Problems with healthcare in the USSR. Healthcare in the USSR. Brilliant education of doctors

No. 3 ORDER OF THE MINISTER OF INTERIOR AFFAIRS OF THE USSR, MINISTER OF JUSTICE OF THE USSR AND PROSECUTOR GENERAL OF THE USSR “ON THE ORDER OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE USSR OF MARCH 27, 1953 “ON AMNESTY””

No. 3 ORDER OF THE MINISTER OF INTERIOR AFFAIRS OF THE USSR, MINISTER OF JUSTICE OF THE USSR AND PROSECUTOR GENERAL OF THE USSR “ON THE ORDER OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE USSR OF MARCH 27, 1953 “ON AMNESTY”” March 28, 1953 No. 08/012/85сВО execution of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council USSR from 27

No. 24 JOINT ORDER OF THE PROSECUTOR GENERAL OF THE USSR, THE MINISTER OF INTERIOR AFFAIRS OF THE USSR AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE KGB UNDER THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR

No. 24 JOINT ORDER OF THE PROSECUTOR GENERAL OF THE USSR, THE MINISTER OF INTERIOR AFFAIRS OF THE USSR AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE KGB AT THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR July 16, 1954 No. 127с/0391/078 In pursuance of the instructions of the policymaking bodies, we order: 1. Directive of the USSR MGB and the USSR Prosecutor's Office No. 66/241 ss of October 26, 1948

No. 3 Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 1962 with the announcement of the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated August 18, 1923 on the composition of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR

No. 3 Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 1962 with the announcement of the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated August 18, 1923 on the composition of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 196, Moscow September 6, 1923. At the same time, the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated August 28, 1923 "on the composition of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR."Deputy

THE USSR. Healthcare

THE USSR. Healthcare Healthcare The development of the economy and culture, the constant concern of the Soviet state for the welfare and health of the population contribute to the favorable course of demographic processes in the USSR, whose population grew by 1976 compared to

No. 7 FROM THE REPORT OF THE NKGB of the USSR to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the NKO of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941.

No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB OF THE USSR TO THE Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the NGOs of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941. Message from BerlinAccording to information received from an official of the Committee on the Four-Year Plan, several committee workers received an urgent task to make calculations of raw material reserves And

No. 9 NOTE OF THE USSR People's Commissar of State Security V.N. MERKULOV TO THE Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars and the NKVD of the USSR WITH THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH FOREIGN MINISTER A. EDEN TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND TO THE USSR S. CRIPPS ABOUT GERMANY'S INTENTIONS TO ATTACK THE USSR

No. 9 NOTE OF THE USSR People's Commissar of State Security V.N. MERKULOV TO THE Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars and the NKVD of the USSR WITH THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS A. EDEN TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND TO THE USSR S. CRIPPS ABOUT GERMANY'S INTENTIONS TO ATTACK THE USSR No. 1312/M April 26, 1941 Top Secret Directed

HEALTHCARE IN THE USSR, state system, socio-economic. and medical san. measures to preserve and strengthen our health, ensure high working capacity and active longevity of people. Health protection in the USSR is one of the most important social tasks of the CPSU and the state. The Constitution of the USSR enshrines the right of citizens to health care and establishes material and legal guarantees to ensure the implementation of this right. (See also Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and Union republics on healthcare.)

As special government industry management 3. covers issues of improving the system of treatment and preventive services. assistance, sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic provision, preparation and improvement of medical services. personnel, women's and children's health, medicines. assistance, medical development science, etc. The implementation of tasks 3. is facilitated by increasing the standard of living of us, creating favorable working and living conditions, labor protection, social security, social insurance, recreation, a rational system of education and training, etc. Health protection measures are provided by the state . social and economic plans. development, which creates conditions for max. used in the interests of preserving and strengthening our health. all resources of society, for continuous capacity building 3., ensures the unity of measures in the field of health protection, their effectiveness, and the real possibility of implementing society’s measures. prevention, environmental protection, systematic and consistent with our needs. and adv. x-va development of services 3. Socialist. 3. has a planned and preventive nature. focus, provides free and publicly available medical care. help, unity of medical. theory and practice, widely uses the achievements of science and technology, cooperation with other states in the field of medicine. Sciences.

Formation and development of owls. 3. closely related to economics. and social transformations systematically carried out in the country after Oct. revolution of 1917. And July 1918 V.I. Lenin signed a decree on the formation of the People's Commissariat of Health. In 1936 the Union Republic was created. People's Commissariat 3., from 1946 - Ministry of 3. USSR; accordingly bodies have been created in all union and auto. republics Departments 3. are available in the executive committees of the regional, regional, and city districts. and district councils of people. deputies. For honey service department sectors of the economy, departments have been created within a number of ministries, medical-san. services. Since 1965 in both chambers of the Upper House. The USSR Council has permanent commissions on 3. and social security, and since 1976 - commissions on issues of labor and life of women, protection of motherhood and childhood. At the local councils of people. deputies have permanent commissions on 3. The most important tasks of the socialist. 3. indicated in the decisions of the CPSU congresses and in special. resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council. pr-va.

A unified system of outpatient clinics has been created in the USSR. and inpatient facilities. All types of honey assistance is free and publicly available (clinic, inpatient, laboratory tests, assistance during childbirth, etc.). Patients suffering from certain chronic diseases (oncological, hematological, mental, etc.), as well as disabled people of the Great Fatherland, the 1941-45 war and children under the age of 1 year, medications are dispensed free of charge not only for inpatient, but also outpatient clinics. treatment. State social insurance provides for the payment of benefits in case of temporary incapacity for work, pregnancy and childbirth (see Protection of motherhood and childhood); Most of the expenses for sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation, medical nutrition, and health treatments are paid. work among children, adolescents, and students. In the sphere of 3. 6 million people are employed, including St. 1 million doctors and St. 2.8 million people avg. honey. personnel.

Out-of-hospital care is provided in local areas. principle providing max. proximity to us. and continuity of treatment and prophylaxis. service. In the beginning. 1980s there was St. 35 thousand clinics and outpatient clinics; for every 2 thousand adults. the position of a local general practitioner is allocated, who, in addition to medical care, provides preventive care. Events. Plot-territory The principle is also the basis for organizing out-of-hospital care for women and children. A network of women has been created. consultations, children's clinics and outpatient clinics. 80% of patients receive medical care in outpatient clinics and clinics, which indicates the high effectiveness of this type of care. St. also howled. 23 thousand inpatient medical institutions with 3324 thousand beds (12.5 beds per 1 hour). There are multidisciplinary and specialized ones. hospitals, on the basis of which specialized hospitals have been created. centers of regional, interregional, republican and all-Union significance. Every year an ambulance. assistance is provided (outpatient and on-site; including cardiology, intensive care, children's and other specialized teams) to more than 80 million sick and injured people. A wide network of medical services has been deployed. institutions for medical-san. services for workers, medical services have been created at large enterprises. parts. All this made it possible to bring honey as close as possible. assistance to the place of work. Honey. serving us. sat down The area is organized taking into account the economic-geographical and demographic features and is built on the principle of staging of medical care. help. Out-of-hospital care is provided in the hospital. outpatient clinics and at medical and obstetric stations; inpatient treatment is carried out in district, central, district, regional, regional and republican centers. hospitals.

Honey. service in general and above all preventative. the activities of bodies 3. play an important role in the implementation of the government's demographic plan. policy, in ensuring a favorable demographic trend. processes. Means. (compared to pre-revolutionary times) decrease in general and infant. mortality, increase avg. life expectancy, improvement in physical indicators. developments are largely associated with a radical improvement in dignity. state of the country, with the elimination of some and a sharp decrease in others infections. diseases, systematic implementation of preventive measures. and anti-epidemic measures, a constant increase in the level of honey. assistance, effective activities to raise a healthy generation. Women's work consultations, children's clinics and outpatient clinics not only helps to reduce maternal and infant mortality. mortality, but also ensures proper physical. development of children, prevents the occurrence of diseases, laying the foundation for health and active longevity. The work of outpatient clinics is especially important in this regard. institutions for medical examination and prevention. examinations of sick and healthy persons, which ensures prevention, early detection and timely treatment of various. forms of non-infectious diseases and ultimately contributes to increasing the life expectancy and working capacity of citizens.

The importance of this work increases due to changes in fundamentals. type of pathology: in the USSR non-infectious. diseases (cardiovascular, oncological, endocrine, chronic respiratory diseases) are the main ones. cause of death, disability and temporary incapacity for us. To prevent them, it is planned to implement a broad program of primary prevention, in which the leading place is occupied by the fight for a healthy lifestyle, the elimination of bad habits, and the identification of people with the so-called. risk factors, i.e. those who, due to conditions or lifestyle, are likely to develop a disease, and persons with initial manifestations of the disease - to provide timely treatment and preventive care.

The most important preventive measures. functions are carried out by the san.-epidemiological. service, the region provides control over compliance by all enterprises, institutions, organizations and departments. citizens of existing dignity. standards (which eliminates or significantly reduces the impact on the body of unfavorable factors of the natural and industrial environment), and also organizes sanitary and hygienic procedures. and anti-epidemic events. Preventative the direction of the owls. 3. The system of prof. adopted in the USSR also reflects. selection and periodic honey. inspections.

The system of organization 3. in the USSR has stood the test of time and received international recognition. confession. In the resolution adopted by the 23rd World Assembly 3. (1970) on the basic. principles of national development services 3. important principles and provisions of socialist. 3. recognized as the most effective and recommended to all member states of the World Organization 3. (WHO) for use when choosing a medical organization scheme. help us. The Sov system is highly rated. 3. received at the International. conference on primary health care. assistance (1978, Alma-Ata).

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

According to statistics, today a quarter of sick Russians do not go to doctors. Approximately the same number of people turn in rarely, when, as they say, they are very impatient. And only 44% – that is, less than half – believe that for any, even the most minor, illness such as a runny nose, “people in white coats” cannot be avoided.

Some more medical statistics

The latest statistics state that only 8% of Russians use the services of paid clinics and hospitals. Moreover, the increase in those wishing to entrust their health to medical businessmen is negligible: only 2% over 10 years. About half of our fellow citizens continue to seek medical care if necessary. government agencies. However, two-thirds of this majority are categorically dissatisfied with the quality of medical care, complaining of inattention, rudeness and incompetence of medical staff. Why do people, like the hedgehogs from the proverb, “prick, cry, but continue to chew cactus”? They simply don’t see the difference between a paid and a free visit. Not based on time (paid doctors act faster) – based on results. And if, as a popular advertising slogan claims, you can’t see the difference, why pay more, or pay at all?

And some 25 years ago it was different. What happened, why, with all the latest advances in medicine, did we stop trusting it? Why are innovations in pharmaceuticals and medical technology often unimpressive and unexciting? Why is the treatment prescribed modern doctor, despite the use of the most modern drugs, often turns out to be ineffective? To answer all these “whys”, we suggest doing a little comparative analysis healthcare in the USSR and post-Soviet Russia.

1. Medical care in the USSR was free. Moreover, Soviet citizens did not require any medical insurance policies. To receive medical care anywhere in the Soviet Union, adults only needed a passport, and children only needed a birth certificate. True, there were paid clinics in the USSR, but
firstly, there were negligibly few of them, and secondly, they worked in them the most experienced doctors, often with academic degrees.

Today, there is also the appearance of an alternative: you can go to the district clinic, or you can go to a paid one. In the first case, you need to get a certificate to see a doctor a week or two in advance - this is if the queue for a therapist or highly specialized specialists sometimes stretches for six months. In the second, you will be served quickly, but it is far from certain that it will be of high quality (why - more on that below). And in both cases, you will be prescribed a bunch of expensive medications. Only a paid doctor will definitely schedule a repeat visit, or even more than one, because every visit you make is his income.

2. Soviet doctors received an excellent education. Suffice it to say that by 1922, an additional 16 new ones had been opened in universities in the young country of the Soviets. medical faculties. Serious reforms in the field medical education occurred in the late 60s: it was then that the time of study in medical universities increased to seven years.

Today, almost everyone can “treat”: both those who trained to be doctors and those who simply bought a diploma from a medical school. And even those who have no education at all, not even a secondary education. And they “treat”. Everyone who is not too lazy. How successful is another question. The main thing is to run good advertising to provide yourself with daily work. And this advertising works great to the delight of enterprising medical managers, because every visit you make to a paid doctor is his income.

3. Soviet doctors received fixed salaries regardless of the number of patients received. Therefore, they could afford a leisurely and thorough examination of the patient, which resulted in a more accurate diagnosis.

Today, despite the latest diagnostic equipment, the number of incorrect diagnoses and, as a result, incorrectly prescribed treatment increases every year. Often doctors in paid clinics patients' tests are simply confused, as the author of these lines has repeatedly seen. And the notorious rush is to blame for everything: you need to have time to see as many sick people as possible, because every visit you make to a paid doctor is his income.

4. One of the fundamental ideas of Soviet healthcare was the prevention of epidemics and severe chronic diseases. Over the course of 73 years, the USSR managed to sharply reduce child mortality, forget about epidemics of typhus and cholera, completely eradicate malaria and abolish smallpox vaccinations as unnecessary. Doctors visited enterprise employees directly at their workplaces for medical examinations and vaccinations. For the same purposes, doctors visited kindergartens and schools. No matter how much Soviet schoolchildren shook at the sight of a dental chair or a syringe with a vaccine in the hands of a nurse, it was almost impossible to avoid vaccinations or dental treatment.

IN modern Russia Serious attention is also paid to disease prevention: general medical examination of the population is carried out, routine and seasonal vaccinations are given, and the latest flu vaccines have appeared. But diseases also appeared that were not even heard of in the Soviet Union: AIDS, swine and bird flu, Ebola fever... True, the most progressive scientists claim that these “newfangled” diseases were created artificially, and AIDS as a disease does not exist at all. And these diseases are also introduced artificially, so that later there will be someone to treat. After all, every visit you make to a doctor (paid or not, it doesn’t matter) is his income.

5. And, perhaps, the shortest, but very significant difference between Soviet medicine and post-Soviet medicine: in the USSR, for doctors we were patients, for modern doctors we are clients... Eloquently, right?

P.S. Ironically, while this article was being written, the local news reported the following:“Drugs costing less than 50 rubles may disappear from pharmacies. Manufacturers claim that they produce paracetamol, validol, corvalol, citramon, Activated carbon and other cheap medicines have become unprofitable, and they are forced to work at a loss. The Federal Antimonopoly Service proposed increasing the prices of cheap drugs by 5 rubles, but representatives pharmaceutical companies They replied that such a meager increase did not suit them. They also believe that cheap drugs are not in demand and simply overstock pharmacies, while consumers give preference to expensive imported drugs that are considered more effective.”

True, the last statement of the head of the pharmaceutical company clearly smacks of an order... Although, maybe he simply does not know what the income of the main consumers of his products is - the disabled and pensioners? That’s why I’m sure that they prefer to buy advertised foreign products for several hundred and even thousands of rubles. Really, how would he know that...

Healthcare- a system of state and public measures to protect public health. In the USSR and other socialist states, concern for health population is a national task, in the implementation of which all parts of the state and public system take part.
In pre-revolutionary Russia there was no state healthcare organization. The opening of hospitals, outpatient clinics and other medical institutions was carried out by various departments and organizations without a unified state plan and in quantities that were extremely insufficient to meet the needs of protecting public health. Private practitioners occupied a significant place in medical care for the population (especially urban ones).
For the first time, tasks in the field of protecting workers' health were developed by V.I. Lenin. The Party Program, written by V.I. Lenin and adopted by the Second Congress of the Party in 1903, put forward demands for an eight-hour working day, a complete ban on child labor, a ban on the work of women in hazardous industries, the organization of nurseries for children at enterprises, free medical care for workers account of entrepreneurs, state insurance of workers and the establishment of an appropriate sanitary regime in enterprises.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Party Program adopted at the VIII Congress in 1919 identified the main tasks of the Party and the Soviet government in the field of protecting the health of the people. In accordance with this Program, the theoretical and organizational foundations of Soviet healthcare were developed.
The main principles of Soviet healthcare were: state the nature and plannedness of the preventive direction, universal accessibility, free and high quality medical care, the unity of medical science and healthcare practice, the participation of the public and the broad masses of workers in the activities of healthcare bodies and institutions.
On the initiative of V.I. Lenin, the VIII Congress of the Party decided to resolutely carry out such measures in the interests of workers as improving the health of populated areas, organizing public catering on a scientific and hygienic basis, preventing infectious diseases, creating sanitary legislation, and organizing the fight against tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and alcoholism and other social diseases, providing publicly available qualified medical care and treatment.
24/1 1918 V.I. Lenin signed decree on the formation of the Council of Medical Colleges, and 11/VII 1918 - decree on the establishment of the People's Commissariat of Health.
Lenin's decrees on land, on the nationalization of large-scale industry, on the eight-hour working day created the political, economic and social-hygienic prerequisites for improving the material well-being of workers and peasants, and thereby strengthening their health, improving working and living conditions. Decrees on health insurance, on the nationalization of pharmacies, on the Council of Medical Colleges, on the creation of the People's Commissariat of Health and many others raised health problems to the level of national, national tasks. V.I. Lenin signed over 100 decrees on the organization of healthcare. They provide guidance on all important areas of workers' health. They reflect the policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet government in resolving the most important health problems.