The use of participles in English. Participle in English. Participle. Formation of participle forms

“Broken window”, “missed call”, “events described in this book” - we often hear, see and use such phrases ourselves. But how do you say them in English? And what is hidden under the frightening term “communion”? Let's find out!

What are participles?

First, let's look at what participles are in Russian.

Sometimes words denoting an action can be used to form a sign.

With this we can say:

1. That an action was performed on the object (the book was read - the result was a read book).

2. An object performs an action right now: a falling branch, a running person (from run), music playing (from play).

There are also participles. It's even simpler: they show someone performing one action at the same time as another. In Russian it is easy to recognize these words by -i/-th at the end:

Ved I car, don't talk on the phone.

Cheat and I book, I sometimes make notes.

Remember and I about this, he sighed.

Sometimes they show that an action was completed before another began. We distinguish them by -V at the end. For example:

Talk V on the phone, he got behind the wheel.

Read V book, don't forget to return it to the library.

Remember V about this, he sighed.

Why do we need to understand how this works? The fact is that in English all the things described can be expressed by participles! Let's deal with them in order.

1. English present participle (-ing)

Sometimes we need to show that an object is performing an action right now ( falling branch, playing music).

In English this is achieved by adding -ing to the action word: falling ( falling) branch (from fall), playing ( playing) music (from play), running ( running) person (from run).

More examples:

I woke up to the sound of a working lawn mower.
I woke up from the sound working lawnmowers.

This cigarette- smoking man is your new boss.
This person, smoking cigarette - your new boss.

The above cases are, in general, similar to Russian ones, aren’t they?

However, there are also those that are translated into Russian not using words in -ush/-yush/-ash/-yash (falling, playing, smoking), but by other means.

1. Two simultaneous actions

Remember we talked about words showing an action performed simultaneously with another? These are gerunds: talking, reading, remembering, etc.

So, in English, simultaneous actions are also expressed using -ing:

Don't drive a car while talking on the phone.
While driving, do not talk on the phone.

Reading a book I sometimes make notes.
While reading a book, I sometimes make notes.

He sighed, remembering this.
Remembering this, he sighed.

Please note that both actions are performed by the same person!

2. Explanation of the reason

Often -ing is used to explain the reason for an action or behavior. Please note that both the action and the reason refer to the same actor!

Realizing that I may be late, I decided to take a taxi.
Realizing Because I might be late, I decided to take a taxi.

Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.
Being tired, I decided to go to bed early.

3. After verbs of sensory perception (see, smell, notice, etc.)

Also, -ing is often used after sensory verbs (such as hear- hear, see- see, notice- notice, smell- smell). In this case, we “see”, “hear” and so on what another person or object does!

I saw him standing at the station.
I saw him standing at the bus stop. (Literally: I saw him standing at the bus stop.)

I can smell somebody cooking fish.
I smell like someone is cooking fish. (Literally: I smell someone cooking fish.)

4. Having ___ed: two consecutive actions

So, we have considered cases of two simultaneous actions (while reading a book, I take notes). But how can we express in English actions that came one after another? For example, after reading a book, I returned it to the library.

To do this we need the following formula:

having + third form of the verb

What's happened " third form of the verb"? For correct verbs - this is the form in - ed, which coincides in appearance with the past tense: paint (to paint with paints) - paint ed. For incorrect she belongs. In the tables of irregular verbs, the third form is the third. That is, when we see bring-brought- brought(bring) or break-broke- broken(to break), then we understand that brought and broken are third forms.

Having read the book, I returned it to the library.
After reading book, I returned it to the library.

Having finished all the work, I went out for lunch.
Having finished After all the work, I went to lunch.

English past participle (-ed)

Sometimes we need to say that an action on an object was performed in the past (read a book - the result is a read book). In Russian these will be words like: book read, cake eaten, phone bought. In English, we are talking only about the third form of the verb: read ( read) book, eaten ( eaten) cake purchased ( bought) telephone.

Accordingly, the English third form can be used in much the same way as Russian words like made, decided, fried, etc., formed from words denoting action (make, decide, fry in our case).

I have made a list of books read by me this year.
I made a list of books read by me for a year.

The telephone bought yesterday has already broken.
Telephone, bought Yesterday, it was already broken.

I thought these tasks were already done.
It seemed to me that these tasks were already done.

1. Design with have ________ ed.

In English, when we say that we were provided with some kind of service related to a specific item (for example, they did a manicure, repaired a computer, washed a car), we use the following construction: have ___ ____ed (where ___ed is the third form of the verb).

For example:

I had my car washed.
They washed my car. (Literally: I had your car washed.)

I have my hair cut every two months.
I get my hair cut every two months. (Literally: I I have your hair tonsured.)

You look somewhat different... have you had your hair dyed?
You look somehow different... have you dyed your hair? (Literally: you had hair painted?)

So, we looked at what participles are in English. In this article, I tried mainly to draw a correspondence between Russian and English, as well as present some individual common cases of using participles. I hope the information was useful!

Reinforcement tasks

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

1. I walked back and forth, ___ to understand what to do. (Try - try)
2. It seems to me that Shannon ____ . (Dye - dye, hair - hair)
3. I didn’t hear ____. (You - you; come - to come)
4. ___ pizza, we sat down to watch a movie. (Order - order)
5. She sat on the window and looked at ___ rain. (Fall - fall)
6. The proposal, ___ by John, was the greatest success. (Make - do)
7. ___ in money, he took out a loan. (Need - to need)

Participle is an impersonal form of a verb, combining the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb. Participle in English corresponds to participle and gerund in Russian.

There are three types of participles in English: present participle, past participle And perfect participle.

Present participle in English

The present participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form of the verb (i.e. Form I), so this participle is also known as "-ing" form. This form is used:

In a long (continuous) tense, for example: I am speaking- I I'm talking;

As an adjective, for example: the film is interesting- movie interesting;

As a gerund, for example: he is afraid of flying- he is afraid fly.

Please note the changes in the letter when creating this form:

The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs: come, go, sit, in this case it is placed immediately after these verbs, for example:

The girl sat crying on the sofa.
The girl sat on the sofa and cried.

The present participle can also be used after verbs of perception (, etc.), if there is no need to emphasize that the action was completed, but if it is necessary to show that the action was completed completely, the infinitive is used.

For example:
I saw him leaving.
I saw him leaving. ( That is, part of the process, not completely.)

I saw him leave.
I saw that he left. ( The action was completely completed.)

In addition, the present participle denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb and is used to shorten or combine sentences into active voice with the same subject, for example:

She left the house and whistled. = She left the house whistling.
She left the house whistling.

Past participle in English

The past participle is formed by adding the ending -ed to the base form of the verb (Form I), if it is a regular verb. For irregular verbs, see the third column in the list of irregular verbs.

This form is used:

In the completed (perfect) tense, for example: I have spoken- I talked;

In the passive voice, for example: the letter was written- there was a letter written;

As an adjective, for example: I was bored to death - I felt terrible boring.

Please note the change in the letter when creating this form:

The past participle is also used to shorten or combine sentences in the passive voice with the same subject, for example:

The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. = Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
The boy was given an apple and he stopped crying.

Perfect participle in English

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.

The perfect active participle is formed as follows:

having + past participle

For example:
Having cooked, he set the table.
Having finished cooking, he set the table.

The perfect participle of the passive voice is formed as follows:

having been + past participle

For example:
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked it looked very tasty.

The perfect participle can be used to shorten or join sentences with the same subject if:

One action (the action where the perfect participle is used) ends before the next action occurs, for example:

She bought a bike and cycled home. = Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having bought a bicycle, she rode it home.

One action has already been going on for some period of time when another action begins, for example:

He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. = Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for so long, he did not want to move to another city.

Use of participial phrases in English

If some part of a sentence is shortened using a participle, then this construction is called participial phrase, For example:

Watching TV, she forgot everything around her.
She forgot about everything while watching TV. ( In this sentence watching TV- participial.)

In English, participial phrases are used mainly in writing to introduce more information in one sentence.

When using participial phrases, keep in mind the following rules:

In a sentence, the participial phrase and the subordinate clauses related to it must have the same subject.

The participial phrase contains the less important part of the sentence. Important information should be contained in the main sentence.

Always make sure the correct participle is used.

Unions like as, because, since and relative pronouns such as who And which, are lowered.

Unions before And when are not omitted and are always used in the participial phrase.

Unions after And while may be used or omitted.

Using participial phrases with different subjects

Sometimes participial phrases can be used even if the combined sentences have different subjects. This happens if, for example, the main clause contains one of the following verbs in combination with an object: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch.

For example:
I heard him playing the guitar.
I heard him playing the guitar. ( Here the participial phrase must immediately follow the complement to which it refers.)

Also, a participial phrase can be used if both subjects are mentioned (in such cases, a conjunction is often placed in front of the subject in the participial phrase with). However, this is a very formal form and is used very rarely.

For example:
Mrs. Jones went to New York. Mr. Smith took up her position. = (With) Mrs. Jones going to New York, Mr. Smith took up her position.
Since Mrs. Jones went to New York, Mr. Smith took over her position.

There are two participles in English: present and past tense. We will consider the methods of formation, use of impersonal verb forms and a few more of their secrets in more detail in the article.

The English language has different parts of speech, the use of which transforms speech. You can, of course, speak only with nouns and verbs. But if you want to surprise everyone with your literate and rich language, you should definitely master the topic of impersonal verb forms.

In fact, the participle in English (Participle) has no number and person, but also has some features of an adjective, verb and adverb. Grammar introduces us to two types - Participle 1, Participle2.

Education

Participle 1 or Present Participle (present participle) is formed from verb + suffix - ing:

write – writing (writing)

Writing features:
- short vowel: run – running;
- ends with “e”, and is preceded by a consonant: take – taking, but: see – seeing;
- to die, to lie, to tie (die, lie, tie) change “ie” to “y”: die – dying, lie – lying, tie – tying.
- ends with l: travelling

Participle 2 or Past Participle (past participle) is formed from verb + ending – ed. Or, if the verb is irregular, its 3rd form is used (Past Participle table).

Open – opened (open);
Teach – taught;
Dress – dressed (dressed).

Properties

1. Verb features: can have a direct object, an adverb, and has tense forms.

Entering the classroom the teacher was surprised. – Entering the office, the teacher was surprised.

2. Features of an adjective: defines, characterizes a noun.

A broken car was staying in the garage. — The broken car was in the garage.
I saw a running boy. – I saw a boy running.

3. Features of an adverb: defines, characterizes an action.

The boys passed him talking loudly. “The boys walked past him, talking loudly.

Forms

As a verb form, participles in English have temporary characteristics.

Participle 1:
Present Participle 1 Active: walking
Present Participle 1 Passive: being walked
Perfect Participle 1 Active: having walked
Perfect Participle 1 Passive: having been walked

Participle 2:
Past Participle 2: walked

Use in a sentence

When we speak Russian, we don’t even think about what participle or gerund we use. The same automaticity must be achieved with English parts of speech, but this will be possible if you clearly understand the difference between Participle 1 and Participle 2 and master their main cases of use.

The main distinguishing feature is, of course, the spelling. If you are wondering what needs to be used in a particular sentence, then follow these steps: recommendations:

1. Participle 1 is used in active value, and Past Participle - in passive. For example, let's compare: building – built. The first has an active meaning and is translated building, the second carries information about the past and is used in a passive meaning: built. It can also be noted that the first form emphasizes the duration of the process, and the second - completeness.

2. Participle 1 and Participle 2 can characterize a noun and perform the role of definition. However, participle 1 defines the verb and carries a quality characteristic, and the second participle complements the subject and shows the effect on it.

3. Expressing simultaneous actions predicate verb and participle, use Present Participle 1 Active (in general: asking, reading). The passive meaning of this verb form in the present tense expresses Present Participle 1 Passive (asked, read), while the simultaneity of actions is emphasized.

Smiling he sat down. – Smiling, he sat down.
The monument being created now on this square will be soon presented. The monument currently being created will soon be unveiled.

4. If the action happened before the main events then you need to use the Perfect Participle 1 Active form (already done: by asking, by reading). Perfect Participle 1 Passive (already: has been asked, has been read) is very rarely used in speech, being a literary form, but it is worth understanding and knowing.

Having decided to know more about the country we began to study the book. – Having decided to learn more about the country, we began to study the book.
This film is rather out-of- date, having been made in 1940. – This film is very outdated, it was filmed in 1940.

Participial phrases

Participles in English are used in constructions. Let's look at how to correctly “fit” them into these types of phrases.

Object participle construction or Objective Participle Construction) most often used after to find, to see, to feel, to hear, to watch,(two types of participle can be used). But after to wish, to desire, to want(verbs of desire), to understand, to consider (verbs of mental activity), to have, to get Only Participle 2 is used.

Noun or pronoun in objective case + participle

I saw Mary crossing the street. – I saw Mary crossing the street.
I heard him called to the dean. “I heard him called to the dean.
I consider the article completed. – I think the article is finished.

Subjective Particular Construction differs from the previous design in many characteristics. The predicate must be in the passive voice and the pronoun must be in the nominative case. In this construction, only Participle 1 is used. Moreover, it is important to note that the action of the subject is shown by the participle, not the verb.

Noun or personal pronoun in nominative case + participle

The car was seen coming. “You could see the car driving down the street.”
He was heard looking for something. “You could hear him looking for something.”

Note: when translating such expressions, use the conjunctions “how” and “what”.

Independent participial phrase or The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction characterizes the proper subject to which it refers. Can be translated using conjunctions “since”, “after”, “due to the fact that”, “since”.

Noun + participle + pronoun or noun

The boy having lost his money, the sweets were not bought. – Since the boy lost money, we didn’t buy any candy.

Note: Do not confuse the independent construction with the usual participial phrase (corresponding to the Russian participle), which has only one subject.

Being a good doctor he made the operation quickly. “Being a good doctor, he quickly performed the operation.

Thus, in English, the participle complements and characterizes the action, showing what influence the subject was subjected to.

Participle- an impersonal form of a verb that has the functions of an adjective and an adverb.

The participle as an adjective has the following functions:

1. Definitions (corresponding to the Russian participle):

I fading flower lay on the table.

Robinson Crusoe lived on a deserted island.

2. Predicative member (nominal part of a compound predicate):

The results of the survey were fascinating.

This man is extremely well-built.

3. Sometimes the participle as an adjective is used instead of a subordinate attributive clause and in this case corresponds to the Russian participial phrase:

We shall not be able to catch the train leaving at ten.

The participle in the function of an adverb is used as a circumstance of the manner of action (corresponds to the Russian gerund):

Laughing, John left the house.

The participle in the function of adverbial manner of action, time, reason corresponds to the Russian adverbial phrase:

After having graduated from Harvard, he found a decent job.

A participle differs from a gerund in that the participle is usually not preceded by a preposition:

Gerund - On hearing she decided...

Participle - Hearing she decided...

The present participle is similar in form to the gerund, but does not have any of the syntactic functions of a noun, and in this way the participle differs from the gerund.

The participle, being an imfinite form of the verb, has tense and voice forms, as shown in the table:

Present active participles (Particular I Active) and past tense passive voice (Participle II Passive) used as an adjective (Russian participle) - attribute or predicative member:

A running man was seen in the park.

Jim repaired a broken umbrella

The book was well written.

Perfect participles of active and passive voices (Perfect Participle Active and Passive), as well as the present participle of the passive voice (Particular I Passive) used as an adverbial word (Russian gerund) or sentence:

Having finished one drink, he asked for another.

Being received by the Queen, they were shown around the palace.

Having been cheated once before, he is very careful now.

Like the infinitive, the present participle (Particular I) is part of a complex object after verbs to see, to hear, to feel and some others:

I saw her reading a book.

I heard him speaking at the conference.

He felt something touching his arm.

Between structures like I heard him speak at the conference And I heard him speaking at the conference there is some semantic difference. The first construction with the infinitive emphasizes fact performances: I heard that he is speaking at a conference. The second construction with the participle emphasizes that How action was performed: I heard him speak at a conference.

Past participle (Participle II Passive) also used in a complex object, mainly in the construction: verb to have+ direct object + past participle. This construction means that the action is performed not by the person expressed by the subject, but by someone else:

I must have my eyesight checked.- I need to have my vision checked (to have my vision checked).

He will have his car repaired.- His car will be repaired (someone will repair it).

I saw the mail delivered.- I saw it when the mail was delivered.

Hello there! Today's article is dedicated to fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you have probably heard about, but did not want to know - participles in English. We will tell you what types there are, what they mean, how they differ from gerunds, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.

Participle in English- this is an impersonal form of an English verb, which can have the properties of a verb , both adverbs and adjectives.

Good news: sometimes the English participle corresponds to the Russian one.
Bad news: it can be translated as a Russian gerund.
Scary news: English can easily be confused with a gerund.
Understand and come to terms: has several forms.

Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle

This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the predicate verb. To make Present Participle, you need to add the ending “-” to the verb. ing».

I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that this was the first time I saw her after a long time.

A few spelling rules:

• If the word ends with " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with "- ee", then it does not go down.

com e- com ing
s ee-s eeing

• If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled.

• If the word ends in " ie", That " ie" change to " y».

Functions of Present Participle in a sentence

• Definition(will come before or after a noun).

It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.

• Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerund with the ending “-aya”).

Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.

• Part of the predicate(together with forms of the verb “to be” forms the tenses of the Continuous group).

They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They swim together.

• After verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).

I see him looking at me.
I see him looking at me. (I see him, the beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we were studying. (She noticed us students)

Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle

Such participles are formed using the ending “- ed"(if the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if incorrect).

The museum was just opened last year
The museum was only open last year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers are grown in almost any part of the world.

Rules for adding the ending “-ed”:

• If the word ends with " -e", then only the ending "- d».

• If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends with “- l", preceded by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .

adm i t - admitt ed
travel l- travell ed

• If the word ends in "- y", then "y" changes to " ie».

Functions of Past Participle in a sentence

• Definition(before or after the word being defined).

An opened book was on the table.
Open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
Methods, used in this study were quite effective.

• circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: “When?”, “Why?”, “For what reason?”).

When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn't continue the way.
Since the ship was compressed by ice ( sandwiched ice), he could not continue his journey.

• Complex addition(with a noun or pronoun).

She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job done immediately).

• Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have forms a predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).

He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.

• Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)

My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.

IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did he do- arrived, arrived) are translated into English using subordinate clauses without the participation of participles.

The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, I stayed at a hotel (the verb “arrive” has a second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver's license. Policeman, approached to him and asked to see his driver's license.

Passive participle

If an object or person did not perform an action independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive Voice .

It also happens at communion. For this we need "be" + "-ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).

The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive participle, because the food did not serve itself, someone did).

What is the difference between a gerund and a participle?

It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:

• A gerund in Russian can always be replaced with a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).

Walking is so pleasant…
Walking is so nice.
I don't like being offended by you.
I don’t like that you offend me (I don’t like “offending”).

• The participle is always attached to the noun, but the gerund walks on its own.

That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on the policeman Human seems familiar to me. (“shouting” refers to the noun “man” – participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
Screams will not help matters (“shouting” is a gerund).

Perfect participle

This participle is formed from the verb “ have" in Present Participle (that is, with the ending "- ing") And semantic verb Past Participle.

This formula " having» + « V3"looks like this: having done (having done), having translated (translating), having visited (having visited).

The perfect participle shows that the action being expressed happened earlier than the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and corresponds to the Russian perfect participle.

We use the perfect participle to combine sentences and make speech more fluent and coherent.

Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having purchased bike, she rode it home.
Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house.
Lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn’t want to move to another city.

If it’s difficult to understand, then just use “ after» + gerund(will be the same in meaning):

After Grows from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation University, he decided to go to the Far East.

Perfect participle passive voice is formed as follows: “ having been» + « V3».

Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was prepared ( being cooked), it looked very tasty.

Formation of participles in English

Conclusion

So, English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:

1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ Doing what?», « Which?»,« What do you do?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): “ Which?», « What did he do?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): “ What did you do?».

We hope this article will help you understand English like never before!

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