Advice for parents "beware of poisonous plants and mushrooms." Advice for parents in kindergarten "Mushrooms Advice for parents carefully poisonous berries

Memo on the prevention of poisoning by poisonous plants and mushrooms

The problem of acute poisoning in children- one of the most topical, especially during the summer. Often there are poisonings between the ages of 1 and 5 years. Unlike adults, poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, plants and berries children are more severe because:
. All organ systems are still immature.
. Low resistance of the body to poison.
. A more rapid penetration of the poison into the body is characteristic.
. The tendency of the child's body to toxicosis and exicosis (dehydration).
Prevention of poisoning by poisonous plants and mushrooms consists in precautionary measures.

Dear parents! Teach your children the following:
. You can not taste unknown berries, leaves, stems of plants, fruits, seeds, mushrooms, no matter how attractive they look.
. You can’t even touch unfamiliar plants, as you can get burned, an allergic reaction.
. Poisonous plants include: black elderberry, crow's eye, dope, hemlock, wild rosemary, black henbane and many others. To avoid poisoning, it is necessary to teach children to know well the main signs of poisonous and inedible mushrooms and plants and to maintain the rules - never taste anything unfamiliar and dangerous, do not eat it, or even touch it with your hands.
. Poisonous plants contain poisons that can cause poisoning both by inhalation of volatile aromatic substances secreted by plants, and by contact of juice with the skin.
. The most severe poisoning can be obtained by ingestion of the toxin with berries, leaves, roots.

Actions in case of poisoning by poisonous plants and mushrooms:
If poisonous plants or fungi enter the body, as well as if this is suspected, it is necessary to urgently take first aid measures:
1. Immediately call a doctor or an ambulance medical care
2. If the victim is conscious, it is necessary to wash his stomach: give him 3-4 glasses of water to drink and, pressing on the root of the tongue with a finger or the handle of a spoon, induce him to vomit. Gastric lavage should be repeated 2-3 times.
3. In case of poisoning with aconite and hemlock, the stomach is washed with a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).
4. Since many poisons are well adsorbed by activated charcoal, after gastric lavage, it is recommended to take Activated carbon(carbolene).
5. After providing first aid, it is recommended to deliver the victim to the medical center as soon as possible. institution. Particular urgency is called for in cases where poisoning is caused by plants that affect the nervous system and heart.
6. With the development of convulsions, it is important to prevent respiratory failure due to spasm of the masticatory muscles, so a spoon handle wrapped in a bandage or handkerchief should be inserted into the victim's mouth.

MUSHROOMS
To the number poisonous mushrooms relates primarily to death cap. It contains strong poisons that are not destroyed by scalding and roasting. Pale grebe can be confused with champignon. The difference is that on the lower part of the leg of the pale grebe there is always a small tuberous swelling, covered with a sheath in the form of a rim or collar. In the upper part of the stem there is a membranous ring (white, greenish or pale yellow). The plates under the hat are white, unpainted. In a mature champignon, these plates are dark, in a young one they are slightly pink in color, and there are no rings, swellings on the stem and shell. Some edible mushrooms sometimes have tuberous formations. And although this happens very rarely, it is better not to collect them.
The poisonous mushrooms are fly agaric(panther, red, smelly, porphyry). You can not eat false mushrooms. They are smaller in size than edible mushrooms, and do not have films on the legs.
In light deciduous forests, more often under beeches, one can meet satanic mushroom. Its cap is gray-whitish, convex, the tubular layer is greenish-yellow, with red pores, the flesh turns blue when cut, and then becomes pale with a slight unpleasant odor. Very poisonous.
It is necessary to keep in mind the possibility of poisoning in the spring with the first mushrooms - false morels and lines. After appropriate heat treatment, these mushrooms can be eaten.

PLANTS
Boliglov speckled
This is one of the most toxic plants, which is distributed throughout Belarus. Boliglov is distinguished by an unpleasant mousey smell and leaves that resemble large carrot leaves.
The whole plant is poisonous, especially unripe fruits.
Symptoms of poisoning - dizziness, nausea, salivation, blanching skin, difficulty breathing and impaired speech. May cause death.
Elderberry (red)
A plant with a specific smell and inflorescences that resemble umbellate panicles. The fruits are small berry-like drupes.
The bark, unripe berries and leaves are poisonous.
Products prepared from ripe fruits in an open container are not toxic.
Elderberry poisons contain cyanogenic compounds that disrupt metabolism and irritate the digestive tract.
The main symptoms of poisoning are dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory failure, tachycardia.
Buttercup poisonous
The plant is more popularly known as night blindness, because it causes severe pain in the eyes, up to temporary loss of vision.
Buttercup is notable for its bright yellow flowers, branched stem and fleshy leaves.
The entire aerial part of the plant is poisonous. Buttercup juice is very poisonous.
The vapors that are released by the ranunculus cause severe irritation of the mucosa. From contact with buttercup, lacrimation, choking cough, spasm of the larynx, runny nose can occur.
The use of the plant inside causes sharp pains in the intestines and stomach. Symptoms of poisoning - vomiting, diarrhea, in severe cases - cardiac arrest.
May lily of the valley
The plant is well known for its decorative purpose and pleasant smell. However, lily of the valley is very toxic, and all parts of the plant are dangerous.
Fruits and leaves are especially poisonous. Just a few berries eaten by a child can cause death. Lily of the valley poison instantly strikes cardiovascular system and the digestive tract.
Symptoms of poisoning - nausea, vomiting, possible cardiac arrest as a result of bradycardia.
Nightshade bittersweet
The plant is attractive, especially to young children, for its bright red berries.
However, it is the fruits of nightshade that are especially poisonous. The berries of this plant are less toxic than lily of the valley, however, when eaten a large number fetuses may develop severe poisoning.
The main symptoms of poisoning are: depression of mental activity, dysfunction of movement, pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing.
Similar symptoms of intoxication can occur when green potato tubers, unripe tomato or physalis fruits are consumed.
In addition, we should not forget that even harmless and loved by all apples, apricots, peaches, plums and cherries can be dangerous in some cases.
The seeds of these fruits contain the toxic substance amygdalin, so they should not be eaten and it is better to remove them during canning.

From summer and autumn joys and pleasures, many of us choose to hike in the forest with our family for mushrooms.

And it is at the end of summer and at the beginning of autumn that the likelihood of cases of mass poisoning of the population with poisonous mushrooms and wild plants increases in the territory.

Going to the forest for mushrooms and intending to eat them, you must have the appropriate knowledge and skills, strictly follow the rules that will avoid severe poisoning:

• Collect only those mushrooms that you know well;
• Do not taste raw mushrooms;
• Do not eat overripe, slimy, flabby and spoiled mushrooms;
• The collected mushrooms are pre-washed with running water. cold water, soak, boil and drain the broth (and do not cook mushroom soup from it); you can not use galvanized and tin dishes for the heat treatment of mushrooms;
• Do not store harvested mushrooms for more than 24 hours without processing;
• When preserving mushrooms for the prevention of botulism, it is necessary to add a sufficient amount of salt and vinegar, do not clog the jars hermetically.

REMEMBER! Poisonous mushrooms never grow in the field and in the meadow, they are usually found singly. At the base of their legs there is always a sac-like formation, and on the upper part of the cap there are white flake scales. The smell of poisonous mushrooms resembles the smell of radishes or potatoes. All poisonous mushrooms have a lamellar structure: on the underside of the cap, the plates fan out to the stem.

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms is one of the most common and very severe food poisoning. Often they end in death. Toxins (poisons) contained in mushrooms do not have an antidote. The most dangerous is poisoning with a pale toadstool, which, due to its resemblance to russula and champignons, inexperienced mushroom pickers confuse with them and eat them.

Signs of poisoning appear after 3-24 hours: pain in the lower abdomen begins, vomiting, intense diarrhea, general weakness, convulsions appear, body temperature drops.

If you experience signs of mushroom poisoning, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Before the arrival of the doctor, you must follow general rules, existing in case of food poisoning: thoroughly rinse the affected stomach with clean water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, give plenty of drink warm water and activated charcoal tablets, if you feel worse, call an ambulance immediately.

Mushroom poisonings begin to be recorded in early spring and during the “mushroom season”. Depending on the appearance of the first clinical symptoms poisonings are divided into two groups: poisonings with a latent period of 0.5 to 2 hours and poisonings with a latent period of 8 to 24 hours.

The first group includes poisonings that proceed according to the type of gastroenteritis, muscorine-like syndrome and "tiger grebe" syndrome. The picture of intoxication according to the gastroenteric type is characterized by sudden nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea. Dehydration develops rapidly, especially in children early age, intestines, slowing of the pulse. which leads to a decrease in body temperature, blood pressure, spasm

Treatment consists in the immediate removal of fungal residues from the stomach by prescribing emetics, subsequent gastric lavage, and the introduction of laxatives. These activities are carried out for all children with suspected mushroom poisoning, even in the absence of symptoms of poisoning. Before and after gastric lavage, activated charcoal is prescribed. The child is taken to a medical facility.

In case of poisoning proceeding according to the muscorine-like type, children experience increased salivation, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, constriction of the pupils, spasm of accommodation, myopia, and a rare pulse; in severe cases - a sharp drop in blood pressure, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema. Therapy includes release gastrointestinal tract from the remnants of fungi, the introduction of subcutaneous atropine every 0.5-1 hour. The victim is sent to the hospital.

The "tiger grebe" syndrome develops when poisoned with red fly agaric and gray fly agaric (tiger grebe, panther fly agaric). 1-2 hours after poisoning, mild gastroenteritis occurs (nausea, abdominal pain), excitation of the central nervous system according to the type of atropine poisoning, confusion, hallucinations, spontaneous muscle tremors. Therapeutic measures The same. Acute poisoning with a latent period of 8 to 24 hours can be caused by mushrooms of the Amanita genus: smelly fly agaric and pale grebe. Mortality in case of poisoning with these mushrooms reaches 30-95%.

REMINDER. Carefully! Mushrooms!!!
"BEWARE MUSHROOMS"
On the territory of the Rostov region cases are registered annually acute poisoning poisonous mushrooms, which peak at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Recently, there has been a high number of poisonings with conditionally edible and poisonous mushrooms, including those with a fatal outcome.
The main reason for these poisonings is the low awareness of the population about edible and inedible mushrooms. Mushroom poisoning can be caused by actually poisonous mushrooms (pale toadstool, fly agaric, false mushrooms), conditionally edible mushrooms (raincoats, morels, lines), and even edible mushrooms (as a result of a violation of the technology for preparing mushrooms, during the decomposition of proteins in "old" mushrooms, as well as waste products of accustomed insects and worms).
To avoid poisoning, one must know well the main signs of poisonous and inedible mushrooms and adhere to the rule - never eat unknown mushrooms. In addition, you need to have an idea about the signs of poisoning, the properties of mushroom poisons.
Know!
As a rule, poisoning occurs with poisonous mushrooms, which contain toxins and alkaloids. The specific gravity of these substances in mushrooms depends on the place of growth and weather conditions. On humus-rich lands and in warm, humid weather, the toxicity increases, and on poor soils and in dry times, it decreases. In most cases, drying, salting, pickling, and heat treatment do not destroy the poison. Most often, poisoning occurs from the inept preparation of conditionally edible mushrooms (morels, pods, volushki, rows, etc.). But you can also get poisoned by edible mushrooms if they are old, moldy, covered with mucus, stored for a long time. Therefore, only relatively young, unspoiled mushrooms are suitable for food.
Symptoms of poisoning:
The first signs are noticeable after a few hours (1.5-3 hours). Against the background of rapidly growing weakness, salivation, nausea, painful repeated vomiting appear, headache, dizziness.
Soon there is diarrhea (often bloody) and signs of damage to the nervous system: visual disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, motor agitation, convulsions. Decreased cardiac activity arterial pressure, Body temperature.
If the patient is not helped, then a collapse develops, quickly leading to death.
Remember!
1. Collect only those mushrooms that you know for sure that they are edible.
2. Never try raw mushrooms.
Remember that the absence of an unpleasant odor, a sharp, bitter taste, does not mean that you have an edible mushroom in front of you. Pale grebe and fly agaric have very pleasant flesh.
3. Never pick or eat mushrooms that are overripe, slimy, wormy or spoiled.
4. Do not pick mushrooms, even if they are known to be edible, in city parks, courtyards, and along roads and railways. Mushrooms are able to accumulate toxic substances and become unsuitable for food.
5. Buy mushrooms only in specially designated places (markets, shops). Do not buy mushrooms - canned home cooking.
6. If you feel unwell after eating mushrooms, consult a doctor immediately.

Consultation for parents "First aid for poisoning with inedible mushrooms"

Mushroom poisonings begin to be recorded in early spring and during the “mushroom season”. Depending on the appearance of the first clinical symptoms, poisonings are divided into two groups: poisonings with a latent period of 0.5 to 2 hours and poisonings with a latent period of 8 to 24 hours.
The first group includes poisoning that proceeds according to the type of gastroenteritis, muscorine-like syndrome and the "tiger grebe" syndrome. The picture of intoxication of the gastroenteric type is characterized by sudden nausea, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea. Dehydration of the body develops rapidly, especially in young children, which leads to a decrease in body temperature, blood pressure, intestinal spasm, and a slowing of the pulse.
Treatment consists in the immediate removal of fungal residues from the stomach by prescribing emetics, subsequent gastric lavage, and the introduction of laxatives. These activities are carried out for all children with suspected mushroom poisoning, even in the absence of symptoms of poisoning. Before and after gastric lavage, activated charcoal is prescribed. The child is taken to a medical facility.
In case of poisoning proceeding along a muscorino-like type, children experience increased salivation, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, constriction of the pupils, spasm of accommodation, myopia, and a rare pulse; in severe cases, a sharp drop in blood pressure, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema. Therapy includes the release of the gastrointestinal tract from the remnants of fungi, the introduction of subcutaneous atropine every 0.5-1 hour. The victim is sent to the hospital.
The "tiger grebe" syndrome develops when poisoned with red fly agaric and gray fly agaric (tiger grebe, panther fly agaric). 1-2 hours after poisoning, mild gastroenteritis occurs (nausea, abdominal pain), excitation of the central nervous system by the type of atropine poisoning, confusion, hallucinations, spontaneous muscle tremors. Therapeutic measures are the same.
Acute poisoning with a latent period of 8 to 24 hours can be caused by mushrooms of the Amanita genus: smelly fly agaric and pale grebe. Mortality in case of poisoning with these mushrooms reaches 30-95%.
Poisoning occurs more often in rainy summer and early autumn. Clinical picture develops 8-24 hours after the use of mushrooms: there is a sudden recurring vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea. The stool may look like "rice water". Against this background, the development of collapse is possible, since the child loses a lot of fluid, potassium, sodium and chloride salts.
If the patient leaves this stage of poisoning, there is a picture of severe liver damage (enlarged liver, jaundice, etc.). Possible kidney damage, as indicated by a sharp decline urination or its complete absence.
From the nervous system: confusion, agitation, convulsions. If a fly agaric poisoning is suspected, the child is immediately hospitalized.

(ђHeading 1(ђHeading 315

Attached files

Black henbane can cause poisoning, the seeds of which are in a box and resemble poppy seeds. In case of poisoning with henbane, a severe headache occurs, pupils dilate, dry mouth appears, palpitations and shortness of breath occur. Poisonous crow's eye, wolf's bast (daphne), belladonna (belladonna), wrestler (aconite), poisonous landmarks (hemlock), spotted hemlock, spike-shaped raven, hellebore, May lilies of the valley can cause poisoning. The fruits of the forest beech look like hazelnuts (semi-hazelnuts). Eating them raw causes poisoning similar to poisoning with henbane: headache, dizziness appear. Poisoning can also be caused by the nucleoli of plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, bitter almonds with excessive use. The most poisonous plants include water hemlock and poisonous mushrooms.

When in doubt about which plants are poisonous and which are not, watch out for birds, rodents, monkeys, bears, and other herbivores. Usually the food they eat is suitable for humans.

hemlock, also has a strong poisonous property and belongs to the umbrella family. Poison hemlock - horsemeat - causes vomiting, speech disorder, paralysis, in severe cases, death.

Well-known toxic properties henbane and dope. Both plants belong to the nightshade family.

Henbane- This is a biennial herbaceous plant that has an unpleasant odor. Its stem is erect, sticky, pubescent, 30-90 cm high. The flowers are large, up to 2 cm long, dirty yellow (purple in the middle), with a network of purple veins. The leaves are broad, pubescent, with large teeth. The fruit is a capsule with a lid and a partition inside a five-toothed calyx. The box contains small black or yellow seeds, similar to poppy seeds. The root is similar to parsley, soft, juicy, with a sweet and sour taste. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but the seeds are especially dangerous.

Datura- This is a large plant with an erect, abundantly branched bare stem. The flowers are funnel-shaped, large - up to 10 cm, located singly in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a large, up to 4-5 cm in diameter, box, seated on the outside with greenish spines. When ripe, the fruit opens into four wings. Seeds numerous, black, almost rounded. Datura is resistant to drought and powerful growth: sometimes it reaches 120 centimeters in height.

The active ingredients of henbane and dope are alkaloids that have antispasmodic properties (reduce the tone of smooth muscles), dilate the pupil, relax the muscles of the bronchi, reduce intestinal secretion and peristalsis.

With mild poisoning by these plants, dry mouth, speech and swallowing disorders, dilated pupils and impaired near vision, photophobia, dryness and redness of the skin, agitation, sometimes delirium and hallucinations, tachycardia appear.

In severe poisoning, a complete loss of orientation, a sharp motor and mental excitement, sometimes convulsions with subsequent loss of consciousness and the development of a coma. A sharp increase in body temperature, cyanosis (blue) of the mucous membranes, shortness of breath with the appearance of periodic breathing of the Cheyne-Stokes type, the pulse is incorrect, weak, a drop in blood pressure.

Death occurs with paralysis respiratory center and vascular insufficiency.

A specific complication of atropine poisoning is trophic disorders - significant edema subcutaneous tissue face, in the area of ​​​​the forearms and legs.
You should also be careful with shrubs. Among the very poisonous is the common wolf or wolf's bast - an ornamental shrub with fragrant pink flowers that bloom before the leaves appear. The fruits are red juicy berries, the size of a pea, with one seed inside. The fruits are located in tight piles, have a burning juice that burns the oral cavity.

All parts of the common wolf are poisonous, especially the fruits. You can get poisoned, even cleaning a branch from the bark with your teeth. In case of poisoning, a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, difficulty in swallowing, salivation, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine.

Nightshade- a genus of plants from the Solanaceae family, containing up to 900 species found in warm and temperate climates. Herbs, shrubs or trees of various appearance: with a lying, erect, creeping stem, with simple or pinnately dissected leaves.
The flowers are collected in cymose corymbs, brushes or panicles; corolla white, yellow, purple or pink. Calyx about 5-10 cloves or lobes; corolla wheel-shaped or widely bell-shaped, five-toothed; stamens converge with anthers into a cone.

The fruit is a berry.

Black nightshade is a herbaceous, annual plant that develops a branched, fluffy or almost bare stem, covered with ovate notched-toothed or almost entire leaves; small gray or slightly purple flowers are collected in curls. Calyx five-toothed, corolla with five oblong lobes. The fruit is a black, globular, drooping berry. Black nightshade grows in weedy places.

Euphorbia acute- herbaceous perennial plant.

Plants 30-80 cm tall, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, glaucous.

Stems are erect, round, striped, glabrous, with 1-23 thin, often curved, axillary peduncles 1.5-7.5 cm long at the top, below with densely leafy, subsequently elongating non-flowering branches.

Lower leaves dry membranous, scaly, stem-like, sessile or barely petiolate, from a gradually tapering base narrowly oblanceolate, 2-7 cm long, widest in the upper third, 2-8 (13) mm wide (mostly 7 -12 times the width), obtuse or often from a barely protruding midrib, short-spiky, entire, with a slightly curved, sometimes densely wavy edge, leaves at the apex often serrated, soft, protruding, glabrous, dull green above, below bluish, lower horizontally spaced or even bent down, often on short petioles, upper directed upwards, on non-flowering branches 7-20 mm long and 2-2.5 mm wide.

In the Ciscaucasia, the Volga region and Kazakhstan, it is one of the weeds of crops.

Euphorbia sharp displaces all plants that live in the prairies and fields, shading them and taking away moisture and nutrients, as well as releasing toxins that inhibit the growth of other plants.

Because of its resilience and ability to grow from the smallest root patch, Euphorbia is extremely difficult to eradicate.

May lily of the valley

The underground rhizome is creeping, not thicker than a goose feather, near the top it bears several pale small lower leaves, half-hidden in the ground. They are followed by 2 (rarely 3) large, completely whole broadly lanceolate (or oblong-elliptical) pointed basal leaves, between which there is a large bud at the top of the rhizome. From the corner of the lower leaf, clasping both greens from below, a flower-bearing stem protrudes, bearing a brush of 6-20 flowers, facing mainly in one direction.
Roots are small and numerous.

The flower-bearing stem is leafless or bears leaves only under the inflorescence; rarely - with filiform leaves.

The flowers have a rounded bell-shaped perianth of white (rarely pale pink) color, with 6 recurved lobes; 6 stamens sitting on the perianth, and a rounded ovary ending in a short style. Long curved pedicels - with membranous bracts. Fragrant flowers droop gracefully. Blooms in May - June.

The fruit is an orange-red globular berry 6-8 mm across, containing nearly globular seeds. The berries remain on the plant for a long time. Fruiting - in June - early July.

It reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively.

Lilies of the valley are among the shade-tolerant plants. They have long been bred artificially, and varieties have been obtained with larger or double flowers, with pinkish hues, etc. The entire lily of the valley plant is poisonous!

poisonous mushrooms

We must remember that among them there are poisonous, very dangerous. You need to use the rule - if you don’t know what kind of mushroom, it’s better not to take it.

Among the poisonous mushrooms is, first of all, pale grebe. It contains strong poisons that are not destroyed by scalding and roasting. Pale grebe can be confused with champignon. The difference is that on the lower part of the leg of the pale grebe there is always a small tuberous swelling, covered with a sheath in the form of a rim or collar. In the upper part of the stem there is a membranous ring (white, greenish or pale yellow). The plates under the hat are white, unpainted. In a mature champignon, these plates are dark, in a young one they are slightly pink in color, and there are no rings, swellings on the stem and shell. Some edible mushrooms sometimes have tuberous formations. And although this happens very rarely, it is better not to collect them.

The poisonous mushrooms are fly agaric(panther, red, smelly, porphyry). You can not eat false mushrooms. They are smaller in size than edible mushrooms, and do not have films on the legs.

In light deciduous forests, more often under beeches, you can find a satanic mushroom. Its cap is gray-whitish, convex, the tubular layer is greenish-yellow, with red pores, the flesh turns blue when cut, and then becomes pale with a slight unpleasant odor. Very poisonous.
Bile and pepper mushrooms, although not poisonous, are unsuitable for food because of their bitter taste. The gall fungus is similar to white, it is even called a false white fungus. It is distinguished by a darker pattern on the stem and a pinkish bottom of the cap. Pepper fungus is much less common than gall fungus. It differs from similar species of butterflies and mossiness mushrooms in smaller sizes. The bottom of the cap has large uneven pores and a yellowish-red tint.
It is necessary to keep in mind the possibility of poisoning in the spring with the first mushrooms - false morels and lines. After appropriate heat treatment, these mushrooms can be eaten.

Death cap- one of the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms.

The fruit body is cap-shaped, ovoid at a young age, completely covered with a film. Hat 5-15 cm, olive, greenish or greyish, from hemispherical to flat, with a smooth edge and a fibrous surface.

The flesh is white, fleshy, does not change color when damaged, with a mild taste and smell. Leg 8-16 × 1-2.5 cm, cylindrical, with a thickening at the base. Color - like a hat or whitish, often covered with a moire pattern. The plates are white, soft, free. Covered the rest. The ring is at first wide, fringed, outside - striped, often disappears with age. Volva is well expressed, free, lobed, white, 3-5 cm wide, often half submerged in the soil. On the skin of the cap, the remains of the veil are usually absent, sometimes there may be dense membranous scraps.

The color of the cap is from almost white to grayish-green. Old mushrooms with an unpleasant sweet smell, the hat becomes more grayish with age.
Inexperienced mushroom pickers may take pale grebe instead of good edible mushrooms. It is especially often confused with various types champignon, green russula and greenish russula, with floats. It should be remembered that champignons never have a Volvo and the plates quickly stain with age; russula has neither a volva nor a ring, and besides, they are distinguished by the characteristic fragility of the pulp; floats are smaller, thinner flesh (cap margins usually with pronounced radial grooves) and do not have a ring. There are known cases of erroneous collection of pale grebes when cutting mushrooms with a knife under the very hat, when the characteristic membranous ring remained on the ground along with the stem.

Picture of poisoning

Poisoning occurs when the pale grebe is mistakenly eaten.
Heat treatment does not eliminate the toxic effect. ¼ of the average fruiting body (about 30 g) causes severe poisoning, usually ending in death in children.
Main symptoms: after ¼-2 days there is indomitable vomiting, intestinal colic, muscle pain, unquenchable thirst, cholera-like diarrhea (often with blood). There may be jaundice and an enlarged liver. The pulse is weak, thready. The arterial pressure is lowered, loss of consciousness is observed. As a result of toxic hepatitis and acute cardiovascular insufficiency, in most cases - a fatal outcome.

A particular danger of the fungus lies in the fact that signs of poisoning do not appear for a long time. Symptoms may not appear for the first 6-24 hours or more, during which, however, the body is already poisoned and irreparably damaged. Once symptoms appear, mortality is very high and any treatment is often futile.

Line- a genus of marsupial mushrooms of the string family, which is often confused with edible morels. Raw stitches are deadly poisonous.

Description and distribution

The fruiting body of the common line looks like a brain or a walnut. The cap is in numerous convolutions, hollow, irregularly rounded, folded and divided into many lobes, its surface is velvety in appearance, its color can vary from yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, depending on the place and growing conditions. The cap is usually 2-10 cm in diameter, its edges are connected to the stem. The leg is usually irregular in shape, short, wrinkled, furrowed, often immersed in the soil, has a slight thickening downwards, inside is hollow, light, sometimes has a yellowish-pinkish hue, 2-3 cm long, the same in diameter. It occurs in coniferous, especially pine, forests; on clearings, conflagrations, places warmed by the sun.

The ordinary line has a strong resemblance to the giant line, which differs more light color caps, large sizes (up to 30 cm in diameter), spore structure and place of growth (gravitates towards birch). Both species, as well as morels, grow in spring, from late April to late May - early June.
Unlike them, the autumn line is found from July - August, in coniferous and deciduous forests on the soil, as well as on the remains of rotting wood. The hat of the autumn line is usually up to 10 cm wide, folded, brown, becoming brownish-blackish with age, with a velvety surface. The shape of the cap is horn-shaped-saddle-shaped (more often found in the form of three fused horns), the edges of the cap grow together with the stem. Leg 3-10 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide, hollow, often laterally flattened, color varies from whitish to brownish-grayish.

Toxicity and ingestion
Raw stitches contain gyromitrins - strong toxins, so eating fried uncooked stitches, as well as broths from them, can lead to serious poisoning, often fatal.

False honeysuckle sulfur-yellow

The cap is 3-6 cm in diameter, convex, then half-spread, yellow, with a reddish tinge in the center. The pulp is sulfur-yellow, thin, bitter, with an unpleasant odor. The plates are adherent, sulfur-yellow, then greenish-olive. Leg 3-7 x 0.4-0.6 cm, cylindrical, hollow, often curved, yellow, turning brown at the base. Spores are purple-brown.
False honeydew brick-red - poisonous mushroom

Description

The cap is 4-10 cm in diameter, rounded-convex, then semi-spread, orange, brick-red, yellow at the edges with hanging flakes from a cobweb-fibrous bedspread. The pulp is dense, relatively thick, yellowish, bitter. The plates are adherent, yellowish. Leg 5-10 x 0.6-1.5 cm, narrowed towards the base, yellowish, brown below, without a ring, sometimes with remnants of a private bedspread. Spores are purple-brown.

" Carefully! Poison mushrooms!

It's another mushroom season. Baskets and camping clothes were taken from secluded places.

Picking mushrooms is an activity that carries a certain risk. Alas, mushroom poisoning is not so rare.

Who has not heard of the extreme poisonousness of the pale grebe? And yet this mushroom, masquerading either as champignon or russula, no, no, and it will get to an inexperienced mushroom picker.

One summer day, a five-year-old girl, going for a walk in the forest with her twelve-year-old sister, found a mushroom and tried it. A few hours later, she began to feel nausea and vomiting. She was urgently hospitalized. The hospital did a gastric and intestinal lavage. After that, the girl's health became so good that her parents, contrary to the doctor's advice, hurried to take her away from the clinic. A few hours later, the child's condition worsened, and soon the girl died. As it was established, the cause of death was poisoning with pale grebe.

This is how, in most cases, children are poisoned when they are left without proper supervision.

The pale grebe has long been infamous for its poisonousness. Every year, hundreds of people suffer from it all over the world, many of them die. Such a high mortality rate is explained not only by the strong action of the poison that is part of these mushrooms, but also by its unusual properties. The main role in the mechanism of poisoning with pale grebe is played by amanitotoxin. 25-30 milligrams of this poison contained in one pale toadstool mushroom is enough to cause fatal poisoning. In addition, amanitotoxin is completely insoluble in water, retains its toxicity even after 20 minutes of boiling. And, once in the body, the poison makes itself felt not immediately, but several hours later. When signs of poisoning appear, it is already difficult to save a person: the toxin of the fungus that has entered the bloodstream is difficult to remove from the body. Therefore, treatment does not always give reliable results.

What are the symptoms of poisoning? Most often they occur 6-12 hours after eating mushrooms. This is profuse salivation, severe colicky pains in the abdomen, indomitable vomiting, and intestinal upset. Due to the large loss of fluid, the victim develops an excruciating thirst. severe pain in the liver are accompanied by the rapid development of jaundice. Often there are convulsions, difficulty breathing, the face takes on a bluish tint. With every hour the patient weakens, falls into oblivion. And in a day or two, a tragic denouement may come.

To avoid a dangerous encounter with poisonous mushrooms, you need to know the hallmarks of mushrooms. Some people seriously think that poisonous mushrooms somehow signal their toxicity: by an unpleasant smell or taste, by the fact that worms and snails do not touch them. Sadly, such views are a dangerous delusion. Poisoned, for example, with a pale toadstool often spoke with great praise about its taste, and its smell is very reminiscent of the smell of champignons. How then does this mushroom differ from champignon? A pale grebe on the lower part of the leg always has a tuberous swelling, covered with a membranous sheath. In the upper part of the stem there is a membranous ring of white, greenish or pale yellow color. The plates on the lower surface of the cap are frequent, white, not changing their color. At the same time, in champignon, these plates are from pale pink to dark brown tones, rings, tuberous thickenings on the stem and films are absent. As for the russula, the main difference is the same: this fungus does not have a tuberous swelling with a membranous cover and a ring on the leg, which are characteristic of the pale toadstool.

A thorough knowledge of the "portrait" of the pale grebe will avoid dangerous consequences. Of course, kids are not able to remember all this, so they need, as they say, an eye and an eye.

At first glance, talking about fly agaric poisoning is only of theoretical interest: fly agaric, especially red, is difficult to confuse with some edible mushroom. And yet, even red fly agarics are poisoned. But there are also gray-pink and panther fly agarics, which are much more modest in appearance.

Yet fly agaric poisoning is extremely rare. The toxicity of fly agarics is greatly exaggerated. Fatal poisoning is very rare and occurs only when eating a large number of fly agarics. It is explained simply. Amanita venom has only a functional effect on the nervous system of the victim and does not cause damage to internal organs.

Chemical composition Amanita venom and the mechanism of its action on the human body are now well studied. The main poisonous principle of fly agarics is muscarine. Despite the name ("muska" - translated from Greek "fly"), muscarine is completely safe for insects, but it is very harmful to humans. 3-5 milligrams of this poison can kill the poisoned. It is generally accepted that this amount of muscarine is contained in 3 or 4 fly agarics.

Amanita owes its name to other substances that actually kill flies. They are called toxoalbumins.

Symptoms of fly agaric poisoning usually develop after 30-40 minutes (rarely after 1-2 hours). The victim usually sweats, salivation begins, intestinal upset with abdominal pain, pupils constrict, heart rate slows down, blood pressure drops, and suffocation occurs.

If a person has eaten a panther fly agaric, a disorder of the central nervous system is detected more sharply.

The most severe fly agaric poisoning occurs in children. Let's take a rather typical example.

In one of the Siberian villages two boys in age three and four years old, they ate dried red fly agaric, which their parents saved for making poison for flies. Half an hour later, both guys developed vomiting and intestinal upset, then there was profuse sweating and salivation. By evening, convulsions appeared, the pulse became poorly palpable, both children lost consciousness.

Fortunately, medical assistance arrived in time, and everything ended well. Already on the fifth day, the children were discharged from the hospital in perfect health.

And this story took place in one of the suburban villages. A three-year-old girl walking along the edge of the forest near the house. I found a red fly agaric and decided to try it. Fortunately, as it turned out later, she ate only part of the mushroom. Therefore, not severe poisoning developed. However, the girl had to be taken to the hospital.

As you can see, in both cases, the parents are to blame for leaving small children unattended. But such carelessness and negligence on the part of adults could cost the lives of the guys! Adults are obliged to strive in every possible way to protect children from unwanted meetings. To this end, it is necessary to organize throughout the summer period a widespread morning inspection of lawns, places for children to walk and play in institutions and dachas, in order to timely remove noticed poisonous plants and mushrooms. During the period of forest walks, parents, educators and other adults should exercise the strictest supervision with all children, and especially those who collect flowers, mushrooms and herbs, try them. We should also not forget about careful control over the use of mushrooms collected by older children.

To carry out these activities, both parents and employees of children's institutions must themselves be well aware of the essence of this issue. It is also useful to stock up on special literature, colorful tables, booklets and posters. As they say, they take every mushroom in their hands, but not every one - they put it in a box. Every adult. Who is entrusted with the health of children, should know well which mushroom to take and which to throw away.

So, in order to avoid poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, you need to collect only those that you know well.

The health, and even the life of a person who has been poisoned by mushrooms, largely depends on how timely medical assistance is provided to him. It should be remembered that in case of any mushroom poisoning, even if it is not severe at first glance, you should immediately consult a doctor. But even before the arrival of the doctor, you need to act quickly and decisively. In case of poisoning by any of the poisonous mushrooms, one should try to remove the toxic substances from the body: take a laxative, rinse the stomach with a solution of potassium permanganate. The affected child should be in bed, it is harmful for him to walk and sit.

Any mushroom poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and intestinal upset, causing dehydration and excruciating thirst. To alleviate the condition of a sick child, you need to give him cold, slightly salted water, cold tea, coffee, milk.

Mushroom poisoning is treated, as a rule, only in hospitals. To make it easier for the doctor to understand the causes of poisoning, the remains of mushrooms should be saved for research in the laboratory.