Russian nobility. milestones of history. Officials Sanctions for offenses

The President has the right, at his own discretion, to chair meetings of the Government, thereby occupying the place of the Chairman of the Government (clause “b” of Article 83). This practice exists both in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. At these meetings the most important important questions state life.

The decision to resign the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with paragraph “c”, can be made by the President in three cases: at his own discretion, in the event of the Government submitting a letter of resignation, in the event of an expression of no confidence in the Government by the State Duma.

A special group consists of the powers of the President, enshrined in this article, to appoint and dismiss officials Russian Federation holding key positions at the federal level.

The Constitution provides for various procedures for the appointment of officials: independently by the President or with the participation of other officials or bodies, and this participation can be different in form and have different meanings.

The consent of the State Duma to the appointment of the head of the Government (clause “a” of Article 83) is expressed in the adoption of the corresponding act by a majority vote of the total number of members of the Duma. It's not only legal act, but also political, since the State Duma’s expression of consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government is also an expression of confidence in the future Government.

If the State Duma rejects a candidacy for the post of Chairman of the Government, the President will submit a proposal for a new candidacy within a week. If the Duma rejects the submitted candidacies twice, the President, within a week from the date of rejection of the second candidacy, introduces a third candidacy.

The President has the right to propose the same candidate to the chamber twice or three times, or to present a new candidate each time (Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 11, 1998 N 28-P “On the case of the interpretation of the provisions of Part 4 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

Discussion and approval of candidates for the position of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation takes place within the time frame and in the manner prescribed by the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

After the State Duma rejects the submitted candidates three times, the President appoints the Chairman of the Government without her consent, dissolves the Duma and calls new elections (Part 4 of Article 111 of the Constitution).

When the President appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives in foreign states and international organizations (clause “m”), the consent of the relevant committees and commissions of the Federal Assembly is not required. Consultations are held with them, which the President can take into account, but they are not binding. Consultations of the bodies of the Federal Assembly are aimed primarily at ensuring high authority for persons appointed by the President representing the Russian Federation abroad.

The appointment of authorized representatives of the President is made by him personally; he independently identifies these persons, gives them instructions and vests them with the appropriate powers (clause “k” of Article 83).

As the head of state, who has independent and very broad powers, the President forms his own Administration (clause “i”). This body operates within the powers of the President and is directly subordinate to him.

The article under consideration reflects the idea of ​​interaction between the President and the executive and legislative powers that runs throughout the Constitution. It was already noted above that the President cooperates with the head of the executive branch - the Chairman of the Government, in particular in the formation of the Government (clause “e”), as well as with the legislative branch in the appointment of individual officials of federal bodies.

The President submits to the State Duma candidates for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank and raises before the Duma the question of his dismissal from office (clause “d”). Cooperation between the President and the directly elected State Duma on the issue of the person heading the Bank is very significant. Indeed, on the basis of Part 2 of Art. 75 of the Constitution its main function - protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble - central bank Russia carries out "independently of other government bodies."

According to paragraph “e” of Art. 83 The President submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Arbitration Court. These officials are appointed by the Federation Council.

The regulations of the Federation Council establish a unified procedure for considering candidates submitted by the President of the Russian Federation for appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Supreme Arbitration Court. Candidates submitted for appointment to the positions of the Constitutional Court are preliminary discussed in the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation, and candidates for the positions of judges of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court are discussed in the Committee on Legal and Judicial Issues. The committees prepare an opinion on each candidate.

In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated June 26, 1992 N 3132-1 “On the status of judges of the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 15, 2001), it is established that the President nominates candidates for judges of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court, taking into account the opinions of the chairmen of these ships.

The President personally appoints judges of other federal courts, which is provided for in Part 2 of Art. 128 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The President also nominates the candidate for the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation to the Federation Council. In the same chamber of parliament, the President submits a proposal to dismiss the Prosecutor General from office. The question of dismissal of judges is not raised, since in accordance with Art. 121 of the Constitution, judges are irremovable.

Russian princes, both great and appanage, had their own court staff, whose members were called courtyard people.

The courtyard people included the following ranks: boyars, okolnichy, butlers, Duma nobles, stewards, warriors, etc.

Due to the inseparability of the concepts of what is the prince’s personal business and what is the state’s, they had to perform not only court duties, but also various administrative, judicial and military duties.

At the same time, the boyars, okolnichy, duma nobles constituted the first class of courtyard people, and the stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles and tenants constituted the second class.

After the introduction of the “Table of Ranks” by Peter I in 1722, the ancient Russian ranks and titles were no longer used.

BOYARIN

1) Senior warrior, adviser to the prince in the ancient Russian state of the 9th-13th centuries; 2) feudal landowner 3) the highest official rank in the Russian state of the 14th-17th centuries, as well as the person granted this rank.

In everyday life, all feudal landowners in the 17th century. for the population dependent on them they were boyars; later this word was modified into the concepts “bare”, “master”.

The title of boyar gave the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma; a close or room boyar was a special confidant of the king and had the right of access to the royal chambers; a relative of the queen received the title of proper boyar.

The boyars headed special branches of government. As feudal landowners, they were vassals of the prince, obliged to serve in his army, but they enjoyed the right of departure to the new overlord and were complete masters in their estates (the right of immunity), and had their own vassals.

In the XIV-XV centuries. as a single centralized state and, accordingly, state property was formed, the political rights of the boyars were limited; Changes also occurred in the social composition of the boyars.

Grand Ducal, and from the middle of the 16th century. The tsarist government persistently suppressed the actions of those boyars who resisted its centralization policy. The oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible dealt a particularly strong blow to the boyar aristocracy, and the abolition of localism in 1682 finally undermined the influence of the boyars.

The title of boyar was abolished by Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

VOIVODA

Military leader, ruler of the Slavs. Known in Rus' since the 10th century. (mentioned in the chronicles as the head of the princely squad or the leader of the people's militia). From the end of the 15th century. until the creation of a regular army in Russia (early 18th century) - military leader of a regiment or detachment.

In the middle of the 16th century. governors headed the city administration, displacing city clerks. In the 17th century. their power, military and civil, increased significantly. At this time, they obeyed Moscow orders, acting on their “mandates” (instructions). Since 1708, voivodes were at the head of the provinces. During the provincial reform of 1775, the post of governor was abolished.

VOLOSTEL

An official in the Russian state of the 11th–16th centuries, who governed the volost on behalf of the grand or appanage princes and was in charge of administrative and judicial affairs. Without receiving a salary from the government, the volostels “fed” at the expense of the population who paid taxes.

HEAD

Names of military and administrative officials in Russia in the 16th–17th centuries. The position of head existed until the beginning of the 18th century. In 1795, a charter granted to cities in Russia introduced the position of mayor.

CITYMAN

Representative of the local administration in the Moscow state, later in Russian Empire. The position of mayor dates back to the first half of the 16th century. from the city clerk.

In 1775-1782 headed the administrative and police executive power in county towns. In the 19th century mayors were appointed mainly from retired officers. The position was abolished in 1862.

CITY CLAIMS

Elected from among district service people, rulers of cities and districts in Russia in the 16th century; obeyed the governor. They were in charge of the affairs of service people, construction, repair of city fortifications, ammunition, collection of taxes, etc.

IN war time served as the city military commandant. After the introduction of the positions of city governors, they became their assistants and were appointed directly by governors from among the local nobles.

GRIDIN

Junior squad, collective grid - junior squad. Gridnitsa is part of the palace where Gridnitsa lived. From the end of the 12th century. the term “grid” disappears and instead “dvor” appears, in the sense of a junior squad.

BUTLER

The courtyard man of the Russian princes and Moscow tsars. With the development of the order system, the butler in the 17th century. becomes the head of the order of the Grand Palace, which was in charge of the economic yards.

From 1473 to 1646 there was always only one butler in Moscow; since 1646, 12 boyars had this title at the same time; then almost every year he was granted to either one or several boyars at once. As a result, the position of boyar-butler turned into an honorary title, since only one continued to lead the order of the Grand Palace.

DVORSKY

The predecessor of the butler in the role of manager of the princely household until the beginning of the 16th century; he was also in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing the execution of court sentences.

MINDFULNESS WITH THE WAY

The honorary title of boyar-butler, complained of in the second half of the 17th century. and accompanied by monetary income from a certain area. This title was awarded to boyar V.V. Buturlin on May 8, 1654.

BOYAR CHILDREN

The category of small feudal lords who appeared in Rus' in the 15th century. They performed compulsory service, receiving estates from the princes, boyars or the church, but did not have the right to leave. Boyar children are descendants of the younger members of the princely squads - youths.

With the formation of the Russian unified state, a large number of boyar children went into the service of the Moscow Grand Duke. In the feudal-service hierarchy of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries. “children of the boyars” stood above the nobles, since the latter often descended from unfree princely servants of the allotted time. The term “boyar children” disappeared during the reforms of the early 18th century. in connection with the merger of service people into one class - the nobility.

CHILDREN'S

Junior members of the squad in Ancient Rus'. They carried out various assignments for the prince and accompanied him as retinue and bodyguards. They did not take part in the prince's council, with the exception of military councils. Only a free person could become “childish”.

THOUGHT NOBLEMAN

In the Russian state of the XVI-XVIII centuries. the third “in honor” Duma rank after the boyars and okolnichy. Duma nobles participated in the meeting of the Boyar Duma, being in the overwhelming majority from noble families; their number was small. Along with the Duma clerks, they served as a support for the tsarist power in the fight against the boyar aristocracy in the Duma.

DUMA OFFICERS

In the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries. officials - boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles and Duma clerks, who had the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma and in the work of Duma commissions.

They filled the highest palace positions, took part in diplomatic negotiations, and resolved local disputes. All Duma titles were abolished in 1711 after the creation of the Senate.

Deacon-servant. In the Old Russian state, clerks were the personal servants of the prince, and often not free. They kept the prince's treasury and carried out office work, for which reason they were originally called clerks.

Education in the Moscow State in the XIV-XV centuries. orders required a large number of competent and energetic unborn service people who became assistants to the boyars - the heads of the orders. In the 16th century clerks already played a prominent role in local government, being assistants to governors in all matters except military matters; were in charge of public finances.

A new major step in the rise of the clerks was their penetration into the Boyar Duma (presumably at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries), where they enjoyed equal voting rights with other members of the Duma in deciding matters, although they stood and did not sit. For their service, clerks were rewarded with money and estates.

RESIDENTS

One of the categories of service rank in the Moscow state in the 16th - early 18th centuries, located between Moscow nobles and city nobles. A city nobleman who became a tenant had a chance, if not for himself, then for posterity, to make a career, that is, to become a Moscow nobleman and receive further promotion. The term “tenants” disappeared during the reforms of Peter I.

KEYMAN

The same as tiun, that is, the servant of the Grand Duke, but at the same time the first person in his household, who also performed the duties of a manager and judge. He even had his own slaves and clerks. The housekeeper's wife was usually entrusted with the management of the female servants.

PRINCE HUSBAND

A member of the prince’s senior squad, as well as a boyar who, of his own free will, joined the squad; was an adviser to the prince and held the highest military and civil positions - mayor, thousand, governor. Sometimes he had his own squad.

STABLE

Court rank of the Russian state of the 15th - early 17th centuries. - Head of the Equestrian Department. He led the Boyar Duma and actively participated in diplomatic and military activities; sometimes he headed the government (I.F. Ovchina-Telepnev, B. Godunov).

KRAVCHY

Court rank of the Moscow State. It was first mentioned at the very beginning of the 16th century. He served the sovereign at the table during ceremonial dinners. He was in charge of the steward who served food.

In addition to supervising drinking and eating, the kravchiy was entrusted with the duties of distributing food and drinks from the royal table to the homes of the boyars and other ranks on the days of ceremonial dinners. Representatives of the most noble families were appointed to the position of clerk.

The service life of the kravchiy did not exceed five years. In the lists they were written after the okolnichy. Craftsmanship, which was the highest degree for a steward, was not combined with the highest official positions - butler, okolnichy and boyar.

TRAPPER

The rank of the princely court. The hunters were not only hunters, hunting companions of the prince, but also executors of his various assignments, including diplomatic ones.

Unknown people were appointed as hunters, but some of them subsequently rose to the rank of Duma nobles, okolnichy and even boyars. For example, Nagiye and Pushkin, who reached the boyars.

SWORDMAN

The rank of the princely court, main responsibility which was judicial. In addition, swordsmen were also entrusted with conducting diplomatic negotiations. So, in 1147, Andrei Bogolyubsky sent his swordsman as ambassador to the Rostislavichs.

GOVERNOR

1) In the Old Russian state, an official appointed by the prince and headed local government in cities together with volosts. The position was first introduced in the 12th century. and was finally established in the 14th century. They were rewarded for service by feeding (that is, at the expense of the local population).

The governor had at his disposal administrative personnel and military detachments for local defense and suppression of internal unrest. From the beginning of the 16th century. the power of the governors was limited, and in 1555-1556. in accordance with the Land and Guba reforms of Ivan the Terrible, it was replaced by elected zemstvo institutions;

2) in the Russian Empire - the head of local government. The position was introduced under Catherine II in 1775 to strengthen the centralization of power. The viceroy (governor general) headed the administration of two or three provinces, was endowed with emergency powers, as well as the right of public supervision over the entire local administration and court apparatus, and was responsible only to the empress.

He was also in charge of the troops located on the territory of the governorship. In 1796, Paul I abolished the position, but it was soon restored by Alexander I. In the 19th-20th centuries. there were governorships in the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1874) and in the Caucasus (1844-1883, 1900-1917).

OKOLNICHIY

Court rank and position in the Russian state of the 13th–early 18th centuries. Initially, the duties of the okolnichy apparently included arranging and ensuring the prince’s travel and participating in the reception and negotiations with foreign ambassadors.

The rank was first mentioned in 1284. In the XIV-XVIII centuries. Okolnichy were part of the Boyar Duma, belonging to the second most important (after the boyar) Duma rank. The rank was abolished in 1711.

ARMOR

Russian court rank from about the 16th century. His duties included managing the “state armory,” that is, the royal armory treasury. In the court hierarchy, this position was considered very high and okolnichy or boyars were appointed to it. Of the eight gunsmiths known from the lists, four are princes.

With the establishment in the 17th century. Under the weapons order, the duties of the gunsmith have expanded. Being the head of the order, he not only stored weapons, but also took care of their manufacture and purchase. False Dmitry I established the rank of great armorer in 1605.

YOUTHS

The younger members of the squad in Ancient Rus' were mainly the courtyard servants of the prince, as opposed to the children - the fighting members of the squad. Among the youths there were also unfree people - slaves. The duties of the youths included serving at the prince’s table, cleaning things and carrying out his various assignments. The youths did not take part in the prince’s council, with the exception of military councils.

PRINTER

The rank of the princely court, known from the first half of the 13th century. As follows from the chronicles, the printers came from eminent people, but were equally skilled with both the pen and the sword. Since the 17th century the positions of printers were occupied exclusively by clerks, and from the half of the 17th century. - Duma clerks who led the Ambassadorial and Printing orders.

CLEANMAN

Assistant clerk. Clerks were divided into senior, middle and junior. Since 1641, only service people could become clerks, as a result of which their service became hereditary.

POSADNIK

An official in Ancient Rus' who had the significance of a princely governor. They played a special role in the Novgorod and Pskov national governments.

Destroying the independence of Novgorod (1478), the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III Vasilyevich demanded that there be neither a mayor nor a veche.

BEDMAN

The rank of the Russian princely, and then the royal court, in charge of the “state bed”. According to the Sheremetev Boyar Book, it was mentioned for the first time since 1495, but in fact it existed much earlier than that time under the name Pokladnik.

The bedspreader was the prince's closest servant: he slept in the same room with him, went to the bathhouse, and accompanied him on special occasions. He had attorneys and sleeping bags at his disposal. His position was exclusively private, domestic in nature.

BELL

The ancient honorary title of the royal squire and bodyguard (it was not a rank and did not bring a salary). It was given to young people (the tallest and most handsome) from the best families, holding the rank of steward or solicitor.

SLEEPING BAG

The court rank in the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries was subordinate to the bed guard. The sleeping bags were on duty in the sovereign's room, undressed and dressed him, and accompanied him during his trips. Typically, sleeping men were young people of noble origin.

FALCONER

The rank of the princely court, known since 1550; was in charge of falconry, and sometimes all the institutions of military-princely hunting. Usually people of no eminence were appointed to falconers, but it happened that they subsequently received the title of okolnichiy or even boyar.

The last falconer of the Moscow tsars was Gavrila Pushkin. Since 1606, appointments to this position have not occurred.

STOLNIK

Palace rank, known since the 13th century.Service in the stolniks was honorable, among them there were mainly representatives of the highest aristocracy: princes Kurakins, Odoevskys, Golitsyns, Repnins, etc.

ATTORNEY

1) Ancient Russian palace rank. The name is borrowed from the word “cook”, i.e. to do, to work;

2) in the 18th - early 20th centuries. - charge d'affaires (lawyer), as well as an official of the prosecutor's department who monitored the correct progress of the case.

OFFICIALS OFFICIALS - within the meaning of the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on malfeasance, persons who permanently, temporarily or by special authority carry out the functions of a representative of government or organizational, administrative, economic functions in state bodies, local governments, state and municipal institutions, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations of the Russian Federation.

Large legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

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The nobility, as the highest privileged class in Russia, arose on the basis of public service. The term “nobleman” itself first appeared in Russia in the 2nd half of the 12th century and designated people living at the princely court. According to the prominent genealogist L.M. Savelov, “the roots of the Russian nobility go to the very depths of our history, which, if it did not know a strictly organized class, then knew a class of service people who fully corresponded to the concept of nobility, although it was not as closed as it was among the peoples of the West. Our nobility has never severed its ties with the people; it has always been an integral part of it.”

With the development of feudal relations in Rus', nobles turned into small landowners, receiving small plots of land in the form of remuneration for military or administrative service. From princely servants they turned into “sovereign servants.” For the received land (estate), the nobles were obliged to faithfully serve the Grand Duke (Tsar) and subsequently began to be called landowners.

Under Peter I, the lifelong service of the nobles was enshrined in the Decree of 1701: “... all service people from the lands serve, but no one owns the lands for nothing.” The first relief was made by Empress Anna Ivanovna, who established that nobles should serve from 20 to 45 years of age, after which they could leave service; one nobleman from each family was allowed not to appear for service at all, but to take care of the household.

Emperor Peter III in 1762 exempted the nobles from compulsory service, and Empress Catherine II in 1785 confirmed this right with a charter granting the rights, liberties and advantages of the nobility. In particular, the nobles were granted significant personal, property and class privileges.

The main privileges of the Russian nobility were;

1) right of ownership of village estates (until 1861);

2) freedom from compulsory service (from 1762 until the introduction of all-class military service in 1874);

3) freedom from corporal punishment, freedom from zemstvo duties (before tax reforms of the 2nd half of the 19th century);

4) the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions;

5) the right of corporate organization - district and provincial noble assemblies;

6) the right to directly address the supreme authority with one’s needs.

Persons of noble origin also had a number of advantages in serving.

The Russian nobility was not a closed caste; it was constantly replenished by the most capable and diligent representatives of other classes. As N.V. wrote Gogol, “our nobility is the flower of our population. For the most part, merits to the Tsar, the people and the entire Russian land were built in our noble family people from all classes."

A brave officer received Russian noble dignity upon reaching a certain rank. An official awarded a high order became a nobleman. Often, sovereigns granted nobility for personal services to the Fatherland. Thus, the Russian nobility was a constantly expanding class of loyal servants of the Russian state.

The Russian nobility was divided into hereditary and personal. In the period from 1722 (the introduction of the Table of Ranks by Emperor Peter 1) to 1845, hereditary nobility was given for the length of service of the first chief officer rank - ensign, cornet (14th class according to the Table of Ranks) at military service and the rank of collegiate assessor (8th grade) - in civilian.

Lower ranks in the civil service ensured personal nobility.

Hereditary nobility was given for awarding any of the orders of the Russian Empire (with a number of restrictions for merchants from 1826 and 1832).

In the period from 1845 to 1856, hereditary nobility was given for service in military service with the rank of major (8th class), in civilian service - the rank of state councilor (5th class), as well as awards with all degrees of the orders of St. George, St. Vladimir and first degrees of other orders of the empire.

Personal nobility was given for all chief officer ranks below major in the military service, for the ranks of 6 - 9 classes in the civil service and the awarding of the lower degrees of the Orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anne.

All chief officers below colonel and civilian ranks of the 5th to 9th grades in the civil service became personal nobles. The procedure for granting nobility in connection with the awarding of orders remained the same.

In the period from 1856 to 1900, hereditary nobility was given for service in military service with the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank (6th class), and in civilian service - the rank of actual state councilor (4th class).

In the period from 1900 to 1917, the procedure for granting hereditary and personal nobility remained the same as in previous period, with the exception of increasing the qualifications for the order: only those awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, could become a hereditary nobleman. Personal nobles were allowed to request hereditary nobility if their fathers and grandfathers served for 20 years in the ranks of chief officers.

The procedure for obtaining noble dignity objectively contributed to the overall improvement in the quality of public service. The high social prestige of the nobility led to the fact that the qualification for obtaining nobility was a powerful incentive for the proper performance of official duties by officers and officials. Many aspired to become nobles and made considerable efforts to achieve this. Therefore, the number of the noble class throughout the 19th century. grew steadily, although after 1861, belonging to the nobility no longer provided any serious advantages and privileges. In 1858 in Russia there were about 610 thousand hereditary nobles, and in 1897 - 1 million 222 thousand.

Hereditary nobles were divided into 6 categories, each of which was entered in a separate part of the provincial genealogy book:

in the 1st part - nobles elevated to the nobility by personal grant from the emperor;

in the 2nd part - those who received nobility through military service;

in the 3rd part - those who received nobility through the civil service (persons who received the nobility by order were also included here, but in practice they were often included in the 1st part);

in the 4th part - foreign noble families who became Russian citizens;

in the 5th part - titled nobility (barons, counts, princes, etc.);

in the 6th part - old noble families who could prove their nobility before 1685.

There were no differences in rights and responsibilities between these categories, but a number of privileged educational institutions (Corps of Pages, Imperial Alexander Lyceum, Imperial School of Law) accepted children of nobles from the 5th and 6th parts of the genealogy book (as well as children of persons who had ranks not lower than 4th class).

The top layer of the hereditary Russian nobility was the titled nobility, that is, noble families who had baronial, count and princely family titles. However, holding a family title did not provide any special advantages, nor was it associated with a certain property status, and in many cases the barons, counts and princes were not rich.

Personal nobility gave all the rights of the hereditary nobility, except for the right to own inhabited estates, belong to the noble society (provincial and district) and participate in the elections of officials elected by the nobility.

Personal nobility was not inherited. Children of personal nobles had the right to enter the civil service, but during its passage they enjoyed fewer rights than hereditary nobles. Since 1832, children of personal nobles received hereditary honorary citizenship.

Despite the fact that the nobles at the end of the 18th century. The right to resign or not to serve at all was granted; not everyone enjoyed this right. The overwhelming majority of the nobility remained a state-serving class, seeking in military and civilian service not so much salary as honor and benefit to the Fatherland. As noted by L.M. historian Savelov, “the freedom he received did not in any way affect the quality of his service to the state, as in the 16th and 17th centuries. Art. it died for its homeland near Kazan and Smolensk, just as it died in the 18th and 19th centuries. near Izmail, Kars, Borodino, Leipzig."

The contribution of the Russian nobility to the establishment of Russian statehood and the strengthening of the independence, strength and power of Russia is enormous. Outstanding military leaders Count P.A. covered their names with glory. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Count A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy, Prince N.V. Repnin, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. GolenishchevKutuzov-Smolensky, Prince P.I. Bagration, Prince M.B. Barclay de Tolly and many others.

N.M. Karamzin wrote: “The nobility is the soul and noble image of the entire people. I like to imagine Russian nobles not only with a sword in their hand, not only with the scales of Themis, but with the laurels of Apollo, with the staff of the God of Arts, with the symbols of the Goddess of Agriculture.” This is exactly what the Russian nobility was - not only a working class, but also a guardian and disseminator of education, knowledge, and culture. For centuries, the nobility represented the most educated and socially active part of Russian society. And it is no coincidence that among those who glorified Russia in the field of science, literature, and art, the majority are nobles.

Many representatives of the Russian nobility made a significant contribution to the development of Russian and world science: mathematician P.L. Chebyshev, physicist and chemist N.N. Beketov, geologist V.I. Vernadsky, physiologist K.A. Timiryazev, biologist I.I. Mechnikov, chemist N.D. Zelinsky, surgeon N.V. Sklifosovsky, travelers P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and N.M. Przhevalsky, historians V.N. Tatishchev, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, N.M. Karamzin, T.N. Granovsky, K.D. Kavelin, A.A. Kornilov, A.A. Kiesewetter, historian and philologist J.K. Grot, philosopher N.A. Berdyaev and others.

The role of the Russian nobility in the creation of Russian culture is well known. Without the participation of the nobles, it is impossible to imagine either the history of Russian painting, or the history of Russian theater, or the history of Russian architecture. By order of the nobles, palaces and mansions were built in the capitals, architectural ensembles artists and sculptors worked on the estates. The nobles maintained theaters, orchestras, collected libraries, and works of art.

The everyday culture of the Russian nobility, especially the capital, influenced the culture of other layers of society. And such greatest phenomena of world culture as Russian literature and Russian music were glorified mainly by representatives of the first estate: G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, A.S. Griboedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev, N.A. Nekrasov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Count L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet (Shenshin), F.M. Dostoevsky, A, A, Blok, M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, M.A. Balakirev, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.I. Taneyev, S.V. Rachmaninov. The author of the Russian national anthem was a representative of an old noble family, a prominent musical figure A.F. Lviv.

Representatives of famous Russian noble families (Sheremetevs, Golitsyns, Rumyantsevs, Demidovs, Stroganovs, Bezborodkos, Naryshkins, Chertkovs and many others) were widely involved in philanthropic and charitable activities.

Russian nobles played a leading role (especially in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries) in the development of social thought and social movement. They took positions extremely wide range: protective, educational, revolutionary.

Russian nobles were members of Masonic organizations, showed extreme opposition to the Decembrists, prevailed among Westerners and Slavophiles, and largely shaped the trend of liberalism.

The most brilliant reformers of the 19th and early 20th centuries also belonged to the Russian nobility by birth or seniority. (Count M.M. Speransky, Count M.T. Loris-Melikov, Count S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin and others).

At the beginning of the 20th century, people from the Russian nobility became part of all the political parties, in 1906-1917. actively participated in the work of the first representative legislative institution - the State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917, representatives of the nobility were part of the Provisional Government (in March-July 1917 it was headed by one of Rurik’s descendants, Prince G.E. Lvov).

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian nobility, having officially lost all their titles and privileges, was persecuted. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 11, 1917 abolished estates, estate ranks and civil ranks. The official policy of the new government was the consistent eradication of the Russian nobility through physical destruction, exile, and prohibitory acts; many representatives of the class took part in the armed struggle against Soviet power and died in the fire Civil War, many were forced to leave their homeland. Most of those who remained had to “forget” their origins in order to survive. It was dangerous to remember your own parents or grandfathers and relatives in general if they were nobles. Family documents and letters were burned, portraits and photographs were destroyed, other family heirlooms were hidden, and sometimes even surnames were changed. And only after many decades it became obvious that the eradication of the nobility was one of the reasons for the degradation of Russian society.

Back in the 1st half of the 19th century, the English historian and political figure T. Macaulay wrote: “Woe to that state that ever decides to entrust the highest power to the majority of citizens, counting them without exception, for this is tantamount to the abolition of everything that is smart, beautiful, educated and richly... And if power falls for even one hour into the hands of the most ignorant and poorest, and therefore the most embittered part of the population, then science, culture, industry, trade, and with them freedom will inevitably drown in the sea blood and in the abyss of the crudest, merciless violence...”

Now, in the new Russia, the Russian Assembly of Nobility, noble unions and associations, genealogical societies have been re-established, scientific conferences on genealogy are held, and publications on the history of noble families are published.

RANKS, RANKS AND POSITIONS IN THE MOSCOW STATE AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE:

Admiral - fleet commander. Naval rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of chief general (infantry general, cavalry general, artillery general, engineer general) and actual privy councilor.

Adjutant - an officer attached to a senior commander and transmitting his orders, as well as a staff position in a battalion, regiment, etc.

Assessor - assessor, mid-ranking official in various institutions.

Auditor - official, secretary and clerk in military courts. In 1797, auditors were united into an audit department headed by an auditor general; were divided into brigade and regimental; in 1867 replaced by military judicial officials.

Boyarin - the highest official rank in the Russian state of the XIV - XVII centuries. The title of boyar gave the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma. Abolished by Tsar Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

Brigadier - military rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1722 - 1799, occupying an intermediate position between major general and colonel and corresponding to the ranks of captain-commander of the fleet and state councilor.

Brigade Major - an officer with the rank of major, who served with the brigadier as his closest assistant in managing the brigade, conducting correspondence and the police unit in the camp and on the campaign. The title was established by Emperor Peter I and abolished by Paul I in 1799, along with the rank of brigadier.

Bunchuk's comrade - rank in Little Russia, was under the hetman, to whom he was directly subordinate; corresponded to the rank of prime major.

Burgomaster - an elected official (for 3 years) of the city society, who presided over the magistrate and the town hall. The position was introduced by Tsar Peter I in 1699 instead of zemstvo heads.

Vice Admiral - naval rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general and privy councilor.

Lieutenant Governor - government official in the provinces, the only deputy governor who directly managed the activities of provincial institutions. As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 5-6th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Vice Chancellor - the name of the civil rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks for persons who headed the foreign policy department.

Voivode - head of the city administration with the district (the territory adjacent to the city, administratively subordinate); regimental governors led each of the regiments or detachments of the Russian army.

Military foreman - military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798-1884. - 8th grade, corresponded to the rank of major, and since 1884. - 7th class, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Military comrade - rank in Little Russia in the 18th century corresponded to the rank of cornet.

Midshipman - a rank in the navy established in 1716 for students of senior companies of the Naval Academy sent to the fleet for practice.

Wardrobe master - court servant, caretaker of the imperial wardrobe.

Admiral General - naval rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the ranks of Field Marshal General and Actual Privy Councilor 1st class.

Adjutant General - one of the highest military ranks of persons serving under the emperor. Since 1808, the adjutant general was a member of the emperor's retinue. This honorary title was granted by the emperor to military ranks, usually 2nd - 3rd classes. They had the right to convey oral orders from the emperor.

Chief General - general rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks in the 18th century; a full general, ranking below field marshal general, corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councilor. Under Emperor Paul I in 1796 - 97. the rank of general-in-chief was replaced by ranks by branch of the military: general from infantry (infantry), general from cavalry, general from artillery, engineer general.

Auditor General - head of the military chancellery. His main responsibility was to direct the investigation and trial of war crimes; was in the rank of 7th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Governor General - senior official of the local administration in 1703-1917. He ruled several provinces (in the 19th century, mostly outlying ones). As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 2 - 3-ro class according to the Table of Ranks.

Inspector General - one of the highest positions in the army. The position of inspector general existed in the cavalry, infantry, artillery, and engineering troops.

Quartermaster General - position in the field headquarters of the Russian army. He was responsible for food supplies, financial, medical, veterinary and clothing support for the army.

Generalissimo - the highest military rank in the armed forces of a number of countries. It was assigned to commanders who commanded several allied armies during the war, as well as sometimes to persons from the reigning dynasties. In Russia, the title was not included in the Table of Ranks. During the existence of the Russian Empire, the title was awarded to only three persons: His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, father of the infant Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich (1740), gr. A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy (1799).

Quartermaster General - one of the highest staff positions in the army. He was in charge of studying the terrain, organizing the disposition and movement of troops, preparing military maps, and building fortifications. Under the Quartermaster General, a quartermaster unit was created, which served as the basis for the formation of the General Staff.

General-Kriegskommissar - position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1713 - 1864. He was in charge of supplying the army with clothing and monetary allowances, expenses for maintaining troops, etc.

Lieutenant General - military rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, introduced into the army in 1798 instead of the rank of lieutenant general. He corresponded to the ranks of vice admiral and privy councilor.

Major General - military rank 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of rear admiral and actual state councilor.

General of Infantry(from cavalry, from artillery, engineer general) - the rank of general of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, replacing in 1796 - 97. rank of general-in-chief; corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councilor.

Chief of Police - official in the Russian army in 1812 - 1868. (in 1716 - 1812 called General Gewaldiger), who performed military and police functions during the campaign; later his duties were assigned to the commandant's department.

Lieutenant General - military rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, which existed in the Russian army until 1798. Corresponded to the ranks of vice admiral and privy councilor

General Provision Master - rank and position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1716 - 1864. He was in the 5th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, and was in charge of the provisions unit of the army.

Prosecutor General - the highest official of the civil administration who oversaw the legality of the activities of the state apparatus. The position of Prosecutor General was established in 1722 by Emperor Peter I to oversee the activities of the Senate. When the ministries were formed (1802), the Prosecutor General became at the same time the Minister of Justice.

Racket Master General - official in charge of receiving complaints and petitions addressed to the emperor. Field Marshal General - highest military rank in ground forces. First introduced into the Russian army in 1699. He corresponded to the ranks of Admiral General, State Chancellor and Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class.

General Feldzeichmeister - rank and position of chief artillery chief in the Russian army. General Clerk - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, custodian of the press and archives, head of external relations and general office work.

General Judge - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, head of legal proceedings. Master of Arms - the position of head of the central state institution (Heraldry), created in 1722. His duties included compiling lists of nobility, ensuring that nobles did not evade service, entering military ranks from non-nobles who had reached the rank of chief officer into the noble lists, introducing at the request of the Senate, candidates for vacancies, as well as the compilation of coats of arms, noble genealogical books.

Streltsy's head - officer rank in the Streltsy army, under whose command there were five hundred Streltsy regiments.

Mayor - representative of the local administration, headed the administrative and police power in county towns; the position was abolished in 1862.

City nobleman - a title denoting the category of the best (by merit, equipment, relationship) of the provincial nobles.

State Chancellor - civil rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of Field Marshal General, Admiral General and Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class. Secretary of State - an official, usually 2nd - 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, who headed the State Chancellery, which was in charge of the clerical work of the State Council. The position was created in 1810.

Marshal - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726. He was in charge of the affairs of the court, arranging receptions and travel, and was in charge of the court servants. One of the main duties of the marshal's unit was maintaining the table of the imperial family.

Chamberlain - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He managed the palace economy and the staff of the courtiers.

Chamberlain - court rank. Position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the offices of empresses and grand duchesses.

Gough Junker - court rank 12th grade according to the Table of Ranks.

Mayor - the head (with the rights of a governor) of an administrative-territorial unit, which included a city with adjacent territory, separated from the provinces, Appointed personally by the emperor (in capitals) or upon nomination by the Minister of Internal Affairs; headed the city police, supervised trade and shipping, postal services, the condition of serfs, port and public buildings, public places, etc.

Governor - the highest government official in the provinces, appointed by the emperor and carrying out administrative, police and military functions. As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Butler - court position, manager of the royal household, which constituted the order of the Great Palace with food, fodder, grain and living yards.

Actual State Councilor - civil rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of major general and rear admiral.

Actual Privy Councilor - civil rank 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of general-in-chief (or general of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineer general) and admiral.

Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class - Civil rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of field marshal general and admiral general.

Boyar children - nobles, the bulk of the service class, which formed the core of the army - the local cavalry; they received estates for their service.

Duma nobleman - third rank of the Boyar Duma; persons who mostly did not belong to the titled or boyar aristocracy, non-nobles, favorites of the tsar, relatives of the queens.

Duma clerk - an official who was part of the Boyar Duma (the lowest Duma rank after the boyar, okolnichy and Duma nobleman). He compiled and edited the projects of the Boyar Duma and the most important royal decrees, and was in charge of the Duma's paperwork.

Deacon - an official who was in charge of state or local administration and diplomatic negotiations and served for a salary.

Jägermeister - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. He was involved in organizing the imperial hunt.

Esaul - a person who took part in campaigns under the king for various assignments; in the Cossack army of the 17th century - assistant ataman, senior officer.

Residents - the lowest rank of the capital's nobility, recruited from the district nobles, who were appointed in turn to Moscow to guard the royal palace and occupy administrative positions.

Icon comrade - rank in Little Russia in the 18th century corresponded to the rank of non-commissioned officer.

Cabinet Minister - member of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, the highest government institution in 1731 - 1741, created as a Council under the Empress “for the better and more decent administration of all state affairs.” According to the decree of 1735, the signatures of the three cabinet ministers were equal to the signature of the empress.

Treasurer - keeper of the royal treasury and jewelry.

Chamberlain - a court rank first introduced in Russia in 1711. Since 1737, he was in the 6th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, in 1809 he was transferred to the 4th class, and later the title acquired the character of an honorary award. Since 1836, only noblemen who were members of the public service and had the rank of 3 - 5th class, i.e. not lower than a state councilor, and from 1850 - 3 - 1st class (as a distinctive sign, they had a key sewn above the left pocket of their uniform).

Chamber-page - a special court rank for young men studying in the senior classes of the Corps of Pages. Their duties included duty with the emperor, empress and grand duchesses, as well as participation in court ceremonies and celebrations (accompanying members of the Imperial Family, carrying trains, etc.).

Maid of honor - senior court rank for maidens, first introduced in 1742.

Chamber junker - initially a court rank of the 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1737 - 6th class, from 1742 - 5th class, after 1809 - a junior court rank, from 1836 for persons with the rank of 4 - 9- 1st grade, and since 1850 - 5th - 8th grade. The duties of the chamberlains and chamberlains included daily (in order of priority) duty with the empresses and other members of the imperial family, as well as special duty with them during court ceremonies, balls and when visiting theaters.

Captain - chief officer rank of 9th class, and since 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, artillery, engineering troops and 7th class - in the guard. The rank of captain corresponded to: in the cavalry - the rank of captain, in the Cossack troops - captain, in the navy - captain-lieutenant (then senior lieutenant), in civilian ranks - collegiate assessor.

Captain 1st rank - naval rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732. and 1751 - 1917 He corresponded to the ranks of colonel and collegiate adviser.

Captain 2nd rank - naval rank of the 7th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732. and 1751 - 1917 He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel and court councilor.

Captain-Commander - naval rank of 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, in 1707 - 1732, 1751 - 1764, 1798 - 1827, and then was finally abolished. He corresponded to the ranks of brigadier and state councilor.

Lieutenant Captain - naval rank 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1798 - 1884. and 1907 - 1911 In 1911 it was abolished and replaced with the rank of senior lieutenant.

Quartermaster - an officer responsible for housing troops and supplying them with food and fodder.

Collegiate Assessor - rank of 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the military rank of major.

Collegiate Secretary - civil rank of the 10th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, centurion and midshipman.

Collegiate Advisor - civil rank of 6th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of colonel and captain of the 1st rank.

Rear Admiral - naval rank 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. Introduced into Russia in 1699. Originally called Schoutbenacht. He corresponded to the ranks of major general and actual state councilor.

Equestrian - the court rank, initially in charge of the grand duke's horses, then acquired the meaning of an honorary title, denoting primacy among the boyars.

Kravchiy - a court rank responsible for the organization of royal feasts, at which he served the sovereign, and the distribution on special days of treats granted by the tsar to ambassadors, boyars and persons of other ranks.

Landrat - in the Baltic provinces - a member of the Landrat Collegium (a body of noble self-government), an adviser from the nobles of the district to the governor.

Life Guards - a privileged part of the Russian army. Until 1884, ranks in the guard were considered 2 classes higher than in the army, and since 1884 they began to be considered 1 class higher than those in the army (for example, the rank of lieutenant in the guard was equal to the rank of captain in the army). All positions in the guard were filled by higher ranks than in the army (for example, guard regiments were commanded by major generals, battalions by colonels, etc.).

Lieutenant - military rank of the 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the army and engineering units, 10th class in the artillery and 9th class in the guard; in 1730 it was replaced by the rank of lieutenant. Naval rank 9th class in 1798 - 1917.

Hunter - court position in charge of the royal animal hunt.

Major - military rank in the Russian army until 1798 in the guard of the 6th class according to the Table of Ranks, in the artillery and engineering troops of the 7th class, in the infantry of the 8th class. Since 1798 - in the infantry, artillery and engineering troops of the 8th class, and abolished in the guard. In 1731 - 1797 The rank of major was divided into two levels - prime major and second major. In 1884, the rank of major in all branches of the military was abolished.

Minister - the highest official is the head of the ministry, appointed by the emperor. The position was first introduced in Russia in 1802 with the creation of ministries. As a rule, he was in the 2nd - 3rd grade according to the Table of Ranks.

Midshipman - naval rank in the Russian Navy, was in the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1764 - in the 12th, from 1884 - in the 10th class. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant and collegiate secretary.

Moscow nobleman - a rank considered higher than a city nobleman, but lower than court ranks. In the seventeenth century. the title of Moscow nobleman was also given as a reward to those nobles who did not have estates near Moscow.

Murza - noble title among the Tatars.

Court Advisor - civil rank of 7th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel, military foreman and captain of the 2nd rank.

Punishment chieftain - a title awarded to all chiefs of military and civil administration in the Cossack troops.

Viceroy - an official appointed by the Grand Duke, the Tsar to the cities and headed the local government. In the Russian Empire - the position of head of local government, introduced in 1775. The viceroy (governor general) headed the administration of 2 - 3 provinces. In 1796, the position of governor was abolished, but at the beginning of the 19th century. restored (governorships existed in the Kingdom of Poland, in the Caucasus, and at the beginning of the 20th century in the Far East).

Chief Marshal - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726.

Chief Chamberlain - court rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1722. Managed the staff and finances of the courtyard,

Chief Chamberlain - the highest court rank and position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the office of the empresses. The first Chief Chamberlain was appointed at the Russian court in 1727.

Chief Jägermeister - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1736. He was in charge of the imperial hunt.

Chief Chamberlain - court rank 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He led the court cavaliers (chamberlains and chamberlains) and introduced the members of the Imperial Family to those who received the right of audience.

Chief Quartermaster - an officer responsible for housing troops and supplying them with food and fodder.

Chief Commandant - chief of the fortress; in cities, a specially appointed official or military commander who monitored order and discipline in the local troops and the appointment of guards.

Chief Commissioner - military official in charge of financial support.

Ober Kriegs Commissioner - military official in charge of supplying the army.

Chief officer ranks - military and civilian ranks of grades 9 - 14 according to the Table of Ranks.

Chief Prosecutor - the official who led the organizational work of the Senate department; was, as a rule, in the 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks; civil official who led the activities of the Holy Synod.

Ober-sarvaer - chief shipbuilder.

Ober-fiscal - fiscal positions were established in 1711 by Tsar Peter 1 to supervise higher and local government; they were headed by the chief fiscal under the Senate, at the collegiums - special fiscals, in the provinces - provincial and city fiscals. After the establishment of the positions of prosecutors at the collegiums in 1775, the positions of fiscals were abolished.

Oberforschneider - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1856 (“Forschneider” translated from German means cutter of food).

Chief Master of Ceremonies - court rank 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He was in charge of the procedural side of court ceremonies.

Ober-schenk - a court rank of the 2nd class on the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1723, at whose disposal were the palace reserves.

Chief of the Rackmaster - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726, heading the court stable part (imperial stables and related farms).

Okolnichy - court rank and position in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century, the second rank of the Boyar Duma after the boyar.

Gunsmith - a court position responsible for the storage and production of royal ceremonial military and hunting weapons.

Pyazh - a special court rank for young men who studied in the Corps of Pages.

Printer - in the Russian state, the keeper of the large and medium state seals.

Parade Major - assistant commandant.

Taxation at bells - bell assistant.

Subcomorium - in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a zemstvo official whose duties included land surveying, resolving land disputes and maintaining documentation on this issue in any area.

Lieutenant Colonel - military rank of 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 6th class in the artillery and engineering troops, 5th class in the guard until 1798. Since 1798 - 7th class in all branches of the military, except for the guard, where this rank was eliminated. He corresponded to the ranks of captain 2nd rank, military foreman and court adviser.

Second Lieutenant - military rank of the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 12th class in the artillery and engineering troops, and 10th class in the guard until 1884. In 1884 - 10th class in the guard and 12th class in other branches of the military. He corresponded to the ranks of cornet in the cavalry, cornet in the Cossack troops and provincial secretary in the civil service.

Podskarbiy - Treasurer in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Clerk - an official who was subordinate to the clerk and was involved in office work.

Chief of Police - chief of the city police of the provincial city. The position was first created in 1718 in St. Petersburg (police chief general), and in 1722 in Moscow (chief police chief). Everywhere in provincial cities, they were introduced in 1782 by the Charter of deanery. The police chief headed the deanery, and from the 2nd half of the 19th century, the city police department.

Colonel - military rank of 6th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 5th class in the artillery and engineering troops and 4th class in the guard until 1798, and then 6th class in all branches of the military. He corresponded to the ranks of captain 1st rank and collegiate adviser.

School District Trustee - an official of the Ministry of Public Education, who was in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks, who managed educational institutions in his jurisdiction, which included several provinces. In 1803 everything educational establishments The Ministries of Public Education were administratively divided into 6 educational districts; by the beginning of the twentieth century. the number of educational districts increased to 12.

Lieutenant - military rank of the 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 10th class - in the artillery and engineering troops and 9th class - in the guard until 1798, then 10th class in all branches of the military, except the guard, where he stayed in 9th grade. He corresponded to the ranks of centurion, midshipman and collegiate secretary.

Posadnik - elected official in Novgorod and Pskov. The mayor, representing the most noble boyar families, convened a veche, led troops, fortified the city and suburbs, and negotiated on issues of war and peace.

Bed - a court position whose duties included monitoring the cleanliness, decoration and safety of the royal bed. Boyars close to the tsar were usually appointed bed attendants.

Honorable guardian is an honorary title equivalent to the 3rd class of civil service ranks according to the Table of Ranks. Established in 1798 to reward members of boards of trustees (bodies in charge of charitable institutions) and was given to nobles who made large donations for charitable purposes.

Ensign - military rank of the 14th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 13th class in the artillery and engineering troops, and 12th class in the guard until 1884. Since 1884, he was transferred to the 13th grade and was assigned to reserve officers in wartime.

Marshal of the nobility(provincial, district) - a representative of the nobility of the province or district, elected by the corresponding Assembly of the Nobility for 3 years (could be re-elected), who was in charge of the class affairs of the nobility and occupied an influential place in the local administration and self-government bodies. During the performance of his duties, the provincial leader of the nobility enjoyed the rights of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks, and the district leader enjoyed the rights of the 5th class. Anyone who served three terms in this position by election received the right to this rank.

Prime Major - in 1731 - 1797 the upper level of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).

Captain - The military rank in the cavalry, until 1884 - 9th class, and since 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponded to the rank of captain.

Rynda - royal squire, bodyguard appointed from among the stewards and solicitors, honor guard when receiving ambassadors.

Retinue of His Imperial Majesty - from the beginning of the 19th century. consisted of generals, admirals and officers of the ground and naval forces, especially close to the emperor and having a special retinue rank (general, attached to the E.I.V. Person, adjutant general, E.I.V. Retinue, major general or rear admiral, aide-de-camp), granted to them in addition to the general military ranks they had. Award to the Suite of H.I.V. was carried out at the direct discretion of the emperor, and the number of persons in the retinue was not limited. The duties of the members of the Retinue included carrying out special assignments of the emperor, as well as being on duty with the emperor in his residences or at ceremonies outside them. An important privilege of the adjutant generals on duty was to announce the emperor's oral orders.

Suites E.I.V. major general - a retinue rank assigned to persons who had the corresponding military rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Suites E.I.V. rear admiral - a retinue rank assigned to persons who had the corresponding naval rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Suite E.I.V. for the quartermaster unit - service quartermaster unit of the Russian army, later transformed into the service of the General Staff.

Second Major - in 173 1 - 1797 the lowest level of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).

Senator - member of the governing Senate, created in 1711 as the highest government agency, and in the XIX - early XX centuries. acting as the highest court and highest administrative supervisory authority. He was appointed by the emperor and held a rank of at least 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks.

Centurion - commander of a unit (hundreds) in the Russian army until the beginning of the 18th century; military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798 - 1884. - 12th grade, since 1884 - 10th grade according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, midshipman and collegiate secretary.

Sleeping bag - court rank in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century. He was subordinate to the bed guard, was on duty in the sovereign’s room, undressed and dressed him, and accompanied him during trips. Police officer - The district police official, who was in charge of the police camp, a certain part of the district, was subordinate to the police officer.

State lady - a court honorary title for ladies. The title was awarded mainly to the spouses of major civil and military ranks, most of them belonged to well-born noble families, many were ladies of the cavalry (who had the ladies' order of St. Catherine). They did not have any specific duties at court, they could not even take part in court ceremonies and appeared at court only on special occasions. Of the ladies of state, chamberlain and oberghmeisterin were appointed.

State Councillor - civil rank of 5th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of brigadier of the army and captain-commander of the fleet.

State Secretary E.I.V.- in the 18th century this title was borne by persons who served as the emperor's personal secretaries. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has been an honorary title granted personally by the emperor to major dignitaries of the civil department, as a rule, no lower than 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. They had the right to convey oral orders from the emperor.

Stolnik - a minor court rank whose duties included serving at the table during feasts and carrying out various assignments for the king. Almost all representatives of aristocratic families began serving as stolniks, who subsequently advanced to the ranks of boyars, and also common nobles served, for whom the rank of stolnik was the pinnacle of their career. The stewards who were part of the king's inner circle were called room attendants.

Solicitor - a minor court rank whose duties included monitoring the king’s dress and presenting it when he was vested. Like the steward, the solicitors also carried out various assignments of the tsar and served as city and regimental commanders. The lawyer with the key is the palace housekeeper.

Privy Councilor - civil rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant general and vice admiral.

Titular Advisor - civil rank of 9th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, staff captain, and lieutenant.

Comrade Minister - the position of deputy minister, introduced in 1802 with the creation of ministries in Russia. As a rule, he was in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Each minister had one or more comrades (deputies).

Tysyatsky - military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia (“thousand”). Later in Novgorod - an elected position, assistant mayor; led the Novgorod army. Flag captain - an officer position in the squadron corresponding to a senior adjutant.

Wing adjutant - junior retinue rank, assigned by headquarters to chief officers of the army and navy. For wing adjutants there were preferential conditions for promotion to ranks, regardless of vacancies. The rank was retained by those whose rank was not higher than the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank, and was removed upon promotion to the ranks of general (often a former aide-de-camp, who received the military rank of major general or rear admiral, was enlisted in E.I.’s Retinue .IN.).

Maid of honor - junior court rank for girls. When you got married, it was automatically removed. But, despite this, they retained the right to be presented to the empress and receive invitations to balls in the Great Hall of the Winter Palace along with their husbands, regardless of the latter’s rank.

Master of Ceremonies - court rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. Participated in the procedure of court ceremonies.

Chashnik - an official of the royal administration who led a special palace institution in charge of drinking affairs, A also beekeeping; served the king at dinner parties and festive feasts, and were among the sovereign's closest advisers.

Shlyakhtich - nobleman in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; in the 18th century Russian nobles were also called that way.

Staff officer ranks - military and civilian ranks of 6th - 8th grade according to the Table of Ranks.

Staff Captain - rank of officer in the infantry, artillery and engineering troops, in 1797 - 1884. - 10th class, and since 1884 - 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, 8th class - in the guard. He corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.

Staff captain - rank of cavalry officer in 1797 - 1884. - 10th grade according to the Table of Ranks, since 1884 - 9th grade, and in the Guard - 8th grade. He corresponded to the rank of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.

Ringmaster - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1773 and in charge of the court stable, grooms, and carriages.

Executor - an official in charge of the economic part of the institution and overseeing the external order in the work of clerical servants.

Literature: Shcherbachev O.V. // Noble calendar: Reference genealogical book of the Russian nobility. St. Petersburg, 1999; Shepelev. // L.E. The bureaucratic world of Russia in the 18th – early 20th centuries. St. Petersburg, 1999; Fedorchenko F. // Noble families that glorified the fatherland. M. Olma-Press. 2001.