccines is used.

Vaccine characteristics

The Stamaril vaccine is used to develop specific immunity against yellow fever.

Stamaril Pasteur vaccine is a lyophilized, heat-stable attenuated vaccine made from the 17 D strain (Rockefeller Foundation). One dose is 0.5 ml, containing 1000 LD50 of a suspension in a stabilizing medium of live yellow fever virus and 0.5 ml of a buffer solution.

Other Ingredients:

lactose, sorbitol, L-histidine hydrochloride;
L-alanine, sodium chloride;
potassium chloride, potassium hydrogen phosphate;
potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride;
magnesium sulfate.

Indications for vaccine administration

Immunoprophylaxis against yellow fever is not included in the National Vaccination Calendar, but it is indicated for the following categories of people:

living in endemic areas;
travelers planning to visit countries in South America or Africa;
persons working with pathogen virus cultures.

Countries that require vaccination upon entry:

Kenya, Angola, Tanzania, Somalia;
Mauritania, Ghana, Benin;
Rwanda, Burkina Faso;
Gambia, Republic of Congo;
Chad, Zambia, Nigeria;
Guinea, Senegal, Ethiopia;
Sudan, Uganda, Gabon, Liberia, Togo.

South America:

Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana;
Peru, Venezuela, Panama;
Brazil, Colombia.

After vaccination, a mark is placed on the International Certificate, after which it is confirmed at the yellow fever prevention center. The certificate is considered valid from the 10th day from the date of injection, valid for 10 years.

Doctor's advice. It takes 7-10 days to develop antibodies against the yellow fever virus, so you need to plan immunoprophylaxis in advance

Method of administration of the vaccine and dose

The drug is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. To use the vaccine, insert the contents of the syringe (sodium chloride) into an ampoule with a lyophilized substance. The resulting beige-pink solution without inclusions is injected under the shoulder blade. One dose is 0.5 ml of the substance and contains 1000 LD50 of the suspension.

Contraindications for administering the vaccine

Contraindications are general and specific. Common ones include:

allergic reaction on the administration of the previous dose of the drug;
immunosuppressive therapy;
oncological diseases;
infectious diseases;
chronic diseases in the acute stage.

Specific contraindications:

history of allergy to chicken protein (since the strain is cultured on a chicken embryo);
immunodeficiency, congenital or acquired.

Side effects of the vaccine

In response to the introduction of a foreign protein, local and general reactions for vaccination. Basic side effects:

swelling and redness at the injection site;
enlargement of regional lymph nodes;
increased body temperature, weakness;
headache, nausea, pain in muscles and joints;
allergic reactions in the form of a rash, in severe cases observed anaphylactic shock.

If the injection technique is violated, an abscess appears at the injection site.

Severe complications include:

defeat nervous system(encephalitis, meningitis);
difficulty swallowing, anaphylactic shock;
renal and liver failure.

In rare cases, myocarditis, pneumonia, gangrene of the extremities or soft tissues are observed. As a result of the layering of repeated infection, sepsis occurs.

Important! Yellow fever is a dangerous infectious disease that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. It manifests itself as fever and general intoxication symptoms, as well as hemorrhagic disorders of all organs and systems. Specific treatment does not exist, so to travel to epidemic areas you must be vaccinated. The yellow fever vaccine is well tolerated and provides lasting immunity

Application of the vaccine

Vaccination is indicated for children over 9 months (in case of epidemic indications, use from 6 months is possible) and adults.

The first dose is administered 10 days before the intended departure to the endemic territory. Revaccination is carried out every 10 years using 0.5 ml of the drug. For persons over 60 years of age, immunoprophylaxis is carried out with caution, as the risk of adverse reactions increases.

The vaccine is not indicated for pregnant and lactating women, except for the inevitable risk of infection.

Pros and cons

Vaccination is considered the most important worldwide effective method prevention of infectious diseases, for which there is no alternative.

Vaccination is stressful for the body, often accompanied by the appearance of undesirable reactions, which normally disappear within 3 days.

Probability fatal outcome or disability after an infectious disease is significantly higher than after immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination does not guarantee protection against infection, but it minimizes the risk of death and serious complications from the nervous system.

special instructions

To minimize undesirable manifestations after vaccination, you should adhere to general recommendations:

several days before and after vaccination, do not introduce new foods or potential allergens into the diet;
limit contact with strangers, do not visit crowded places (swimming pools, supermarkets, parks);
do not contact with infectious patients;
You can wash after vaccination, but do not rub the injection site with a sponge;
do not visit open bodies of water.

After immunoprophylaxis, it is not recommended to leave the medical facility for 30 minutes. In case of an allergic reaction, assistance will be provided in a timely manner.

Yellow fever vaccine and alcohol

As with other vaccines, you should not drink alcohol after receiving the drug to prevent yellow fever. This puts additional stress on the liver and heart, which can increase the risk of complications.

Advantages and disadvantages

The benefits of the vaccine include the following:

good tolerance;
high immunogenicity;
possibility of simultaneous use with other vaccinations;
Revaccination is required every 10 years.

Flaws:

the yellow fever vaccination is not included in the National Vaccination Schedule, so the patient must pay for it himself;
Immunity is formed on the 10th day after the injection; vaccination should be planned in advance.

Interaction with other drugs for immunoprophylaxis

It is possible to combine the yellow fever vaccine with the following drugs for immunoprophylaxis:

vaccination against polio, measles;
DTP vaccine (for the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus);
meningococcal A+C vaccine;
vaccination against typhoid fever.

When vaccines are used in combination, their immunogenicity (ability to form an adequate immune response) is not reduced.

If several injections are used simultaneously, the drugs are administered to different limbs.

If it is necessary to administer drugs against cholera and paratyphoid A and B, an interval of 3 months is observed between vaccines.

Vaccine storage conditions

The drug is stored in the refrigerator, out of the reach of children, at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees Celsius; freezing is prohibited. After opening the fly, the bottle is used within 6 hours.

Contact with disinfectants, this may lead to inactivation of the virus.

Do not use after the expiration date, do not throw away the remaining vaccine into the sewer (as it contains a weakened pathogen).

Vaccine analogues

On the pharmaceutical market, the substance for the prevention of yellow fever is presented by domestic manufacturers - “” and “Stamaril” (France).

Other methods of prevention

In addition to specific prevention through vaccinations, there are nonspecific methods:

promptly identify and isolate infected patients;
use of mosquito nets and repellents to prevent mosquito bites;
preventing the importation of mosquitoes by all means of transport;
checking preventive vaccinations against yellow fever in persons visiting endemic regions.

Where can I get vaccinated?

You can get vaccinated in a public medical institution that has a manipulation room and trained medical staff. You can be vaccinated in private clinics that have permission to conduct vaccinations.

After unsuccessful attempts to create a vaccine against yellow fever based on bacteria, the discovery of a viral agent, causing infection and its isolation in monkeys, gave new directions of research. Subsequent successes were attenuation of the virus in mice and then in tissue culture; ability to produce vaccine in eggs. An important person in the story is Max Theiler, who was a professor of epidemiology and public health at Yale from 1964 to 1967, and whose work attenuating the virus created the vaccine.

A little history about yellow fever

After the Spanish-American War, yellow fever in Cuba became a particular American problem. Sanitary measures in Havana (i.e., eliminating the “miasma” by removing wastewater) failed to curb the increase in disease. Further, Sternberg, as US Surgeon General, appointed a commission headed by Walter Reed to investigate.

This successful campaign established that mosquitoes that transmit the disease and the foreign agent itself pass through the Berkefeld filter, eliminating the bacterial nature of the disease. Bacterial vaccines quickly became obsolete.

Many attempts to infect laboratory animals have failed. An attempt to get around this difficulty was made in 1901, when Dr John Guiteras, based in Havana, noted the low mortality rate in Walter Reed's experiments (14 shots and no deaths) and attempted to immunize subjects with a tiny dose (one to four mosquito bites) of a live agent.

Eight of the 42 volunteers became ill and three died. Further immunization work has ceased and the focus is now on prevention through mosquito control.

According to World Organization health, the disease is a mosquito-borne virus present in Africa and South America. The infection can be mild or severe. Vaccination is the best protection against this virus. The clinic is manifested by the following symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal and muscle pain.

More severe symptoms include hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever. Although the disease is not seen as an epidemic in the world, vaccination against it is important due to the high mortality rate of the virus. Some countries, such as Ghana and Brazil, require all travelers to be immunized to enter the country. In addition to getting the vaccine, travelers should use mosquito repellent or a net.

What is the yellow fever vaccine?

The yellow fever vaccine provides protection against the virus for travelers and people living in areas where the disease is present. It is only available in injectable form. The vaccine is very unsafe and the risk of disease is high, WHO recommends it for adults and children over 9 months of age who will be traveling to high-risk areas.

Some countries require proof of immunization. Because of this, all individuals who receive the yellow fever vaccination in the "Passport of Health" are also issued an International Certificate of Vaccination (or "yellow card") to confirm that they have been immunized. This map is what will be presented at the international entry point into the country.

Vaccination against yellow fever is given for different purposes. To prevent the international spread of the disease by protecting countries from the risk of the virus being imported from endemic areas or yellow fever spreading through non-endemic areas. Countries requiring proof of vaccination are those in which the disease is likely to occur and where mosquitoes and potential non-human primates are present. Any import of the virus by an infected traveler can lead to its spread and infection of the entire person’s environment and, as a result, even an epidemic is possible.

Proof of vaccination is most often required for tourists from countries with high risk disease transmission (sometimes for travelers passing through but not stopping in such states).

Because yellow fever is often fatal to those who have not been vaccinated, vaccination is recommended for all travelers and residents of high-risk areas. The injection is given in the shoulder. But even if you've been vaccinated, it's important to prevent insect bites, since mosquitoes can also spread other serious diseases.

Who should be vaccinated

Check the country information on the Travel Health Pro website (here) to see if you need a certificate for the area you are visiting. A certificate is not required to enter the UK. The vaccination is only available at registered vaccination centres. Find one near you and if there is none, then contact the state embassy.

How much does the vaccine cost?

The vaccine is usually paid for. It usually costs around £60-80. Provides lifetime protection for most people. The choice of dosage is recommended only if the following conditions are met:

You are traveling to an area where yellow fever is detected;
You were last vaccinated more than 10 years ago;
When last vaccinated, you were under two years of age, pregnant, or had a weakened immune system - for example, due to HIV or preparing for a bone marrow transplant

Contact a yellow fever vaccination center for advice if you are unsure whether your vaccine dose needs to be adjusted.

Contraindications for use

Vaccination against yellow fever has its contraindications:

Yellow fever vaccination for children under 9 months of age (can sometimes be vaccinated if the risk of infection is extremely high);
Pregnant and breastfeeding women;
Elderly people (over sixty years old);
People with weakened immune systems, such as those who are HIV positive;
People who are allergic to any of the components of the vaccine, including people who are allergic to eggs.

Take extra care to prevent insect bites while traveling if you have not been vaccinated!

Side effects of the vaccine

The vaccine may cause side effects, but the risk of getting sick usually outweighs the risk of infection. After vaccination, every third person receives:

Headache of a bursting nature;
Pain in calf muscles and arm muscles;
Low-grade body temperature (37-37.5°C);
Soreness and redness at the injection site.

These side effects usually go away within two weeks.

There are also more serious but very rare side effects that may occur, including an allergic reaction and subsequent pathological conditions, which have a negative effect on the brain and other organs. This happens less than 10 times per million vaccine doses.

Vaccination and alcohol

There is no reliable evidence against drinking alcohol after receiving a yellow fever vaccine, but many epidemiologists and infectious disease specialists advise abstaining from drinking for 48 hours. The yellow fever vaccine and alcohol have no contraindications, but it is better to be more careful.

Conclusion

The road to the invention of the current vaccine was bumpy and sometimes completely unknown. Problems of virus attenuation in tissue culture, its large-scale production in eggs, and elimination of contaminants pushed the limits of scientific knowledge at the time. For his efforts to push these boundaries, Taylor was awarded Nobel Prize in 1950 after three nominations. Following his long tenure at the Rockefeller Institute, he was appointed professor of epidemiology and public health at Yale University School of Medicine from 1964 to 1967 and died in 1972.

The early dream of eliminating yellow fever from the earth through mosquito control died with the discovery of the "jungle cycle." Vaccination continues to provide a necessary, although often underutilized, form of protection.

Currently, World Health Organization programs are in place for laboratory detection of yellow fever outbreaks and mass immunization with vaccine for preventive and emergency use (together with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization). The current vaccine, while not perfect, plays an important role in preventing and/or ending yellow nest outbreaks as a global scourge.

If you are asking yourself: “What vaccinations do I need to travel to a particular country?” or “Where can I get the yellow fever vaccine?” contact your local medical clinic to visit a doctor.

Yellow fever occurs in non-CIS countries, so prevention is not particularly relevant in Russia. It’s a completely different matter if you plan to travel to areas that are unsafe in this regard. Thirteen regions are considered endemic Latin America and thirty-one states in Africa.

What is it and what danger does the disease pose? This type of “exotic” fever is caused by a virus and is transmitted through mosquito bites. The source of infection can be an infected person (urban type) or an animal (rural type). There is another route of transmission: contact through damaged mucous membranes or wounds and lesions on the skin. This happens, for example, upon contact with infected blood when working or while cutting up carcasses.

The disease is in many ways similar to other types of tropical fevers, as well as malaria. The nervous and cardiovascular system, internal organs(liver, spleen, kidneys). After a short incubation period a bright clinic develops with rises in temperature, muscle pain and severe chills. By the time of the 3rd day of the disease, an imaginary remission is observed. However, this is not for long: in the second stage obviouscomplications: all signs of severe damage organs and tissues with intoxication, with bleeding (nasal, gastrointestinal, etc.). Yellowness of the skin and sclera appears, hence the name: yellow fever.

During treatment, death occurs in 10% of cases, and during periods of epidemics it increases to 50%. And all this in 4-7 days, during which the disease claims thousands of lives.

The main risk group is children and people of working age. First of all, they travel to areas affected by disease due to business trips abroad and for other reasons. This is especially necessary for yellow fever. In addition, at the border, along with all the documents, the traveler will have a note about the vaccination.

Who should get the yellow fever vaccine?

If a person does not leave the boundaries Russian Federation, then vaccination against yellow fever is not mandatory. There are practically no cases of the disease here and specific immunization is not included in the National Calendar.

To the indigenous population of fever-endemic areas and to persons temporarily staying there.
Travelers and tourists who are planning to visit a particular country that is unfavorable in this regard.
Periodically traveling on business trips abroad.
Laboratory technicians and people whose work involves contact with blood, vaccines, and cultures of pathogens.

If desired, every person who has no contraindications can receive an injection against yellow fever in a clinic.

Types of vaccines in Russia

Returning to the history of the invention of the yellow fever vaccine, it should be noted that the very first one was invented in 1937. Its author is an American scientist who once practiced in the field of virology.

The modern drug contains a live, maximally weakened culture of the virus, which is not able to cause harm to the body. Once in the patient’s blood, it “forces” the immune system to begin producing antibodies. It is a dry powder – lyophilisate, placed in an ampoule. A special solvent is included in the package. When prepared, it is a suspension.

Note. The virus is grown in chicken embryos, which is sometimes important when patients are allergic to chicken protein.

Since the disease is uncommon and its endemicity is recorded only in some regions of southern latitudes, vaccinations against yellow fever are not widely available, and vaccine manufacturers can be literally counted on one hand. In Russia they work only with some of them:

From a domestic manufacturer: FSUE “PIPVE named after M.P. Chumakov.
From a French company called Sanofi Posteur, the medication is called Stamaril.
Havrix No. 1440 (“adult”) and No. 720 (children), made in Belgium.

The drugs meet all WHO requirements and are approved by relevant regulatory documents.

Are you planning a trip abroad? Make sure you don't need a vaccination

Thanks to vaccine prevention, cases of the virus in epidemiologically dangerous countries are decreasing. However, when visiting a number of countries with hot climates, you need to take care of your safety in this regard. Countries and areas in which outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics are periodically recorded:

Territory of the African continent: Sudan, Ethiopia, Togo, Chad, Rwanda, Mauritania, Senegal, Angola, Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Zambia, Nigeria, Somalia, Liberia, Tanzania.
South American countries: Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana.

Peru and other southern regions have always been famous for their picturesque nature with magnificent flora and fauna and impenetrable jungles. If a tourist wants to see all this, then visiting the sights without visiting is quite dangerous. The same applies to Suriname and Ecuador, as outbreaks of infection were also recorded there.

Where and how to get vaccinated against an endemic disease

Vaccination against dangerous disease need to plan ahead. It is carried out in medical institutions, most often in community clinics. Since the vaccine is not marketed, it will not be available at the moment. Therefore, you will need to order, which takes some time. Plus ten days for immunity to develop after the injection.

Important! and children from 9 months of age. Immune protection is formed in a period of 10 to 14 days and lasts from 6 to 10-15 years. To obtain more reliable data, serological studies will be required.

It should be remembered that it is better to get vaccinated on time than to risk your health outside of Russia.

For whom vaccination is contraindicated

Before the injection, you should be examined and notify your doctor about concomitant diseases, allergies and possible side effects.

In general, the drug is well tolerated, but the presence of contraindications for certain categories of people should be taken into account:

If you have a history of an allergic reaction to eggs or chicken meat.
During pregnancy.
If the child is less than 9 months old (otherwise it is carried out according to strict indications under the supervision of a doctor).
With the presence of immunodeficiencies of various etiologies and.
Infectious disease in the acute period.
The height of a chronic infection.
Old age (is relative contraindication, over 60 years of age, negative reactions to vaccination occur more often).
Oncology.

Important! An opinion on the possibility of vaccination can only be given by a medical professional.

Everyone's reaction to vaccination will be different. Some people will experience virtually no changes; for some, the body may react more strongly.

Since the drug contains a foreign product, allergic manifestations and side effects may occur during the production of antibodies in response to the virus antigen:

Low-grade fever.
Redness and slight swelling at the injection site.
Local tenderness and swelling.
Skin rashes like urticaria.
Lymphadenitis, joint and muscle pain.
In rare cases - anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema.

Local manifestations usually go away on their own after 1-3 days. Fever is treated with antipyretics.

How to behave and what you can do if you plan to get vaccinated against yellow fever

When you are going to countries that are dangerous for infection, you should notify your doctor or local doctor about this. He will order the vaccine in a timely manner and prepare medical documentation. It should be taken into account that the body will form protection at least 10 days after the injection. Therefore, it is not recommended to travel outside of “clean” areas before this date. After vaccination, do not forget about the mark in the vaccination passport.

3-5 days before the injection, eat foods, fruits and vegetables that can cause sensitization.
After the injection and for two weeks, do not visit places with large crowds of people to avoid additional “banal” infections.
: They weaken the body's defense system and reduce the effectiveness of immunization.
When adverse reactions or any abnormalities in health - immediately contact a doctor or call an ambulance.

To summarize all that has been said, it should be noted that this vaccination is carried out strictly selectively, traveling to dangerous areas. In other cases, it is simply useless. And a timely vaccination against yellow fever on a planned trip to African countries or the southern part of America may save someone’s life.

Contraindications for yellow fever vaccination may include: age characteristics, as well as with health status. In the first case, patients younger than 9 months and older than 59 years cannot be vaccinated.

Contraindications associated with dysfunction of major organs include:

allergic reactions to the components of the vaccine, primarily to the chicken protein contained in it;
congenital immunodeficiencies;
acquired insufficiency of the body's protective functions (x-ray therapy, taking immunosuppressants and cytostatics, viral diseases);
acute conditions or exacerbation of chronic pathologies;
pregnancy;
malignant focal neoplasms and blood changes;
pathological changes in the thymus or its complete removal.

Since the yellow fever vaccine contains live viruses and can be potentially dangerous, before prescribing it, the doctor must carefully collect anamnesis and conduct a detailed examination of the patient.

If vaccination is contraindicated, you should either refuse to travel or follow safety precautions more carefully:

wear long sleeves;
use mosquito repellers (chemical, ultrasonic, etc.);
try not to leave rooms that are protected from insects using nets or other devices.

Side effects

After vaccination, it is possible to develop standard reactions of the body associated with activation immune system:

increased body temperature;
short-term muscle pain;
local reaction in the form hypersensitivity, swelling, redness in the area where the substance was administered.

The reaction to the vaccine normally lasts no more than 3 days, otherwise you should inform your doctor.

The consequences of the yellow fever vaccine can be much more serious, but they are much less common:

damage to the central nervous system;
severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock);
multiple organ failure.

Due to the fact that the vaccine contains live viruses, it is potentially possible to infect humans with this serious infectious disease. However, the risk of this is negligible.

It should be remembered that after vaccination it is necessary by all means to avoid contact with infection, as well as other factors that can reduce the performance of the immune system. In particular, the yellow fever vaccine and alcohol are absolutely incompatible, because the latter affects all systems. By not following these rules, the patient increases the risk of side effects.

After vaccination, alcohol and other factors influencing the formation of a protective response should be avoided for 10 days. This time will be enough for the immune system to produce a sufficient amount of specific antibodies.

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What important documents should you not forget before traveling abroad? - passport, tickets, medical insurance, a health certificate would not hurt. In addition to all of the above, to visit certain countries, you must have a record of vaccination against yellow fever in your vaccination passport. Since epidemics of this infection often occur in our time, you need to remember about prevention, and before entering the territory of Africa and South America, control is carried out at the border.

Who needs the yellow fever vaccine? At what age is it done and how is vaccination tolerated? What kind of vaccine is used and to whom is it contraindicated? Let's try to figure it all out.

Indications for yellow fever vaccination

In the countries of the former USSR, vaccination against yellow fever is not included in the list of mandatory requirements. It is not offered for children of the first year of life or for adults; prevention against the disease is not included in the National Vaccination Calendar, since the disease does not occur in these lands.

Who should be vaccinated against yellow fever?

All people living in countries with frequent outbreaks of this infection, that is, endemic this disease.
For travelers who are planning a trip to Africa or South America.
All people whose work involves frequent travel to countries where outbreaks of the disease are periodically recorded.
Vaccination against yellow fever is required for laboratory workers who come into contact with the vaccine or cell culture of the pathogen.

In other cases, the vaccine is not given or given only at the request of the person himself.

Why are these categories of citizens still vaccinated against yellow fever?

All this served as prerequisites for the creation of active protection against yellow fever for certain categories of people.

What vaccine is used

The yellow fever vaccine was created back in 1937 by an American virologist, for which this scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize, but only 14 years later.

The vaccine contains attenuated or weakened virus cells, so it is administered with caution and only to those people who have no contraindications. The vaccine is a lyophilisate, that is, a dry substance with a solvent in a separate box or in ampoules.

It is not profitable to create new types of vaccines against the yellow fever virus - vaccination is not carried out en masse in all countries. Therefore, at present only a few types of vaccines against yellow fever virus are known. hemorrhagic fever.

The main vaccines used in Russia:

domestic “Yellow fever vaccine live dry”, produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “PIPVE im. M. P. Chumakova";
French Stamaril, produced by Sanofi Pasteur.

They use the “17D” infection strain grown on chicken embryos.

Before traveling to which country is vaccination required?

Where is vaccination required? Before visiting which countries will you have to do it?

Some of these countries are completely affected by the epidemic at the time of the next outbreak of yellow fever, and in some only certain areas are susceptible to the spread of infection. But in any case, it is better to get vaccinated before a business trip or travel to any of these territories.

Conditions for vaccination

Where can I get vaccinated against yellow fever? In most cases, vaccination is done in local clinics. But given that the vaccination is not planned in advance, it is ordered per person if the need arises and sometimes you have to wait several days before purchasing it. You can also get vaccinated in paid clinics where there is permission for vaccinations.

The vaccine is administered once subcutaneously in a dose of 0.5 ml under the shoulder blade; for this, the drug is first diluted in a dose of 1:10. It is necessary to plan vaccination against yellow fever in advance, because immunity will develop only after 7-10 days. 95% of vaccinated people will develop protective cells within this time frame; for some, the immune system will work a little later.

How long does the yellow fever vaccine last? There are no exact numbers. According to scientists, the minimum period of protection is 6 years. In most cases, the vaccine protects against the disease for 10 years. There have been cases when protective cells in the body of a vaccinated person were discovered after 30 years.

But to be sure of the presence of immunity against the yellow fever virus, it is better to periodically conduct serological studies to detect the titer of protective cells against the pathogen.

Contraindications for vaccination

The following categories of the population are not vaccinated against yellow fever:

Side effects after vaccination

After the introduction of protective cells, the person usually feels well. This vaccine is classified as the least reactogenic. Reactions and side effects to the yellow fever vaccine are really rare and in most cases are associated with improper behavior of the person himself before and after vaccination.

How might the body react to vaccination after the introduction of protective cells?

At the injection site, slight redness and swelling sometimes occurs, which goes away on its own within a few days.
Sometimes an allergic reaction develops in the form of local or generalized urticaria, that is, throughout the body. In particularly severe cases, a shock reaction to the yellow fever vaccine may develop.
Local inflammation lymph nodes or minor soreness in the muscles and joints.
If the rules for administering the vaccine are violated and an infection is introduced, suppuration or an abscess sometimes appears. This is almost always the fault of the health worker who performed the immunization.

All reactions after yellow fever vaccination are correctable and can be easily corrected with the help of anti-inflammatory or antiallergic medications that can be purchased in advance. If a severe allergy develops after vaccination, it is recommended to seek help from a doctor.

Rules of behavior before and after vaccination

Before vaccination against yellow fever, it is usually guided by: general rules administration of any vaccine.

Otherwise, there are no restrictions for such vaccination.

Yellow fever vaccination - does everyone need another vaccination against a rare disease? It is not necessary to vaccinate everyone. Only certain people are included in the list of those in need of vaccination. These are those who may encounter the virus while traveling abroad. A mild course of the disease practically never occurs, so you need to prepare for an encounter with the causative agent of yellow fever in advance. A single vaccination has much more benefit than harm, because it can save a person from the disease and its irreparable consequences.