How the written letters of the Russian alphabet are written. Copybook capital letters. Using symbols in Word

Every parent strives for their child to have beautiful and understandable handwriting. Copybooks come to the rescue. The notebooks for written work contain calligraphic samples of letters, syllables, and numbers. They help children learn proper writing by outlining the principles and basics of calligraphy. Adults also resort to copybooks. With regular practice, they correct sloppy handwriting.

Copybooks

Adults rarely write by hand, often only when absolutely necessary. Writing has been replaced by computer text. This is convenient, but the handwriting of adults deteriorates due to lack of training. Children in schools and kindergartens are taught to write correctly and beautifully, regularly consolidate the skill, train their hand and learn to write using special aids at home.

The simplest copybooks are made independently; they are suitable for children 2 years old and 3 years old. You need to take a notebook in a box and draw simple shapes with dotted lines: lines, squares, triangles. And the kids, with the help of their parents or on their own, will trace the figures. Examples for beginners are presented below. There are copybook templates in pdf, word and other formats on the web.

For preschoolers

Children 3 – 4 years old

45 years

5 – 6 years

For the preparatory group

By points

Patterns: sticks - hooks

For 1st grade

For 2nd grade

Mathematics

Classic

For adults

The printed alphabet is simpler than the written alphabet because the letters are not connected to each other. These workbooks are suitable for kindergarten when kids are just being introduced to the alphabet. Copy-book coloring books will introduce your child to the alphabet in a playful way when he colors a picture starting with a certain letter. For example: a watermelon, when we are talking about the letter “A” or a hippopotamus, when we are talking about the letter “B”.

When learning the printed alphabet, the child should explain what vowels and consonants there are, how hissing sounds differ from voiced sounds, hard from soft.

Calligraphy letters

The capital alphabet is studied before school. These are complex characters where the spelling of capital letters is different from lowercase letters. In this case, it is important to connect the symbols correctly. Parents and teachers use modern views textbooks or copybooks from Soviet times.

Adults and children of high school age can use wide-lined copybooks; for children, narrow-lined notebooks are used. You can print out a copybook with all the letters on one sheet - this will help you quickly remember the sequence of letters in the alphabet.

How to write numbers

Mathematical symbols are easier to write because there are significantly fewer of them: only 10 numbers versus 33 letters of the alphabet, and the numbers are not connected to each other. For copybooks, checkered notebooks are used, where each number is clearly limited and does not go beyond the limits.

School copybooks with numbers are equipped with shading, arrows and other signs that help you understand at what point the symbol begins and the writing algorithm. Printouts with examples of numbers are used for teaching both preschoolers and school-age children.

Handwriting Workbooks

Teachers and educators recommend purchasing special notebooks designed to prepare your hand for writing. The best copybooks were developed and created by domestic teachers, which include the Nekin simulator, working copybooks by Bortnikova, Zhukova, Kolesnikova. The manuals are designed for children of different ages.

Bortnikova

Zhukova

Kolesnikova

Nekina

How to prepare your hand for writing

To prepare the hands of future first-graders, teachers have compiled a list of special tasks.

Regular exercises train fine motor skills in children of any age:

1. Finger games will help prepare your hand, but you should not give priority to only one hand, regardless of whether the child is right-handed or left-handed. The limbs should be equally used.
2. Coloring pages are a fun pastime that develops your creative imagination and gets your fingers ready to write.
3. Special notebooks for future schoolchildren. The authors suggest tracing pictures or large letters at the dots, drawing lines without lifting the pencil from the paper (labyrinth).
4. Copybooks - first teaching aids developed for children 4–5 years old, 6–7 years old, for grades 1-2, for grades 3, 4. Copybooks introduce kids to printed and capital letters and syllables. There are also mathematical textbooks with figures and numbers, notebooks in Russian, English, German, French and other languages.

Older child preschool age learn by writing. They can be purchased at stationery stores, bookstores, or downloaded for free online.

How to fix handwriting

Many people believe that beautiful handwriting is formed at school age, and adults will no longer be able to correct it. In fact, it can be improved regardless of age: both a first-grader and an adult are able to place a hand. However, this is the result of long and regular training.

It is important to follow the rules and take into account the nuances:

• A comfortable place for writing - good lighting is necessary, choose a table with a hard surface, a chair with a back. These conditions are especially important for babies, children 3-6 years old, junior schoolchildren, but also recommended for adults.
• When working, you cannot rush; maximum concentration on the process is necessary.
• Suitable stationery. Previously, experts argued that to succeed in calligraphy and develop good handwriting, you need to use a fountain pen. Today, ball-type ones are also allowed, but with a thin rod.
• Educational material - children use copybooks for the appropriate age. They learn to write using dots, hatches or dotted lines. Adults can keep a notebook in a narrow line and practice in it. If desired, download ready-made online copybooks and learn to correctly write combinations of letters, their elements, syllables and sentences.
• Initially, you should write straight and parallel lines, circles and other simple shapes. Then move on to letters and syllables.
• If necessary, turn to calligraphy masters, they will tell you how to write letters and connections that contain errors. They will recommend exercises that improve fine motor skills and handwriting.

Don't expect quick results. Calligraphy will improve with hard and regular practice.

How to learn to write correctly and beautifully

It is easier to teach a schoolchild beautiful handwriting right away than to reteach and correct mistakes later.

Parents of preschoolers and first-graders will benefit from advice from experienced teachers:

• Calligraphic handwriting is impossible without developed finger motor skills. To do this, you need to draw with pencils more often, sculpt from plasticine, do origami, and beadwork. Games with cereals will be interesting and useful for the little ones. To do this, an adult needs to mix a little buckwheat and rice, and the child will sort them out.
• Beautiful handwriting is directly related to straight posture. The baby should not hunch over while he is writing in copybook. The back should be straight; for this, he is seated on a chair with a hard back. However, computer and swivel chairs are not suitable.
• High quality writing pen. It is necessary to select office supplies with a thin rod. When choosing between a gel and a ballpoint pen, the latter is preferred because it does not scratch the paper. The finger grip area should be made of rubber. This handle will not slip in children's hands, unlike its plastic or metal counterpart.
• Handle grip. Correct position in the hand: the handle lies on the middle finger, thumb and forefinger it is held, and the ring and little fingers are pressed against the palm. If you grip incorrectly, you cannot achieve beautiful handwriting.

Following the rules of calligraphy will help your child learn to write letters from A to Z, words, numbers and numbers beautifully.

In the article you will learn about the history of the Russian alphabet, as well as the rules of spelling and pronunciation of each of its letters.

Around 863, Cyril and Methodius (brothers chroniclers) streamlined all “Slavic” writing after Emperor Michael III ordered them to do so. The writing was called “Cyrillic” and became part of the Greek alphabet. After this, the Bulgarian school of “scribes” actively developed and the country (Bulgaria) became the most important center for the dissemination of the “Cyrillic alphabet”.

Bulgaria is the place where the first Slavic “book” school appeared and it was here that such significant publications as the “Psalter”, “Gospel” and “Apostle” were rewritten. After Greece, the “Cyrillic alphabet” penetrated into Serbia and only at the end of the 10th century it became the language of Rus'. We can safely say that the modern Russian alphabet is a derivative of the Cyrillic alphabet and the old Slavic “Eastern” speech.

A little later, the Russian alphabet received 4 more new letters, but 14 letters from the “old” alphabet were gradually eliminated one by one, because they were no longer needed. After the reforms of Peter the Great (early 17th century), superscript signs were completely eliminated from the alphabet, and other “doublet” signs were simply abolished. The most recent reform of the Russian alphabet occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and after it, humanity was presented with exactly the alphabet that is observed to this day.

How many letters are there in the Russian alphabet?

The modern Russian alphabet, consisting of exactly 33 letters, became official only in 1918. It is interesting that the letter “E” in it was approved only in 1942, and before that it was only considered a variation of the letter “E”.

Cyril and Methodius

Russian language alphabet – 33 letters, black and white, printed: what it looks like, print on one sheet, printed A4 format, photo.

In order to learn the spelling of each letter of the Russian alphabet, you may need a printed black and white version. After downloading such a picture, you can print it on any A4 landscape sheet.

Russian alphabet in order from A to Z, numbered in direct order: photo, print

Each letter in the Russian alphabet has its own serial number.

Russian alphabet, numbered in reverse order: photo, print

Reverse order of letters in the alphabet and reverse numbering.

How to correctly pronounce and read the letters of the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet: transcription, letter names

Russian alphabet of uppercase and capital letters: photo, print

Russian written speech also requires penmanship and calligraphy. Therefore, you should definitely remember the spelling rules for each capital and small letter in the alphabet.

How to write capital letters of the Russian alphabet for first-graders: connecting capital letters of the Russian alphabet, photo

Kids who are just starting to learn written language will definitely find copybooks useful, in which they will learn not only the spelling of letters, but also all the required connections between them.

Copybooks of Russian letters:

How many vowels, consonants, hissing letters and sounds are there in the Russian alphabet and what are more: vowels or consonants?

Important to remember:

• In the Russian alphabet, letters are divided into vowels and consonants
• Vowel letters - 10 pcs.
• Consonants - 21 pcs. (+ ь, ъ sign)
• There are 43 sounds in the Russian language
• It has 6 vowel sounds
• And 37 consonants

Introduction to the modern Russian alphabet of the letter e, y, ё: when and who included it?

Interesting to know:

• The letter е appeared in the alphabet in the 19th century
• The letter й appeared in the alphabet after the 15th-16th century (appeared in Slavic church writings after the Moscow edition).
• The letter e appeared in the 17th century (during the development of the civil font)

What was the last letter to appear in the Russian alphabet?

The letter E is the “last” letter in the Russian alphabet, since it was approved relatively recently (at the beginning of the 19th century).

Young and forgotten letters of the Russian alphabet: names

The modern Russian alphabet went through many transformations before finding its final form. Many letters were forgotten or excluded from the alphabet due to uselessness.

The number of letters of the Russian alphabet that do not indicate sounds: names

IMPORTANT: A letter is a graphic sign, a sound is a unit of spoken speech.

In Russian the following letters do not have sounds:

• ь - softens the sound
• ъ - makes the sound hard

What is the last consonant letter of the Russian alphabet: name

The last letter (consonant) that appeared in modern alphabet- this is Ш (ligature Ш+Т or Ш+Ч).

Transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin: photo

Transliteration is the translation of letters into english alphabet, while maintaining sound.

Calligraphic handwriting: a sample of the Russian alphabet

Calligraphy is the rules for writing capital letters.

Video: “Live ABC for kids”

Russian letters differ from each other not only in style and sound designation, but also in size. Correct spelling follows certain rules. Uppercase and lowercase letters - what every schoolchild knows, especially elementary school students. But the knowledge acquired at school is forgotten very quickly, and adults are unlikely to remember the definitions of these terms.

Uppercase and lowercase letters are two types of graphic icons on a letter. It is interesting that the division into such varieties is not found in all languages. They are present in the Cyrillic alphabet, as well as in the Greek alphabet, Latin, and Armenian. The situation in Georgia is unusual. There are no capital icons (with a specific meaning of use), but individual sections of text (for example, titles, headings) are typed with large icons. They have small outlines, but differ from them in size. In other writing systems, there is no division between capital letters and small letters.

To get acquainted with them for the first time, it is enough to learn some brief information:

• capital – the one that is larger;
• lowercase – the one that is smaller in size.

And in order for the information to be remembered better, linger in the head for a long time and not turn into confusion, you need to study the issue deeper, delving into the details.

Uppercase

This is the capital, big, beautiful, initial one. The letter sign is increased in size compared to the others. Most often there is only one in a line, and it is with it that the sentence begins. IN primary school Children with great diligence learn to write the first alphabetic sign - after all, it should turn out beautiful.

The first official use of capital letters was noticed in the 15th century. However, further research showed that people tried to beautifully design the initial characters of first names, last names, and sentences long before the beginning of the 15th century. Such graphic icons, decorated with ornaments and curlicues, were called initial letters.

Capital letters inin the text are written only in cases that are confirmed by spelling rules. The most common of them, which are most often encountered in practice, will be indicated below.

Another definition of “capital” is found in elementary school at the stage of teaching written literacy. It is less common, so it does not appear in dictionaries. Used only to differentiate the type of writing; the antonym to the word “capital” is “printed”. When a teacher asks you to write down a word, a sentence, or a text in words, he means lowercase and capital letters. And their choice should be based on the rules studied.

Lowercase

This is a small letter. In sentences and text, it is found much more often than graphic icons of the previous type. This is explained by the fact that small letter signs are used several times more often in writing - these are the rules of Russian spelling.

All letters that do not fall under the capitalization rules are lined up in one line and have the same height, which is why they are called lowercase.

Note! The stress in the term “lowercase” falls not on the first, but on the last syllable, no matter how much one would like to associate its pronunciation with the pronunciation of the word “line”.

Useful videos: how to write small capital letters?

Main differences

Uppercase and lowercase letters have a number of differences from each other.

They are as follows:

• Size. The capital one is about 2 times larger than the small one. This is clearly visible when using a notebook sheet with a wide line: a large letter occupies the entire height of the line, and a small letter fits in half of it.
• Writing. The capital letter has many more details and features of the style, which first grade students are diligently trying to learn. It is much more complex than the small one in style.
• Frequency of use. Capital letters appear in the text much less often than small ones, because their choice must be justified by certain rules.

Having learned for himself how capital letters differ from small graphic icons, a person stops confusing these two terms with each other.

Examples

A clear example of what the styles of both categories look like.

When comparing graphic icons, standing nearby, it immediately becomes clear which of them are CAPITAL and which are lowercase.

Spelling capital letters

In the Russian language, the use of two types of style is subject to the rules of the corresponding section of spelling. According to them, a new sentence begins with a capital symbol, which seems to lead an army of small, ordinary icons. It shows that the previous thought has ended and another has begun, or simply indicates the beginning of a thought. Direct speech, quotes, and each new line of the poem begin with the capital letter.

But there are other, more complex rules that explain the spelling of capital and lowercase letters:

1. First names, last names, patronymics of people and adjectives based on them. For example: Andrey Igorevich Yablochkin, Petka’s car.
2. Animal names and adjectives derived from them. For example: Tuzik, Murka, Kesha, Fluff, Tuzikov’s collar.
3. Geographical objects, places, names (continents, cardinal points, countries, cities, villages, villages, regions, republics, islands, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes). For example: the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean, the city of Moscow, the continent of Africa, the village of Yantarny, the Republic of Adygea.
4. Names of firms, companies, stores, enterprises. For example: the Rostvertol plant, the Pyaterochka store, the Belvest shoe company.
5. Names of the greats historical events, the most important documents (First World War, Peter's era).
6. Names of printed publications, works of art, dishes (Murzilka magazine, Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper, Moonlight Sonata, painting Barge Haulers on the Volga, Caesar salad).
7. Names of ministries, important government organizations (Ministry of Education, City Duma).
8. High positions of great national importance (President, Queen).
9. The first word of the names of holidays and important events (Birthday, Christmas, Easter, Victory Day).
10. Use the pronoun “you” when expressing special respect is required.
11. Abbreviations - consist entirely of capital letters (KPRF, MLM, SFU).

In all other cases, when the word is not included in the category of proper names, but is a common noun, lowercase are writtenstyles.

Possible difficulties in choosing an option

In Russian, most rules are ambiguous and have additional explanations or exceptions.

Important! When choosing the size of a letter (capital/small) is required to fill out important documents or perform serious tasks or work, it is better to check yourself in dictionaries and reference books.

Possible difficulties in choosing the size of a graphic icon:

1. Proper names of mythical, historical, literary heroes, which began to be used in a generalized, figurative sense, to designate a certain character or way of life of people. The rules for writing such words are ambiguous: some are written with a capital letter (Oblomov, Napoleon, Hamlet), others with a lowercase letter (Don Quixote, Judas, Hercules, which have become common nouns). The variant of their use is given in the dictionary.
2. The names of geographical objects and important historical events, used in a generalized (figurative) meaning, have the same distinctions and their own writing features: sodom (debauchery), Olympus (top), Kamchatka (last places) and Chernobyl, Mecca, Hiroshima.
3. The names of devices, techniques, and units of measurement, derived from the names of their inventors, are written with a lowercase letter. For example: X-ray, volt, pascal, etc.
4. and terms where one of the words is a proper noun, as well as adjectives based on them, do not have a large icon (Achilles' heel, Demian's ear, X-rays).
5. Adjectives that were made up of a person’s last name and first name using the suffixes –sk, -ovsk, -insk – are written with a lowercase letter (Dalevsky dictionary, Prishvinsky prose).

Useful video: Russian lowercase letters

Conclusion

In fact, delving into the material taught in lessons in educational institution, the pupil and student master the spelling of graphic signs well, understand the differences and features of their use, which means they do not have serious difficulties in complying with this norm.

The main thing is to remember the definitions and understand some of the difficulties. And in case of difficulty, do not forget about the possibility of turning to the dictionary.

In contact with

Every day a person uses uppercase and lowercase letters in writing. Previously, only capital letters were used, which were the same height. They had clear boundaries. After writing began to develop, the symbols acquired more rounded shapes.

In contact with

What is important to know

In modern Russian, the use of capital letters causes problems for many people, since not everyone knows how to write lowercase or uppercase characters. Despite the constant improvement and development of the language, there are a few basic rules that will help determine spelling depending on what the writer wants to convey.

Basic moments use of capital characters:

• With capital letters the positions indicated in the official document are written;
• the beginning of phrases containing the words Central, State, International, Russian;
• separate stylistic use of the words Motherland, Man, Center;
• polite address expressed by a pronoun;
• religious books: the Bible or the Koran;
• abbreviation: VLKSM;
• literary books;
• production brands of technical products.

Lowercase characters are written in such cases:

Distinctive features of lowercase characters

There are several differences you should know about:

• Font. A lowercase letter is smaller than an uppercase letter.
• Writing. Capital letters are written with features that are taught about in school.
• Use. Small symbols can be found much more often.

Using symbols in Word

Due to the rapid development information technologies Users often use Microsoft Office Word in their work. However, not everyone knows that you can also write lowercase or uppercase characters in it. To do this, use a combination of certain keys.

Features of printing alphabetic characters in Word:

• you need to type the required text on the computer;
• select it and press the Shift and F3 keys together;
• we get the spelling “lowercase characters of the Russian language”;
• if you click them again, you can see “Lowcase Symbols of the Russian Alphabet”;
• if you need to work with the text further, you should press Shift+F3 again.

Capital letters: example

Capital characters are used in such cases:

Capital letters in gadgets

Often when using a smartphone The question arises how to include capital letters. To do this you need to follow a few simple steps:

• the keyboard opens first;
• select a key with an arrow indicating the upward direction (the key is usually located on the left);
• a capital letter is written;
• If you need such letters to appear all the time, you need to press the button twice in a row.

IN Lately many people are often confused When should you write in capitals?, and when a lowercase letter. This affects the attitude of other people, especially if the mistakes are serious.

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