Sentences with expressive means from works. Means of artistic expression (visual and expressive means). What are the stylistic figures?

Means of speech expression- this is one of the most important factors thanks to which the Russian language is famous for its richness and beauty, which has been sung more than once in the poems and immortal works of Russian literary classics. To this day, Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. This is facilitated by the huge number of means of expression that are present in our language, making it rich and multifaceted. Today there is no clear classification of means of expression, but two conventional types can still be distinguished: stylistic figures and tropes.

Stylistic figures- these are speech patterns that the author uses in order to achieve maximum expressiveness, which means it is better to convey the necessary information or meaning to the reader or listener, as well as give the text an emotional and artistic coloring. Stylistic figures include such means of expression as antithesis, parallelism, anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora and others.

Trails- these are figures of speech or words that are used by the author in an indirect, allegorical meaning. These means of artistic expression- an integral part of any work of art. The tropes include metaphors, hyperboles, litotes, synecdoche, metonymies, etc.

The most common means of expression.

As we have already said, there are a very large number of means of lexical expression in the Russian language, so in this article we will consider those that can most often be found not only in literary works, but also in the everyday life of each of us.

1. Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) is a type of trope based on exaggeration. Through the use of hyperbole, the meaning is enhanced and the desired impression is made on the listener, interlocutor or reader. For example: sea ​​of ​​tears; Ocean Love.
2. Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transference) is one of the most important means of speech expressiveness. This trope is characterized by the transfer of characteristics of one object, creature or phenomenon to another. This trope is similar to a comparison, but the words “as if”, “as if”, “as” are omitted, but everyone understands that they are implied: tarnished reputation; glowing eyes; seething emotions.
3. Epithet(Greek epitheton - application) is a definition that gives the most ordinary things, objects and phenomena an artistic coloring. Examples of epithets: golden summer; flowing hair; wavy fog.

   IMPORTANT. Not every adjective is an epithet. If an adjective indicates clear characteristics of a noun and does not carry any artistic meaning, then it is not an epithet: green grass; wet asphalt; bright sun.

4. Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, contradiction) - another means of expressiveness that is used to enhance drama and is characterized by a sharp contrast of phenomena or concepts. Very often the antithesis can be found in poetry: “You are rich, I am very poor; you are a prose writer, I am a poet...” (A.S. Pushkin).
5. Comparison- a stylistic figure, the name of which speaks for itself: when comparing, one object is compared with another. There are several ways in which comparison can be presented:

   - noun (“…storm haze the sky covers...").

   A figure of speech that contains the conjunctions “as if”, “as if”, “as”, “like” (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot).

   - subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything became quiet, as if there was no such liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

6. Phraseologisms- a means of lexical expressiveness of speech, which, unlike others, cannot be used by the author individually, since it is, first of all, a stable phrase or phrase peculiar only to the Russian language ( neither fish nor fowl; play the fool; how the cat cried).
7. Personification is a trope that is characterized by endowing inanimate objects and phenomena with human properties (And the forest came to life - the trees spoke, the wind began to sing in the tops of fir trees).

In addition to the above, there are the following means of expression, which we will consider in the next article:

• Allegory
• Anaphora
• Gradation
• Inversion
• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Lexical repetition
• Irony
• Metonymy
• Oxymoron
• Multi-Union
• Litotes
• Sarcasm
• Ellipsis
• Epiphora and others.

Comparison- This is a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another on some basis, based on their similarity. The comparison can be expressed:

– through the use of conjunctions (as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, like, than):

I am moved, silently, tenderly

I admire you like a child!

(A.S. Pushkin);

– form of the instrumental case: And the net, lying on the sand like a thin through shadow, moves, continuously grows with new rings(A.S. Serafimovich);

– using words like similar, similar: The rich are not like you and me(E. Hemingway);

– using negation:

I'm not such a bitter drunkard,

So that I can die without seeing you.

(S.A. Yesenin);

– comparative degree of an adjective or adverb:

Tidier than fashionable parquet

The river shines, covered in ice.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Metaphor- This is the transfer of the name (properties) of one object to another on the basis of their similarity in some respect or by contrast. This is the so-called hidden (or shortened) comparison, in which the conjunctions as if, as if, as if... are missing. For example: lush gold of the autumn forest(K.G. Paustovsky).

Varieties of metaphor are personification and reification.

Personification- This is an image of inanimate objects in which they are endowed with properties, traits of living beings. For example: And the fire, trembling and wavering in the light, restlessly glanced with red eyes at the cliff that protruded for a second from the darkness(A.S. Serafimovich).

Reification- This is the likening of living beings to inanimate objects. For example: The front rows lingered, the back ones became thicker, and the flowing human river stopped, just as noisy waters stop in silence, blocked in their channel.(A.S. Serafimovich).

Metonymy- This is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on the associative contiguity of these objects. For example: The entire gymnasium is in hysterical convulsive sobs.(A.S. Serafimovich).

Synecdoche(a type of metonymy)- this is the ability of a word to name both the whole through its part, and a part of something through the whole. For example: Flashed black visors, bottle boots, jackets, black coats(A.S. Serafimovich).

Epithet- This is an artistic definition that emphasizes any attribute (property) of an object or phenomenon, which is a definition or circumstance in a sentence. The epithet can be expressed:

– adjective:

Cabbage blue freshness.

And red maples in the distance.

The last gentle tenderness

Quiet autumn land.

(A. Zhigulin);

– noun: Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers(M.Yu. Lermontov);

- adverb: And the midday waves rustle sweetly(A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbola is a means of artistic depiction based on excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: The sidewalk whirlwinds swept the pursuers themselves so hard that they sometimes overtook their hats and came to their senses only when they touched the feet of the bronze figure of Catherine’s nobleman standing in the middle of the square (And.A . Ilf, E.P. Petrov).

Litotes is an artistic technique based on downplaying any properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: Tiny toy people sit for a long time under the white mountains near the water, and grandfather’s eyebrows and rough mustache move angrily(A.S. Serafimovich).

Allegory- This is an allegorical expression of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image. For example:

You will say: windy Hebe,

Feeding Zeus's eagle,

A loud boiling goblet from the sky,

Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.

(F.I. Tyutchev)

Irony- this is an allegory expressing ridicule when a word or statement in the context of speech takes on a meaning that is directly opposite to the literal one or casts doubt on it. For example:

“Did you sing everything? this business:

So come and dance!”

(I.A. Krylov)

Oxymoron- This is a paradoxical phrase in which contradictory (mutually exclusive) properties are attributed to an object or phenomenon. For example: Diderot was right when he said that art lies in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary and the ordinary in the extraordinary.(K.G. Paustovsky).

Periphrase- This is the replacement of a word with an allegorical descriptive expression. For example: Direct duty obliged us to enter this terrifying crucible of Asia(this is how the author called the smoking bay of Kara-Bugaz) (K.G. Paustovsky).

Antithesis- opposition of images, concepts, properties of objects or phenomena, which is based on the use of antonyms. For example:

I had everything, suddenly lost everything;

The dream has just begun… the dream has disappeared!

(E. Baratynsky)

Repeat- This is the repeated use of the same words and expressions. For example: My friend, my dear friend… I love… yours… yours!..(A.S. Pushkin).

The types of repetition are anaphora and epiphora.

Anaphora (unity of principle) - this is the repetition of initial words in adjacent lines, stanzas, phrases. For example:

You are full of an immense dream,

You are full of mysterious melancholy.

(E. Baratynsky)

Epiphora- This is the repetition of final words in adjacent lines, stanzas, phrases. For example:

We do not value earthly happiness,

We are used to valuing people;

We both will not change ourselves,

But they can’t change us.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Gradation- This is a special grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence with a gradual increase (or decrease) of semantic and emotional significance. For example:

And for him they rose again

And deity and inspiration,

And life, and tears, and love.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism- This is a repetition of a type of adjacent sentences or phrases in which the order of the words coincides, at least partially. For example:

I'm bored without you – I yawn;

I feel sad when you are there – I tolerate…

(A.S. Pushkin)

Inversion - this is a violation of the generally accepted order of words in a sentence, rearrangement of parts of a phrase. For example:

There is no time in the mountains, full of heartfelt thoughts,

Over the sea I eked out a thoughtful laziness…

(A.S. Pushkin)

Ellipsis - this is the omission of individual words (usually easily restored in context) to give the phrase additional dynamism. For example: Afinogenych transported pilgrims less and less often. For whole weeks - no one(A.S. Serafimovich).

Parcellation- an artistic technique in which a sentence is intonationally divided into separate segments, graphically highlighted as independent sentences. For example: They didn’t even look at the man brought, one of the thousands who were here. Searched. Made measurements. We wrote down the signs(A.S. Serafimovich).

Rhetorical question (appeal, exclamation) – This is a question (address, exclamation) that does not require an answer. Its function is to attract attention and enhance the impression. For example: What's in a name?(A.S. Pushkin)

Asyndeton- deliberate omission of conjunctions to make speech dynamic. For example:

Lure with exquisite attire,

Playing with the eyes, brilliant conversation...

(E. Baratynsky)

Multi-Union- This is the deliberate repetition of conjunctions in order to slow down speech with forced pauses. At the same time, the semantic significance of each word highlighted by the conjunction is emphasized. For example:

And every tongue that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Phraseologisms, synonyms and antonyms are also used as means to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Phraseological unit, or phraseological unit- This is a stable combination of words that functions in speech as an expression indivisible in terms of meaning and composition: lie on the stove, fight like a fish against ice, day or night.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, close in meaning. Types of synonyms:

– general language: brave - brave;

– contextual:

You will hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd:

But you remain firm, calm and gloomy.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Antonyms- These are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Types of antonyms:

– general language: kind angry;

– contextual:

I give up my place to you:

It's time for me to smolder, for you to bloom.

(A.S. Pushkin)

As you know, the meaning of a word is most accurately determined in the context of speech. This allows, in particular, to determine the value multi-valued words, and also to differentiate homonyms(words of the same part of speech that have the same sound or spelling, but have different lexical meanings: tasty fruit is a reliable raft, marriage in work is a happy marriage).

Comparison is a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another on some basis, based on their similarity. The comparison can be expressed:

By using conjunctions (as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, like, than):

I am moved, silently, tenderly, admiring you like a child! (A.C.

Pushkin);

Form of the instrumental case: And the net, lying on the sand as a thin through shadow, moves, continuously grows in new rings (A.S. Serafimovich);

Using words like similar, similar: The rich are not like you and me (E. Hemingway);

Using negation:

I’m not such a bitter drunkard that I could die without seeing you. (S.A. Yesenin);

Comparative degree of an adjective or adverb:

Neater than fashionable parquet The river shines, dressed in ice. .(A.S. Pushkin)

Metaphor is the transfer of the name (properties) of one object to another on the basis of their similarity in some respect or by contrast. This is the so-called hidden (or abbreviated) comparison, in which the conjunctions as, as if, as if... are absent. For example: the lush gold of the autumn forest (K.G. Paustovsky).

Varieties of metaphor are personification and reification.

Personification is an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with properties, traits of living beings. For example: And the fire, trembling and wavering in the light, restlessly glanced with red eyes at the cliff that protruded for a second from the darkness (A.S. Serafimovich).

Reification is the assimilation of living beings to inanimate objects. For example: The front rows lingered, the back rows became thicker, and the flowing human river stopped, just as noisy waters, blocked in their channel, stop in silence (A.S. Serafimovich).

Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on the associative contiguity of these objects. For example: The entire gymnasium is in hysterical convulsive sobs (A.S. Serafimovich).

Synecdoche (a type of metonymy) is the ability of a word to name both the whole through its part, and a part of something through the whole. For example: Black visors, boots like a bottle, jackets, black coats flashed (A.S. Serafimovich).

An epithet is an artistic definition that emphasizes any attribute (property) of an object or phenomenon, which is a definition or circumstance in a sentence. The epithet can be expressed:

Adjective:

Cabbage blue freshness. And red maples in the distance. The last gentle tenderness of the silent autumn land.

(A. Zhigulin);

Noun: Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers (M.Yu. Lermontov);

Adverb: And the midday waves rustle sweetly (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a means of artistic depiction based on excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: The sidewalk whirlwinds rushed the pursuers themselves so hard that they sometimes overtook their headdresses and came to their senses only by touching the feet of the bronze figure of Catherine’s nobleman, who stood in the middle of the square (IL. Ilf, E.P. Petrov).

Litotes is an artistic technique based on downplaying any properties of an object or phenomenon. For example: Tiny toy people sit for a long time under the white mountains near the water, and the grandfather’s eyebrows and rough mustache move angrily (A.S. Serafimovich).

Allegory is an allegorical expression of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image. For example:

You will say: windy Hebe, Feeding Zeus's eagle, spilled a loud-boiling cup from the sky, laughing, onto the ground.

(F.I. Tyutchev)

Irony is an allegory that expresses ridicule when a word or statement in the context of speech takes on a meaning that is directly opposite to the literal one or calls it into question. For example:

“Did you sing everything? this business:

So come and dance!” (I.A. Krylov)

An oxymoron is a paradoxical phrase in which contradictory (mutually exclusive) properties are attributed to an object or phenomenon. For example: Diderot was right when he said that art lies in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary and the ordinary in the extraordinary (K.G. Paustovsky).

A periphrasis is the replacement of a word with an allegorical descriptive expression. For example: Direct duty obliged us to enter this terrifying crucible of Asia (as the author called the smoking Kara-Bugaz Bay) (K.G.

Paustovsky).

Antithesis is the opposition of images, concepts, properties of objects or phenomena, which is based on the use of antonyms. For example:

I had everything, suddenly lost everything; As soon as the dream began... the dream disappeared! (E. Baratynsky)

Repetition is the repeated use of the same words and expressions. For example: My friend, \ my tender friend... I love... yours... yours!.. (A.C. Pushkin).

Varieties of repetition are anaphora and epi-phora.

Anaphora (single beginning) is the repetition of initial words in adjacent lines, stanzas, and phrases. For example-1 measure:

You are all full of an immense dream, You are all full of mysterious melancholy. (E. Baratynsky)

Epiphora is the repetition of final words in adjacent lines, stanzas, phrases. For example:

We do not value earthly happiness, We are accustomed to valuing people; Both of us will not change ourselves, But they cannot change us.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Gradation is a special grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence with a gradual increase (or | decrease) of semantic and emotional significance. I For example:

And for him, both deity and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love were resurrected again. (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is a repetition of a type of adjacent sentences or phrases in which the order of the words coincides, at least partially. For example:

I'm bored without you - I yawn; I feel sad in front of you - I endure... (A.S. Pushkin)

Inversion is a violation of the generally accepted order of words in a sentence, a rearrangement of parts of a phrase. For example:

There was once in the mountains, full of heartfelt thoughts, Over the sea I eked out thoughtful laziness... (A.S. Pushkin)

Ellipsis is the omission of individual words (usually easily restored in context) to give the phrase additional dynamism. For example: Afinogenych transported pilgrims less and less often. For whole weeks - no one (A.S. Serafimovich).

Parcellation is an artistic technique in which a sentence is intonationally divided into separate segments, graphically highlighted as independent sentences. For example: They didn’t even look at the one brought here, one of the thousands who were here. Searched. Made measurements. We wrote down the signs (A.S. Serafimovich).

A rhetorical question (address, exclamation) is a question (address, exclamation) that does not require an answer. Its function is to attract attention and enhance the impression. For example: What is in my name for you? (A.S. Pushkin)

Non-union is the deliberate omission of conjunctions to make speech dynamic. For example:

To lure with exquisite attire, play of the eyes, brilliant conversation... (E. Baratynsky)

Polyunion is the deliberate repetition of conjunctions in order to slow down speech with forced pauses. At the same time, the semantic significance of each word highlighted by the conjunction is emphasized. For example:

And every tongue that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk. (A.S. Pushkin)

Phraseologisms, synonyms and antonyms are also used as means to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Phraseological unit, or phraseological unit -

this is a stable combination of words that functions: in speech as an expression indivisible in terms of meaning and composition: lie on the stove, fight like a fish on ice, [ neither day nor night.

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech; close in meaning. Types of synonyms:

General language: brave - brave;

Contextual:

You will hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd: But you remain firm, calm and gloomy. (A.S. Pushkin)

In our speech and especially in fiction, means of verbal expressiveness are widely used to more accurately convey the thoughts and feelings of the author. They can be divided into phonetic, syntactic and lexical. Our article is devoted to the latter.

Lexical means of expressive speech

As the name suggests, we are talking about those means of expression that are associated with the lexical meaning of words. These are, for example, tropes - words used in a figurative meaning. Lexical ones also include lexical repetition, oxymoron, periphrasis and others associated not only with the word itself, but also with its environment. In the proposed table, lexical means of expression in the Russian language, phonetic and syntactic, are given in a list.

Means of expression

Let us consider some of these means of expressiveness in more detail using linguistic and literary material.

Paths in Russian

Metaphor

Metaphor is the use of a word in a figurative meaning based on the principle of similarity; sometimes called implicit comparison. For example, in Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem we read “And the green of my eyes, and my gentle voice, and the gold of my hair”. Here the word “gold” is used in a figurative sense based on the principle of similarity to color.

In literature one can find extended metaphors, when the same image is revealed over several phrases or even an entire work; An example is the poem by S. Yesenin “The golden grove dissuaded...”, built on several extended metaphors.

Metonymy

Transferring meaning based on the principle of contiguity. For example, in the everyday expression “the kettle has boiled” the metonymy is used: The kettle is not boiling, the water in the kettle is boiling.

Synecdoche

It is close to the previous means, sometimes it is even considered a special case of metonymy. This is the use of a part instead of a whole or vice versa. We find an example of the use of synecdoche in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Bronze Horseman”: “All the flags will come to visit us”. The poet used the word "flags" instead of "countries".

Epithet

This is a bright, colorful definition that characterizes a concept or phenomenon. Epithets are very common in poetic speech. For example, in S. Yesenin we read: “I would like to get lost in the greenery of your hundred-belled ones” (the epithet is the word for “hundred-belled ones”).

Oral folk art is characterized by so-called “constant” epithets: “good fellow”, “red maiden”, “clear moon”, etc.

Comparison

A visual medium based on comparison of one object or phenomenon with another.

Comparison can be made using a comparative phrase or a comparative clause.

Comparisons can also be made using the instrumental case. For example, “he fell to the ground like a stone” = like a stone.

In A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem” we read: “They took you away at dawn, she followed you, as if on a takeaway...” Here the comparison is framed in a comparative phrase.

Occasionalisms

Some words invented by writers have now entered our language and become commonly used, for example, the word “pilot”, created by V. Khlebnikov.

Periphrase

This is a descriptive statement used instead of directly naming an object or phenomenon. For example, from A.S. Pushkin: “I love you, Petra’s creation!” The paraphrase “Petra creation” means St. Petersburg.

The real genius of periphrasis was M. A. Bulgakov. For example, in the novel “The Master and Margarita” we read: “...the one whom, just recently, poor Ivan convinced at the Patriarch’s that the devil does not exist. This non-existent one was sitting on the bed.” All this means Woland.

The purposes of using paraphrase are different:

• etiquette(instead of curse words or words that for some reason are considered indecent, for example relating to physiological functions);
• religious or dictated by superstition(“evil” instead of “demon”, “deceased” instead of “dead”; this also includes the names of animals associated with ancient beliefs: bear, etc.);
• strictly literary: for beauty or to avoid an unjustified tautology.

To add brightness to speech, enhance its emotional sound, give it an expressive coloring, and also attract the attention of readers and listeners to words, special means of expressive language are used. Such figures of speech are distinguished by great diversity.

Speech expressive means are divided into several categories: they are phonetic, lexical, and also related to syntax (syntactic), phraseological units (phraseological), tropes (speech figures with the opposite meaning). Expressive means of language are used everywhere, in various areas of human communication: from fiction to scientific journalism and simple everyday communication. Such expressive figures of speech are least often used in the business sphere due to their inappropriateness. As you might guess, means of expression and artistic language go hand in hand: they serve as the best auxiliary means for creating vivid literary images and conveying characters, helping the writer to better characterize the world of his work and more fully realize the intended plot.

Modern philologists do not offer us any clear classification of the expressive means of language into specific groups, but they can be conditionally divided into two types:

• trails;
• stylistic figures.

Tropes are figures of speech or individual words used in a non-literal meaning, using hidden meaning. Such expressive means of language are an important part of conveying the author’s artistic intent. Paths are represented by such individual phrases as metaphor, hyperbole, synecdoche, metonymy, litotes, etc.

Stylistic figures are expressive means used by the author of a work of art in order to convey to readers the greatest degree of feelings and characters of characters and situations. The correct use of stylistic figures allows you to better express the meaning of the text and give it the necessary coloring. Antithesis and anaphora, inversion and gradation, as well as epiphora, parallelism - these are all stylistic figures of speech.

The most commonly used means of expression in the Russian language

Earlier we talked about a wide variety of expressive lexical means of speech that help convey the desired emotional coloring. Let's figure out which means of expressiveness are used most often both in fiction and in everyday speech.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is based on the technique of exaggerating something. If the author wants to enhance the expressiveness of the figure being conveyed or to amaze the reader (listener), he uses hyperbole in speech.

Example: fast as lightning; I told you a hundred times!

Metaphor is one of the main figures of language expressiveness, without which the full transfer of properties from one object or living thing to others is unthinkable. Such a trope as a metaphor is somewhat reminiscent of a comparison, but the auxiliary words “as if”, “as if” and the like are not used, while the reader and listener feels their hidden presence.

Example: seething emotions; sunny smile; icy hands.

An epithet is a means of expression that colors even the simplest things and situations in expressive, bright colors.

Example: ruddy dawn; playful waves; languid look.

Please note: you cannot use the first adjective you come across as an epithet. If an existing adjective defines clear properties of an object or phenomenon, it should not be taken as an epithet ( wet asphalt, cold air, etc.)

Antithesis is a technique of expressive speech that is often used by the author to increase the degree of expression and drama of a situation or phenomenon. Also used to show a high degree of difference. Poets often use antithesis.

Example: « You are a prose writer - I am a poet, you are rich - I am very poor" (A.S. Pushkin).

Comparison is one of the stylistic figures, the name of which lies its functionality. We all know that when comparing objects or phenomena, they are directly opposed. In artistic and everyday speech, several techniques are used that help ensure that the comparison is successfully conveyed:

• comparison with the addition of a noun (“storm” haze the sky covers...");
• turnover with the addition of conjunctions of comparative color (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot);
• with the inclusion of a subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything became quiet, as if there was no such liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

Phraseologism is a figure of speech, one of the most popular means of expression in the Russian language. Compared to other tropes and stylistic figures, phraseological units are not compiled by the author personally, but are used in a ready-made, accepted form.

Example: like a bull in a china shop; make porridge; Play the fool.

Personification is a type of trope that is used when there is a desire to endow inanimate objects and everyday phenomena with human qualities.

Example: it is raining; nature rejoices; the fog is leaving.

In addition to those expressive means that were listed above, there are also a large number of expressive expressions that are not so often used, but are just as important for achieving richness of speech. These include the following means of expression:

• irony;
• litotes;
• sarcasm;
• inversion;
• oxymoron;
• allegory;
• lexical repetition;
• metonymy;
• inversion;
• gradation;
• multi-union;
• anaphora and many other tropes and stylistic figures.

The extent to which a person has mastered the techniques of expressive speech determines his success in society, and in the case of an author of fiction, his popularity as a writer. The absence of expressive phrases in everyday or artistic speech predetermines its wretchedness and the manifestation of little interest in it by readers or listeners.