Black plaque: causes, removal. Brown spots on teeth: why dots and stripes appear, and how to remove Why plaque appears on teeth

Under the influence of various factors, the surface of the tooth is covered with an adhesive substance, which is a mixture of saliva, grains of consumed products and epithelial cells, oral bacteria.

Expert opinion

Biryukov Andrey Anatolievich

doctor implantologist orthopedic surgeon Graduated from Crimean Medical University. Institute in 1991. Specialization: therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic dentistry including implantology and implant prosthetics.

I believe that you can still save a lot on visits to the dentist. Of course I'm talking about dental care. After all, if you carefully look after them, then treatment may indeed not come to the point - it won’t be necessary. Microcracks and small caries on teeth can be removed with regular toothpaste. How? The so-called filling paste. For myself, I highlight Denta Seal. Try it too.

Plaque is a breeding ground for pathogens and is characterized by symptoms such as enamel losing its natural whiteness and bad breath. It can appear at any age, and if left untreated, it can cause dental diseases.

Causes of plaque formation

This deposit is formed under the influence of external factors:

• nicotine abuse. Cigarette smoke during smoking settles on the surface shell of the teeth and eats into it. The enamel turns yellow, and cleaning the mouth does not eliminate the problem;
• presence large quantity carbohydrate foods in the form of sweets in the diet. Glucose is retained between the teeth and causes bacteria to multiply, which eventually eat away at the enamel. This leads to exposure of the inner layer of the tooth - dentin, which has a yellow color;
• improper and untimely cleaning of the oral cavity;
• dark deposits appear with frequent consumption of liquids, the composition of which is enriched with natural dyes (tea, coffee, red wine);
• soft food is not immediately removed from the surface of the enamel, and this contributes to the formation of plaque, especially in young children;
• treatment with antibiotics from the tetracycline group for a long time and with drugs that cause a decrease in secretion salivary glands(Nitrazepam);
• a large accumulation of fluoride vapor in the air, as well as its increased content in food and water;
• elderly age;
• A person’s profession requires constant presence in metalworking shops, which contributes to the inhalation of vapors of various metals (lead, iron, nickel).

Pathological changes in the body can provoke the formation of plaque:

• diseases of the teeth, gums and oral mucosa;
• diseases characterized by impaired salivation. This causes a decrease in the natural cleaning of the mouth from bacteria;
• hormonal changes, especially during adolescence;
• endocrine and digestive system negatively affect the state of the oral microflora.

Stages of plaque formation

The accumulation of deposits on the surface of teeth occurs in 3 stages:

1. Pellicle formation. This is a thin film that consists of mucosal cells, pathogenic bacteria and gel-like elements of saliva, and is not visible during visual inspection. It covers the entire outer surface of the tooth after 20 minutes. after hygienic cleaning. Over 4 hours, the number of bacteria increases (1 million) and spreads throughout the entire oral cavity.
2. Formation of soft plaque. It is a loose substance that is loosely attached to the enamel and can be partially removed during cleaning. It contains lactobacilli and streptococci. The acids they produce destroy the enamel, which indicates the beginning of the carious process. The stage lasts from 4 to 7 hours after brushing the teeth, during which the number of bacteria increases to 10 million.
3. The third stage is characterized by the formation of a dense plaque. Its composition is 50-70% aerobic bacteria, which are gradually replaced by anaerobic forms. During the day, the mass of dental plaque doubles and an increasing number of pathogenic bacteria join it, contributing to the development of caries, as well as the inflammatory process of the gums.

Plaque forms in several stages

After 2 days, mature plaque mineralizes and thickens, which leads to the formation of tartar. Depending on hygiene procedures and the individual characteristics of the body, the stone increases to its maximum volume in 6-9 months.

Types of dental plaque

Classification according to the location of dental plaque includes the following types:

• supragingival. Upon visual inspection, an adhesive substance is noticeable on the crown or neck of the tooth;
• subgingival. It can only be detected during an examination by a dentist, since its location is in the periodontal pockets. Its structure is denser than the previous type and can cause tooth loss.

Depending on the cause, plaque comes in different shades:

• white. It is formed in humans a short time after cleansing due to vitamin deficiency or the predominance of soft foods in the diet. Its functions are to protect the enamel, but the accumulation of plaque causes bad breath and the formation of stones;
• yellow. Characteristic for smokers, lovers of drinks with natural colors and sweets. Age and poor hygiene also contribute to the appearance of yellow discoloration on the teeth;
• grey. It is formed when the enamel thins and can only be treated dentally;
• The yellow coating turns into brown over time, which indicates frequent smoking. Also, the tooth becomes coated with this color upon contact with manganese and metal vapors;
• black. Appears when taking medications and in pathologies that have a negative effect on the oral microflora. Only a dentist in combination with treatment of the concomitant disease can help eliminate this problem;
• green. Occurs due to hormonal changes in the body or the presence of a fungal infection (chlorophyll);
• red. The main reason for its appearance is a hereditary disease - porphyria (a disorder of pigment metabolism in tissues).

How to get rid of dental plaque?

In order to cope with the problem without negative consequences, you need to consult a dentist. Basic methods of elimination:

• mechanical. Using a dental instrument in the form of a crescent hook, the tooth surface and gum pocket are cleaned of dense substance. It is possible to use a drill with attachments. This method has a risk of injury and the patient feels pain during the procedure, so clinics do not use this method;
• chemical. It involves applying special solutions to the surface of the tooth that soften the stones to facilitate their removal. This technique is used when other methods of removing plaque are ineffective, since the solution cannot be applied under the gums or in the area between the teeth. Therefore, the bacteria do not die, which leads to the secondary formation of stones after a short period of time;
• laser First, the stone is crushed by pointing the beam at the affected area, and then its remains are washed out with a spray. During the procedure, each tooth is treated separately. The laser is able to eliminate both soft plaque and hardened plaque. The method helps to get rid of all pathogenic microflora and does not damage the enamel, therefore it is considered the safest. After it, your smile will be whiter for 1 year, and the risk of dental problems will be minimized. Its main disadvantage is the high cost of the procedures. Not every clinic has the opportunity to purchase a laser;
• air-abrasive. From the name you can understand that the surface of the tooth is exposed to abrasive substances that soften dental plaque. In this case, a stream of water washes away the remaining adhesive substance. This method quite effectively combats the problem in hard-to-reach places and the price of the procedure is not too high;
• ultrasonic. A special device directs waves of a certain frequency to the contaminated area of ​​the oral cavity. It has all the advantages of the above methods, but has a number of contraindications. Ultrasound technique prohibited from use in childhood, as well as patients with a history of diabetes and heart pathologies.

To whiten enamel, your doctor may recommend the following methods:

• photobleaching;
• fluoridation of enamel

At home, special pastes (Lakalut White) containing:

• plant enzymes that soften plaque (papain and bromelain);
• grinding and polishing elements;
• compounds of zinc and pyrophosphates, which increase the time of transformation of soft deposits into dense stone.

Such pastes should not be used daily so as not to destroy the tooth shell. It is recommended to use them in combination with an electric brush.

Preventing plaque

• Brush your teeth morning and evening with a brush and dental floss;
• After each meal, rinse your mouth;
• do not abuse drinks that stain the enamel;
• reduce your intake of sweets;
• you shouldn't start smoking. If you already smoke, try to quit bad habit as fast as possible;
• visit the dentist if unpleasant symptoms occur;
• the diet should contain foods that strengthen the enamel;
• treat chronic pathologies;
• Children should not be given juices and milk before bedtime.

If you notice that your teeth have an unsightly shade, dentists recommend adhering to the following rules:

• purchase a periodontal paste or one that contains fluoride;
• 2 r. Clean every week using a paste that has an abrasive effect;
• Drink liquids with dyes as little as possible;
• no smoking;
• rinse your mouth after eating;
• the basis of the diet should be fresh fruits and vegetables (apples, carrots), which effectively help cleanse teeth of initial plaque;
• take advantage of the funds traditional medicine(aloe, Activated carbon, oil tea tree and etc.). It must be remembered that if used incorrectly, the product can have an aggressive effect on the enamel.

The problem of dental plaque occurs in every person, so its occurrence is easier to prevent by following preventive rules.

Do you feel nervous before visiting the dentist?

YesNo

At the initial stage of the appearance of yellowness, you can use home remedies, following the instructions for their use. If tartar begins to form on your teeth, contact your dentist as soon as possible.

An unresolved problem can cause the development of unpleasant dental diseases, the elimination of which will take a long time.

A visit to the dentist quite often begins with the doctor noting plaque deposits on the patient’s teeth. Where does the white plaque on the teeth near the gums come from, how to get rid of it and how to prevent its accumulation? This will be discussed in this article.

Teeth are practically the only part human body, which does not have a self-regulating system capable of removing old and unnecessary tissue and replacing it with a layer of renewed cells. As a result, entire colonies of microorganisms constantly stick to the surface of the enamel, eating leftover food and oral epithelium, multiplying and gradually increasing the volume of the biofilm. Over time, the composition of the microbiome changes, diseases of teeth and gums develop, and bad breath appears, which cannot be eliminated by simple means. The composition of saliva itself also undergoes changes; its acidity increases, which leads to accelerated destruction of enamel.

What is white plaque on teeth?

Dental plaque is a soft substance that adheres to the surface of the teeth in which microorganisms live and multiply. The composition includes minerals from saliva, organic residues, fluid from the gingival groove, live bacteria and their waste products.

Organic components include polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins and lipids. Among the inorganic ones, calcium and phosphorus predominate, as well as traces of sodium and potassium.

When it comes to bacterial composition, it is no coincidence that the oral cavity is called the dirtiest place in the body. Conditions in the oral cavity are favorable for the proliferation of a huge number of varieties of microbes. Scientists have counted about 25 thousand species of bacteria that can live in various parts of the human oral cavity. About a thousand of them live directly in the thickness of dental plaque and are able to adapt to the changing conditions of their environment. It is also worth noting that recent research suggests that bacteria can directly influence the environment, adapting it to their needs, through complex interspecies interactions.

A small amount of white plaque in itself is harmless and was designed by nature to protect teeth and gums from the aggressive effects of pathogenic bacteria. However, if the oral cavity is not kept clean and regularly, plaque will accumulate and become deposited, causing it to mineralize (or harden). It is impossible to remove such plaque on your own using a brush and paste; this will require a visit to the dentist, who will clean the teeth using special tools or devices.

Tartar bacteria living closest to the surface of the enamel will begin to use anaerobic respiration (a special type of respiration of bacteria living in conditions without oxygen). After switching to this type of breathing, bacteria produce much more acid. The excretion products of these microorganisms rapidly destroy the enamel, forming carious cavities. The appearance of a strong foul odor from the mouth is also directly related to anaerobes.

How to determine the presence of white plaque on teeth?

There are several methods for identifying plaque, but only some of them can be used at home.

How does white plaque form on teeth?

Mechanisms involved in plaque formation include:

• absorption of protein and carbohydrates by bacteria with subsequent formation of a biofilm on the surface of tooth enamel;
• electrostatic van der Waals forces, which physically increase plaque adhesion; the so-called “reversible adhesion” of the film to the tooth enamel is formed; a similar phenomenon of “irreversible adhesion” occurs when pellicle (cell membrane) molecules interact with the cell surface;
• joint interactions of primary (aerobic) and secondary (anaerobic) bacterial agents that change the environmental conditions inside the plaque for accelerated reproduction and the formation of a film that is difficult to remove.

Soft white plaque on the teeth tends to turn into tartar when several conditions are met simultaneously: dryness in the mouth due to low saliva production or saliva of high viscosity, changes in the acidity level of the oral fluid, maintaining an optimal temperature, an imbalance of redox reactions in the mouth. oral cavity, infrequent or ineffective tooth brushing.

Redox reactions affect pH levels in the mouth because they have properties similar to acid-base reactions. It is the level of acidity that is key in the development of diseases of the hard tissues of teeth. When reactions shift to the acidic side, the minerals contained in the enamel and giving it hardness and stability are washed out of it. In this case, softening and subsequent destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth occurs. Bacterial acids also have a detrimental effect on the gums, causing inflammation and bleeding.

Does the composition of saliva affect the adhesion of plaque?

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of salivary fluid for maintaining the health of the body as a whole. The release of this substance is regulated by the hypothalamus. A sufficient amount of saliva is needed to:

In addition, constant circulation of saliva helps to saturate tissues with oxygen, which prevents reproduction anaerobic bacteria. Thus, with a decrease in the total amount of salivary fluid, halitosis (a constant unpleasant odor from the mouth) and other diseases develop.

Table. Types of dental plaque.

Despite the variety of types of plaque on teeth, treatment approaches will be similar in at least one way - the formed dental deposits must be completely removed in 100% of cases. A visit to a dental hygienist for professional oral cleaning will help with this.

How to prevent plaque accumulation on teeth?

First of all, you need to make sure that your teeth are brushed with the required frequency and thoroughness while using the correct technique. Often, it is a violation of the method of cleaning the surfaces of teeth that leads to the formation of stone in characteristic places. Most often this rear surfaces the front teeth on the lower jaw and parts of the chewing teeth located closest to the gum. You should also remove food debris between your teeth using dental floss.

For patients with diseases such as xerostomia (dry mouth) and diabetes, brushing teeth after every meal is recommended. In such people, diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth and oral mucosa occur especially rapidly, which is why careful dental care and plaque removal are so important.

To reduce the stickiness of plaque and stimulate the abundant secretion of saliva filled with protective substances, mouth rinses should be used. It is better that they do not contain alcohol in their composition, as it causes cell dehydration and dry mouth. For a gentle but effective effect on microorganisms, extracts and decoctions of herbs such as mint, sage, chamomile, and thyme are suitable. You can prepare them yourself by purchasing dry substrates at the pharmacy, or use ready-made rinses produced by various companies.

It is also recommended to use intense mint toothpaste, as its taste promotes rapid salivation, which will lead to natural remineralization of tooth enamel, dissolution of plaque and destruction of bacteria not only due to the active components of mint, but also due to salivary immunoglobulins. In addition, mint will help in the fight against halitosis.

What happens if you don’t remove plaque from your teeth in time?

Scientists who have studied the effect of untreated dental plaque on the overall health of the body have found that compliance proper care care of the oral cavity is directly related to the prevention of potential cardiovascular diseases. Hard bacterial deposits remaining around the teeth for a long time cause infection of the gums, inflammation and chronic periodontitis. Microorganisms that cause periodontitis and gum disease are capable of disseminating over time from the tissues of the oral cavity directly into the integumentary lining (the so-called endothelium) blood vessels. As a result, the risk of developing atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia and other diseases usually associated with serious thromboembolic conditions increases.

It should be borne in mind that tartar can cause problems not only in the oral cavity, but also far beyond it, and carry potential risks to health and life. This is why it is so important to regularly preventive examinations and professional oral hygiene, as well as self-care of teeth and gums.

Video - Stains on teeth. How to get rid of them?

Dental plaque is a specific deposit of different structure on the surface of the tooth or gingival margin, appearing as a result of the accumulation and growth of microorganisms.

Plaque on teeth looks like sticky deposits that are difficult to notice with the naked eye. Plaque mainly accumulates on teeth, dentures, crowns and fillings, and can also appear on the tongue and gums. As a result of such deposits, an inflammatory process develops in the soft tissues of the oral cavity and gums, and in advanced forms, caries begins. Under the influence of bacteria in the mouth that feed on carbohydrates, the gums begin to ache and bleed, which soon leads to tooth loss.

Causes of plaque formation

The main reason why plaque forms in the mouth is the large number of microorganisms living in the mouth. The danger of these bacteria lies in the fact that they can grow and multiply quite quickly. After a person has thoroughly cleaned his teeth, after two hours a thin film, called plaque, begins to appear on the surface of the tooth.

Plaque also forms when chewing is insufficient, during sleep, hyposalivation, xerostomia, when eating foods high in protein and low in fat, and taking iron supplements.

Mechanism of plaque formation

There are two types of dental plaque: soft (looks like a structureless film) and hard (tartar). Plaque formation occurs naturally as a result of the action of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Initially, a thin film is formed on the surface of the tooth - a pellicle, consisting of enzymes, acidic proteins, salivary immunoglobulins and serum proteins involved in metabolic processes with fluid in the oral cavity. Oral microorganisms grow and settle on the surface of the tooth, forming a film. Deposits are formed due to the constant division and adhesion of new bacteria and their waste products.

Plaque formation occurs in three stages:

• First stage Plaque deposits begin two days after a person stops performing oral hygiene procedures. During this period, a cell-free film is formed; its appearance occurs rapidly due to the contact of hard tooth tissues with saliva. During this period, cocci and micrococci appear.
• Second stage Plaque deposits begin on the second to fourth day of cessation of hygiene procedures. During this period, a pellicle is formed, consisting of microorganisms (fusobacteria and flamins) on its surface.
• Third stage Plaque deposition begins on the fourth to ninth day, when a mature plaque forms. In this period tooth enamel cover spirochetes and spirilla that can destroy the surface of the tooth.

Classification of dental plaque

Plaque has several places of formation. Supragingival plaque forms on a tooth and can be located in the area of ​​the gum margin on its smooth surface or on surfaces in contact with each other. Subgingival plaque is located below the gingival margin in the area of ​​the tooth surface or is attached to the gingival epithelium.

Plaque is also distinguished by the color of the formations. The sticky film, which is yellow or yellowish-white in color, is a natural deposit on the surface of the tooth. It appears during a person’s calm state (when he sleeps, does not eat or talk) due to the activity of various microorganisms. The appearance of this type of plaque is accompanied by an unpleasant odor from the mouth and specific taste sensations. In the absence of constant hygiene, these neoplasms are the basis for the further development of tartar.

Green plaque on teeth is found mainly in children and adolescents. Such formations appear as a result of the accumulation of bacteria containing chlorophyll.

Formations on teeth of brown and dark brown color are usually found in people who smoke. Depending on the amount of nicotine consumed, the color of the plaque also varies.

Symptoms of dental plaque

You can determine the presence of plaque based on the main symptoms of the disease. When it appears in the oral cavity, tooth enamel loses its shine, which is associated with the formation of a thin whitish film. In addition, teeth with a specific plaque tend to change their color until the tooth turns black. Due to the activity of bacteria and microorganisms, a person develops bad breath. When touching the teeth with the tip of the tongue, a characteristic roughness of the tooth surface is felt. It can also be covered with white or white-yellow masses that have a viscous structure.

The main localizations of plaque accumulation are places in which it is possible to gain a good foothold and, due to the porous surface, allow bacteria to multiply. Plaque can be observed in the cervical area of ​​the crown, near filling sites, in places where dentures are attached and in the spaces between teeth. If plaque is not removed in time, it can soon develop into stone or cause the development of caries or pulpitis.

Diagnosis of dental plaque

There are two ways to determine the presence of plaque. Visit a specialist doctor and undergo an examination, based on the results of which the doctor will determine whether the patient has plaque on his teeth. The second method is quite simple and does not require a trip to the doctor. All that is required is a mirror and good lighting. By carefully examining your teeth, you can find out for yourself whether there is plaque on their surfaces.

If the presence of plaque is noted, it is necessary to determine what form it has. When visiting a doctor, mild dental plaque is diagnosed using special preparations that stain it. For this, fuchsin or erythrosine is used, and other substances can also be used. Plaque staining agents can come in the form of sprays, tablets, or rinses. Based on the staining results, the specialist evaluates the deposits using a special scale and prescribes treatment and hygiene procedures.

In case of hard plaque (tartar), mechanical removal will be required using special tools and devices in the dentist’s office.

Plaque treatment

To prevent further development of caries and tooth decay, it is necessary to carry out quality treatment and plaque removal. You can get rid of the sticky film on your teeth different ways, which to a greater or lesser extent help to restore the original appearance of the tooth and maintain its health. It must be remembered that if it is necessary to remove old plaque, this procedure is carried out exclusively by a dentist using special tools and devices. Such plaque can be partially eliminated at home and only with proper hygiene procedures, but complete elimination is possible only by visiting a doctor.

Modern medicine, using professional cleaning of dental plaque, makes it possible not only to restore the beauty of teeth and eliminate unaesthetic shades of enamel, but also helps prevent the development of diseases such as caries. If plaque is not treated on time, bacteria living in the oral cavity will penetrate deep into the gums and contribute to the development of inflammatory processes and the appearance of purulent formations.

Today, doctors everywhere use several types of dental treatment that help eliminate plaque. Ultrasound removal can achieve excellent results, but this method is not suitable for everyone. If the patient has problems of cardio-vascular system or a pacemaker is installed, this method of treatment is contraindicated. Plaque and tartar are removed from the tooth surface under the influence of ultrasound waves. The oxygen released during operation of the device disinfects the oral cavity.

Not inferior in popularity to ultrasonic and laser removal dental plaque. The principle of operation is similar to the previous one: plaque and stone are destroyed under the influence of a laser. It is worth noting that this type of procedure costs a little more than ultrasonic cleansing.

Dentists also use the air-abrasive treatment method, in which the surface of the teeth is treated with a special solution, which makes it easy to remove not only plaque, but also the areas where it appears. This method is usually used as an additional method to ultrasonic or laser teeth cleaning.

Another method of removing plaque is chemical. During the work, the tooth surface is treated with preparations that contain alkali and acid, which destroy plaque and stone. However, this method cannot be used as the main one due to the fact that along with plaque, both the tooth and its enamel are subject to destruction.

Forecast and prevention of dental plaque

If dental plaque is diagnosed at the first stage, there will be no problems with its removal. To do this, it is enough to brush your teeth regularly, and also avoid smoking, drinking black coffee or tea. During the second and third stages of plaque, when it turns into tartar, there is a risk of developing caries. When visiting a doctor and removal, as well as proper treatment the prognosis for recovery is favorable.

– specific deposits tightly adjacent to the tooth crown or gingival margin, formed in the oral cavity from bacteria, saliva, food debris, and tissue detritus. Plaque causes a change in the color of the enamel, a feeling of roughness on the surface of the teeth, and the appearance of bad breath. Diagnosis of dental plaque includes a consultation with a dental hygienist, a visual examination of the oral cavity after staining the teeth with special dyes, and an assessment of the hygiene index. To remove plaque, they resort to mechanical brushing of teeth using toothbrushes and pastes, as well as professional oral hygiene procedures.

General information

Dental plaque is a sticky layer on the surface of tooth enamel, which is based on accumulations of microorganisms and their metabolic products. Plaque forms on the crown of the tooth (especially on contact surfaces, in fissures, depressions, pits, cervical area, interdental spaces), as well as along and below the gingival margin. Plaque in dentistry refers to non-mineralized dental deposits and can occur at any age. Its surface is covered with a mucous mucoid film, so dental plaque is not washed off with saliva and water, but can be partially removed during meals. A few hours after complete removal plaque appears again. When it exists for more than 1-3 days (an average of 48 hours), dental plaque matures and, due to the huge concentration of bacteria that secrete aggressive enzymes, calcium-dissolving substances, and endotoxins, it acquires pathogenic potential.

Causes of plaque formation

Plaque occurs during the period of rest of the chewing-speech apparatus in the absence or inadequate quality of hygienic care for the teeth and oral cavity. The speed and degree of plaque formation is influenced by correct and thorough oral hygiene, anatomical structure teeth (including the presence of fillings, dentures, orthodontic appliances and structures), microbial contamination of the oral cavity, the level of self-cleaning processes (quantity, viscosity of saliva, pH and protective properties of oral fluid), the nature of the diet and the intensity of chewing, the state of the gastrointestinal tract , smoking.

Plaque forms faster during sleep, with insufficient chewing, hyposalivation, xerostomia, with excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose and starch), foods with a high protein content and low fat content, foods with a soft consistency, taking medications gland.

Mechanism of plaque formation

In the occurrence of dental plaque, the main role is played by microorganisms that live in the oral cavity (streptococci, veillonella, neisseria, diphtheroids, lactobacilli, staphylococci, leptotrichia, fusobacteria, actinomycetes, yeast-like fungi, etc.). The process of plaque formation occurs in several stages. The surface of the tooth is covered with a very thin (up to 1 micron thick) structureless film - pellicle, consisting of electrostatically linked acidic proteins, glycoproteins, enzymes, serum proteins and salivary immunoglobulins. Being semi-permeable, the film participates in metabolic processes with oral fluid. Due to the secretion of specific highly adhesive heteropolysaccharides (glycans, levans and dextrans), microorganisms from the oral cavity are easily adsorbed on the surface of the pellicle with the formation of soft plaque that does not have a permanent internal structure. Thanks to its porous structure, the smallest food debris, destroyed epithelial cells, leukocytes, and macrophages can penetrate into it. The accumulation of microbial deposits occurs due to the division and adhesion of new colonies and the accumulation of their metabolic products.

Mature dental plaque (dental plaque) consists of a dense layer of bacteria by 50-70% of its volume. The microbial composition of dental plaque changes rapidly, initially aerobic forms dominate, then anaerobes begin to predominate. In the process of anaerobic glycolysis, from carbohydrates supplied with food, cariogenic microorganisms produce a large amount of organic acids (lactic, pyruvic, formic), which, in close and prolonged contact with tooth enamel, demineralize hard tissues. Due to the limited diffusion process in mature dental plaque, neutralization of these acids does not occur. The microorganisms themselves are resistant to the formed acid. Over time, qualitative changes in dental plaque occur; it mineralizes with the formation of tartar.

Classification of dental plaque

Based on localization, plaque is distinguished between supragingival (located on the open surface of the tooth) and subgingival plaque, located below the gingival margin (in the periodontal groove or gingival pocket).

Depending on the anatomical and topographic sites of attachment, supragingival dental plaque can be dentogingival (formed on the smooth surfaces of the tooth in the gingival margin) and proximal (formed on contact surfaces); subgingival - tooth-attached (to the surface of the tooth) and epithelial-attached (to the gingival epithelium). A zone of unattached subgingival plaque is also identified in the gingival sulcus.

Symptoms of dental plaque

Plaque is manifested by discoloration and loss of shine of tooth enamel, a feeling of roughness of the tooth, and bad breath (halitosis). Plaque can be white, green or brown. Typically, soft plaque is observed in the form of a whitish or slightly yellowish viscous mass, covering the surface of the tooth in a thin layer. Most often, white plaque accumulates in the cervical area of ​​the crown, interdental spaces, fissures of chewing surfaces, along the gingival margin, around fillings, on orthopedic and orthodontic structures.

Pigmented plaque is formed due to staining of the enamel when drinking coffee or strong tea. The appearance of brown plaque may be associated with smoking - exposure to nicotine and tar. Smoker's plaque is difficult to clean with a regular toothbrush and toothpaste.

Brown plaque in non-smokers can occur with a large number of fillings made of copper amalgam, as well as in workers who make products from copper, brass and bronze. In children, brown plaque on primary teeth can appear due to the combination of excess unreduced iron secreted by saliva and sulfur formed in the oral cavity during the breakdown of proteins.

Green plaque appears when chlorophyll-containing microorganisms (for example, the fungus Lichen clentalis) develop in the oral cavity. Green plaque is observed mainly on the labial and buccal surfaces of the frontal group of teeth in the upper jaw, and occurs in people of any age, more often in children and young patients.

Long-existing dental plaque undergoes mineralization (calcification) and leads to the formation of hard deposits (tartar), to profound changes in the tissues of the tooth - the development of caries, pulpitis. As plaque moves under the gingival margin, it causes damage to the epithelium of the gingival sulcus, irritation of the surrounding supporting tissues, and the development of inflammatory diseases periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) and tooth loss.

Diagnosis of dental plaque

You can diagnose dental plaque yourself at home, using a regular mirror or during an oral examination at the dentist.

If there are signs of dental plaque, it is important to determine its type (soft plaque, tartar). To visualize dental plaque, special dyes (fuchsin, erythrosine, Bismarck brown) are used in the form of solutions, rinses, tablets that color the areas affected by plaque in a bright color.

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of dental plaque is carried out on the basis of the Fedorov-Volodkina hygienic index, awarded points based on the intensity of staining of deposits with iodine-iodide-potassium solution (Schiller-Pisarev liquid).

Plaque treatment

Timely removal of soft plaque helps to improve the health of the oral cavity and prevent dental and periodontal diseases. The simplest and effective method removing soft plaque - mechanical brushing of teeth using toothpaste, brushes and other hygiene products. Dense plaque and smoker's plaque can be removed by treating teeth with hard brushes and special fine pastes. It is possible to use an oral irrigator to clean hard-to-reach areas (interdental spaces, periodontal folds), braces, crowns, bridges, dentures.

In case of massive accumulations of plaque that cannot be removed at home on your own, you need to visit a dental hygienist for professional oral hygiene, which includes the stages of ultrasonic scaling, cleaning with an Air-flow device, polishing with an abrasive paste and deep fluoridation of tooth enamel. Sometimes chemical or photobleaching may be necessary to restore tooth enamel to its normal color.

Forecast and prevention of dental plaque

Plaque is not only an aesthetic drawback, since it is potentially dangerous, leading to the formation of tartar, the development of caries, pulpitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and premature tooth loss. Therefore, plaque removal should be part of your daily oral hygiene routine.

Measures to prevent the accumulation of plaque are thorough and proper brushing of teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste 2 times a day, the use of dental floss and special brushes for interdental spaces, and rinsing the mouth for 15-30 seconds. after each meal, undergo regular professional oral hygiene.

Prevention of dental plaque in children begins from the moment the first baby tooth appears; a visit is required to correct hygiene measures pediatric dentist after the child turns 1.5 years old. It is important to exclude or limit the consumption of simple sugars and smoking.

Appearance white plaque on teeth is often a natural physiological process occurring in the oral cavity. Also, its formation can provoke the impact of negative factors on the enamel.

This article provides information on methods of removal and basic rules for preventing this formation.

Why does white plaque appear on teeth?

The main factors that provoke the development of white plaque on the tooth surface:

Important! To maintain the health of your teeth, experts recommend minimizing as much as possible the impact of factors that can provoke the appearance of white plaque.

How to remove white plaque from teeth at home?

Each person can independently cope with the help of special and available means without visiting dental clinics.

There are two main methods:

• Mechanical removal:
  • It is carried out by using a toothbrush and paste, which helps remove soft white plaque from the tooth surface in the morning and evening.
  • Hard deposits on teeth are removed using tooth powder and special dental floss designed for cleaning interdental spaces.
  • It is also recommended to use special strips. They are glued to the surface of the tooth, left for a while, then removed to remove surface stains.
  • It is easier to deal with white plaque with medicinal pastes and special brushes used for oral hygiene: electric, ultrasonic, interdental. They remove formations on the tooth surface and food debris from hard-to-reach places better than conventional ones, and massage the gums.
• Alternative medicine:
  • Make masks with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Method of preparing the mixture. Mix 10 drops of peroxide, 3 drops of lemon juice, 8 grams (level teaspoon) baking soda. Bring to a mushy state. Apply to tooth stains. Hold for 2-3 minutes. Afterwards, brush your teeth with paste and rinse your mouth with water.
  • Use eggplant ashes. The peel of the vegetable is burned to a charcoal-like appearance, kneaded thoroughly and used to treat the tooth surface.
  • An infusion of celandine herb is prepared for rinsing the mouth. Take dry herb in an amount of 0.5 g and infuse it in a glass of boiling water until it cools. Strain and use every time after eating, rinsing your mouth and not swallowing the liquid.

Medicinal pastes and special brushes used for oral hygiene will help you cope with white plaque.

Removal at dentists

Professional cleaning is carried out exclusively by specialists in dental clinics.

It consists of various methods:

Application of ultrasound. Ultrasonic cleaning is one of the most effective and safe ways to get rid of dental plaque. First of all, the resulting layer of plaque is removed, then tartar is removed using a scaler. Ultrasound removes large amounts of deposits and restores the natural whiteness of teeth. After the procedure, a special paste with fluoride is applied to the tooth surface.

Using Air Flow technology, the mechanism of which is to use a water-air flow with a fine abrasive component under the influence high pressure. The front and back teeth are polished at the same time. Used to remove plaque, soft consistency small deposits. Gives tooth enamel naturalness and whiteness.

Use of chemical technique, using a special acid that eats away the deposit.

Treatment using a laser device. This method is the most gentle and common. Its main advantages include: high efficiency, painlessness, preservation of enamel integrity.

To eliminate hard white plaque, dentists carry out several stages of the procedure:

• Removing deposits under the gum (near the root, at the base of the tooth) and above the gum.
• Polishing and grinding of tooth enamel with special rubber attachments with a certain paste.
• Application of fluoride preparations.

Important! White deposits on teeth should be removed by visiting dental offices, where a 100% guarantee of safe and painless service is given.

Preventive measures

To prevent the occurrence of white plaque on teeth, the following preventive measures must be taken:

• Brush your teeth regularly twice a day in the morning and before bed.
• Use mouth rinsing balms purchased at a pharmacy or prepared yourself.
• Rinse your mouth every time after eating.
• Use floss (dental floss) and dental strips.
• Observe carefully hygiene care behind the oral cavity.
• Use medium and medium brushes high degree hardness and change them every three months.
• Visit the dentist twice a year.
• Control the functioning of the digestive organs.
• Stop smoking.
• Balance your diet.
• Avoid frequent tea and coffee drinking.
• Eat raw, hard vegetables and fruits every day to help cleanse your teeth of white plaque.
• Use an oral irrigator - a special device that helps clean teeth using a strong water jet. The gums are massaged at the same time. By adding an antiseptic to the device, you can sanitize the oral cavity. The device is especially relevant for people who have dentures, crowns, braces and other dental devices in their mouths.

Important! Do not forget that preventing white plaque on teeth is the key to beautiful, healthy smile and clean breathing.

Popular questions

The presence of a large number of bacterial irritants in the gum folds provokes the development of gingivitis and periodontitis.

Why is white plaque on teeth dangerous?

The accumulation of microorganisms found in white plaque has a destructive effect on the root membrane of the teeth and nearby tissues.

The presence of a large number of bacterial irritants in the gum folds provokes the development of gingivitis and periodontitis.

Located in the area of ​​the subgingival margin, under the influence of bacteria and their waste products, plaque irritates the tissue and damages the epithelial layer of the gingival sulcus.

Increasing in thickness and depth, it causes the development inflammatory process gums and mineralization of the deposit structure, which turns white plaque into tartar.

What causes the formation of white plaque on a child’s tooth surface? Why might it appear during teething?

The main factors that provoke its appearance include poor oral hygiene, malocclusion, and unbalanced nutrition.

Also affected by minimal consumption of solid foods, disruption of the chewing process, changes in the microflora of the oral cavity, the presence of certain pathological conditions, weak immunity, vitamin deficiency, intake antibacterial drugs tetracycline group.

The causes of white plaque during teething may be disorders of the immune system, violations of nutritional rules, dysbiosis, heredity, features of the composition of saliva.

The etiology of the appearance and methods of getting rid of white plaque on the socket after tooth extraction (including wisdom teeth)?

The white plaque formed on the wound after tooth extraction is one of the stages of the natural healing process and its appearance is a barrier to infection. After being torn out baby tooth no plaque is formed.

Most often it is fixed in the wound at the site of the removed wisdom tooth. During this period, dentists recommend not brushing your teeth for a couple of days, rinsing your mouth with saline solution, and eating soft foods.

The presence of white plaque in the socket can cause inflammation, a signal of an incompletely removed tooth. In this situation, you should consult a doctor.

How can you remove the accumulation of white plaque from the tooth surface directly in the area of ​​contact with the periodontium?

Avoiding smoking, coloring drinks, cold, hot and sweet foods will help you get rid of white plaque near your gums. Brush your teeth thoroughly with special toothbrushes and toothpastes, and use interdental oral hygiene products. Use for rinsing dental fluids.

How can you get rid of white plaque if it has a hard consistency?

The method of removing hard white plaque is carried out by a specialist through professional hygienic procedures using ultrasound, laser and Air Flow system.

Why does it occur after dental implantation?

The appearance of plaque on the gums and sutures after tooth implantation indicates errors in the surgeon’s work, poor oral care, and failure of the implant to survive.