Where did tambourines come from in Rus'? Musical instruments. Tambourine or Tambourine? Tambourine in the orchestra

They were used in ancient times by the peoples of the Middle East and the African continent to accompany warlike and religious dances and dances. Percussion instruments, the names of which are numerous, as are their types, are very common these days; not a single ensemble can do without them. These include those in which sound is produced by striking.

Classification

According to their musical qualities, that is, the possibility of extracting sounds of a particular pitch, all types of percussion instruments, the names of which are presented in this article, can be divided into 2 groups: with an indefinite pitch (cymbals, drums, etc.) and with a certain pitch ( xylophone, timpani). They are also divided depending on the type of vibrator (sounding body) into self-sounding (castanets, triangles, cymbals, etc.), plate (bells, vibraphones, xylophones, etc.) and membranous (tambourine, drums, timpani, etc.).

Now you know what types of percussion instruments there are. Let's say a few words about what determines the timbre and volume of their sound.

What determines the volume and timbre of sound?

The volume of their sound is determined by the amplitude of vibrations of the sounding body, that is, the force of the impact, as well as the size of the sounding body. Strengthening the sound in some instruments is achieved by adding resonators. The timbre that certain types of percussion instruments have depends on many factors. The main ones are the method of impact, the material from which the instrument is made, and the shape of the sounding body.

Webbed percussion instruments

The sounding body in them is a membrane or a stretched membrane. These include percussion instruments, the names of which are tambourine, drums, timpani, etc.

Timpani

Timpani is an instrument with a certain pitch, which has a metal body in the shape of a cauldron. A membrane made of tanned leather is stretched across the top of this cauldron. A special membrane made of polymer materials is currently used as a membrane. It is secured to the body using tension screws and a hoop. Screws located around the circumference loosen or tighten it. The timpani percussion instrument is tuned as follows: if you pull the membrane, the tuning becomes higher, and if you lower it, it will be lower. In order not to interfere with the membrane vibrating freely, there is a hole at the bottom for air movement. The body of this instrument is made of brass, copper or aluminum. Timpani are mounted on a tripod - a special stand.

This instrument is used in an orchestra in a set of 2, 3, 4 or more cauldrons of different sizes. The diameter of modern timpani ranges from 550 to 700 mm. There are the following types: pedal, mechanical and screw. Pedal instruments are the most common, since you can adjust the instrument to the required key without interrupting the game by pressing the pedal. Timpani have a sound volume approximately equal to a fifth. A large timpani is tuned below all the others.

Tulumbas

Tulumbas is an ancient percussion instrument (a type of timpani). It served in the 17th-18th centuries in the army, where it was used to give alarm signals. The shape is a pot-shaped resonator. This ancient percussion instrument (a type of timpani) can be made of metal, clay or wood. The top is covered with leather. This structure is hit with wooden bats. A dull sound is produced, somewhat reminiscent of a cannon shot.

Drums

We continue to describe the percussion instruments whose names were listed at the beginning of the article. Drums have an indefinite pitch. These include various percussion instruments. The names listed below all refer to reels (various varieties). There are large and small orchestral drums, large and small pop drums, as well as bongos, tom bass and tom tenor.

A large orchestral drum has a cylindrical body, covered on both sides with plastic or leather. It is characterized by a dull, low, powerful sound produced by a wooden mallet with a tip in the form of a felt or felt ball. Today, polymer film has begun to be used for drum membranes instead of parchment skin. It has better musical and acoustic properties and higher strength. The drum membranes are secured with tension screws and two rims. The body of this instrument is made of sheet steel and lined with artistic celluloid. It has dimensions 680x365 mm. The large stage drum has a design and shape similar to the orchestra drum. Its dimensions are 580x350 mm.

The small orchestral drum is a low cylinder, covered on both sides with plastic or leather. The membranes (membranes) are attached to the body using tightening screws and two rims. To give the instrument a specific sound, special strings or snares (spirals) are stretched over the lower membrane. They are driven by a reset mechanism. The use of synthetic membranes in drums has significantly improved operational reliability, musical and acoustic characteristics, presentation and service life. The small orchestra drum has dimensions of 340x170 mm. It is included in symphony and military brass bands. The small pop drum has a structure similar to the orchestra drum. Its dimensions are 356x118 mm.

Tom-tom-bass and tom-tom-tenor drums are no different in design. They are used in pop drum kits. The tenor tom is attached to the bass drum using a bracket. The tom-tom-bass is installed on a special stand on the floor.

Bongs are small drums with plastic or leather stretched on one side. They are included in the percussion stage set. The bongs are connected to each other by adapters.

As you can see, many percussion instruments are related to drums. The names listed above can be supplemented by including some less popular varieties.

Tambourine

A tambourine is a shell (hoop) with plastic or leather stretched on one side. Special slots are made in the body of the hoop. They have brass plates attached to them; they look like small orchestra cymbals. Inside the hoop, sometimes small rings and bells are strung on a spiral or on stretched strings. All this tinkles at the slightest touch of the tambourine, creating a special sound. The membrane is struck with the palm of the right hand (its base) or with the fingertips.

Tambourines are used to accompany songs and dances. In the East, the art of playing this instrument has achieved virtuosity. Solo tambourine playing is also common here. Dyaf, def or gaval is an Azerbaijani tambourine, haval or daf is Armenian, dayra is Georgian, doira is Tajik and Uzbek.

Plate percussion instruments

Let's continue to describe percussion musical instruments. Photos and names of plate drums are presented below. Such instruments that have a certain pitch include the xylophone, marimba (marimbaphone), metallophone, bells, bells, and vibraphone.

Xylophone

A xylophone is a set of wooden blocks of different sizes that correspond to sounds of different pitches. The blocks are made from rosewood, spruce, walnut, and maple. They are placed parallel in 4 rows, following the order of the chromatic scale. These blocks are attached to strong laces and are also separated by springs. A cord passes through the holes made in the blocks. The xylophone for playing is laid out on a table on rubber spacers, which are located along the cords of this instrument. It is played with two wooden sticks with a thickening at the end. This instrument is used for playing in an orchestra or for solo playing.

Metallophone and marimba

Metallophone and marimba are also percussion instruments. Do their photos and names mean anything to you? We invite you to get to know them better.

A metallophone is a musical instrument similar to a xylophone, but its sound plates are made of metal (bronze or brass). His photo is presented below.

Marimba (marimbaphone) is an instrument whose sounding elements are wooden plates. It also has metal tubular resonators installed to enhance the sound.

Marimba has a rich, soft timbre. Its sound range is 4 octaves. The playing plates of this instrument are made of rosewood. This ensures good musical and acoustic characteristics of this instrument. The plates are located in 2 rows on the frame. In the first row there are plates of basic tones, and in the second - halftones. Resonators installed in 2 rows on the frame are tuned to the sound frequency of the corresponding plates. A photo of this instrument is presented below.

The main components of the marimba are fixed to the support trolley. The frame of this cart is made of aluminum. This ensures sufficient strength and minimal weight. Marimba is used both for educational purposes and for professional playing.

Vibraphone

This instrument is a set of aluminum plates, chromatically tuned, which are arranged in 2 rows, similar to a piano keyboard. The plates are installed on a high table (bed) and secured with laces. In the center under each of them there are cylindrical resonators of a certain size. Through them pass in the upper part of the axis, on which fan fans (impellers) are fixed. This is how vibration is achieved. The damper device has this tool. It is connected under the stand to a pedal so that you can muffle the sound with your foot. The vibraphone is played using 2, 3, 4, and sometimes a large number of long sticks with rubber balls at the ends. This instrument is used in symphony orchestras, but more often in pop orchestras or as a solo instrument. His photo is presented below.

Bells

What percussion instruments can be used to reproduce bell ringing in an orchestra? The correct answer is bells. This is a set of percussion instruments used in symphony and opera orchestras for this purpose. The bells consist of a set (from 12 to 18 pieces) of cylindrical pipes that are tuned chromatically. Typically the pipes are chrome-plated steel or nickel-plated brass. Their diameter ranges from 25 to 38 mm. They are suspended on a special frame-rack, the height of which is about 2 m. Sound is produced by striking the pipes with a wooden hammer. The bells are equipped with a special device (pedal-damper) to dampen the sound.

Bells

This is a percussion instrument consisting of 23-25 ​​metal plates tuned chromatically. They are placed in steps in 2 rows on a flat box. The black piano keys correspond to the top row, and the white keys correspond to the bottom row.

Self-sounding percussion instruments

When talking about what types of percussion instruments there are (names and types), it is impossible not to mention self-sounding percussion instruments. The following instruments belong to this type: cymbals, tam-tams, triangles, rattles, maracas, castanets, etc.

Dishes

Plates are metal discs made of nickel silver or brass. A somewhat spherical shape is given to the disks of the plates. Leather straps are attached to the center. A long ringing sound is produced when they hit each other. Sometimes they use one plate. Then the sound is produced by hitting a metal brush or stick. They produce orchestral cymbals, gong cymbals and Charleston cymbals. They sound ringing and sharp.

Let's talk about what other percussion instruments there are. Photos with names and descriptions will help you get to know them better.

Orchestral triangle

An orchestra triangle (its photo is presented below) is a steel rod of an open triangular shape. When played, this instrument is hung freely and then struck with a metal stick, performing various rhythmic patterns. A triangle has a ringing, bright sound. It is used in various ensembles and orchestras. Triangles are available with two sticks made of steel.

A gong or tam-tam is a bronze disk with curved edges. Using a mallet with a felt tip, strike its center. The result is a dark, thick and deep sound, reaching its full strength gradually, not immediately after the impact.

Castanets and maracas

Castanets (photos of them are presented below) are from Spain. This ancient percussion instrument is shaped like shells tied with a cord. One of them faces the spherical (concave) side towards the other. They are made from plastic or hardwood. Castanets are produced single or double.

Maracas are balls made of plastic or wood, filled with shot (small pieces of metal) and decorated colorfully on the outside. They are equipped with a handle to make them comfortable to hold while playing. Various rhythmic patterns can be produced by shaking the maracas. They are used mainly in pop ensembles, but sometimes also in orchestras.

Rattles are sets of small plates mounted on a wooden plate.

These are the main names of percussion musical instruments. Of course, there are many more of them. We talked about the most famous and popular ones.

The drum kit that the pop ensemble has

In order to have a complete understanding of this group of instruments, it is also necessary to know the composition of percussion kits (sets). The most common composition is the following: a large and small drum, a large and small single cymbal, a paired hi-hat cymbal (Charleston), bongos, tom-tom alto, tom-tom tenor and tom-tom bass.

A large drum is installed on the floor in front of the performer, which has support legs for stability. Tom-tom alto and tom-tom tenor drums can be mounted on the top of the drum using brackets. It also has an additional stand on which the orchestra cymbal is mounted. The brackets that attach the tom-tom alto and tom-tom tenor to the bass drum regulate their height.

A mechanical pedal is an integral part of a bass drum. The performer uses it to extract sound from this musical instrument. A small pop drum must be included in the drum kit. It is secured with three clamps on a special stand: one retractable and two folding. The stand is installed on the floor. This is a stand that is equipped with a locking device for fixing in a certain position, as well as changing the inclination of the snare drum.

The snare drum has a muffler and reset device, which are used to adjust the tone. Also, a drum set sometimes includes several tom-tom tenors, tom-tom altos and tom-tom drums of different sizes.

Also (its photo is presented below) it includes orchestral cymbals with a stand, a chair and a mechanical stand for the Charleston. Maracas, triangles, castanets and other noise instruments are the accompanying instruments of this installation.

Spare parts and accessories

Spare accessories and parts for percussion instruments include: stands for orchestral cymbals, for snare drums, for Charleston cymbals, timpani sticks, a mechanical beater for a drum (large), sticks for a snare drum, pop drumsticks, orchestral brushes, mallets and bass drum leather, straps, cases.

Percussion instruments

It is necessary to distinguish between percussion keyboards and percussion instruments. Percussion keyboards include the piano and grand piano. The strings of a piano are arranged horizontally and are struck by a hammer from bottom to top. The piano is different in that the hammer strikes the strings in a direction away from the player. The strings are tensioned in a vertical plane. Grand piano and piano, due to the richness of sounds in terms of sound strength and height, as well as the great capabilities of these instruments, received a common name. Both instruments can be called in one word - “piano”. The piano is a stringed percussion instrument based on the way it produces sound.

The keyboard mechanism used in it is a system of levers interconnected, which serves to transfer the energy of the pianist’s fingers to the strings. It consists of mechanics and is a set of keys, the number of which may vary depending on the sound range of a particular instrument. The keys are usually lined with plastic covers. They are then mounted using pins on the keyboard frame. Each key has a pilot, capsule and overlay. It transmits the force of the pianist to the mechanical figure as a lever of the first kind. Mechanics are hammer mechanisms that convert the musician's force when pressing a key into a strike on the strings of the hammers. Hammers are made of hornbeam or maple, and their heads are covered with felt.

Varieties

- People's or ethnic, wooden rim with a stretched leather membrane. Depending on their purpose, tambourines come in all sorts of sizes. Instruments of this type are used for various ritual purposes, including by shamans. Their design may include small bells tied to a wire stretched under the membrane.

- Orchestral tambourine, the most common option, with a leather or plastic membrane and metal plates fixed in special slots on the rim. The instrument has firmly established itself in professional music, becoming one of the main percussion instruments of a symphony orchestra.

Tambourines of different cultures

Tambourine and tambourine

According to the Music Dictionary:

Tambourine

1. in Germany, the Basque drum (hand drum with bells, pandero [see], tambourine), used in Spain and southern Italy (also in the East) during tarantellas and other dances (in the hands of the dancer himself); t-m also means an ancient Provençal dance in a two-beat time signature and moderate movement accompanied by a Basque drum.
2. In France, on the contrary, the word tambourin refers to the type of long narrow drum used in Provence, which is played together with galoubet (a type of harmonic) by the same player. T. also serves as the name of a dance piece, the character of which is borrowed from the combination of instruments just mentioned (cf. Rameau, Suite in E), with an even time signature and a stationary bass - something like the music of bear guides.

Tambourine- It is a hoop several inches wide with calf or donkey skin stretched over it. Thin ringing metal plates are strung into holes cut around the circumference of the hoop, and bells, that is, metal balls with shot, are attached to its edges. To produce sound, they run a finger over the skin or hit it with a hand. B. is used as an accompanying instrument when transmitting folk or military songs, as well as in an orchestra when performing characteristic dances.

The traditional tambourine is included in the instrumentation of ethno-rock groups and other ethno-fusion trends (examples: H-Ural, "Bugotak (group)").

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Notes

Literature

• Solovyov N. F.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

An excerpt characterizing Tambourine

Kutuzov, through his spy, received news on November 1 that put the army he commanded in an almost hopeless situation. The scout reported that the French in huge numbers, having crossed the Vienna bridge, headed towards Kutuzov’s route of communication with the troops coming from Russia. If Kutuzov had decided to stay in Krems, then Napoleon’s army of one and a half thousand would have cut him off from all communications, surrounded his exhausted army of forty thousand, and he would have been in Mack’s position near Ulm. If Kutuzov had decided to leave the road that led to communications with troops from Russia, then he would have had to enter without a road into the unknown lands of the Bohemian
mountains, defending themselves from superior enemy forces, and abandoning all hope of communication with Buxhoeveden. If Kutuzov had decided to retreat along the road from Krems to Olmutz to join forces with troops from Russia, then he risked being warned on this road by the French who had crossed the bridge in Vienna, and thus being forced to accept battle on the march, with all the burdens and convoys, and dealing with an enemy three times his size and surrounding him on both sides.
Kutuzov chose this last exit.
The French, as the spy reported, having crossed the bridge in Vienna, were marching in an intensified march towards Znaim, which lay on Kutuzov’s retreat route, more than a hundred miles ahead of him. To reach Znaim before the French meant to have great hope of saving the army; to allow the French to warn themselves in Znaim would probably mean exposing the entire army to a disgrace similar to that of Ulm, or to general destruction. But it was impossible to warn the French with their entire army. The French road from Vienna to Znaim was shorter and better than the Russian road from Krems to Znaim.
On the night of receiving the news, Kutuzov sent Bagration’s four-thousand-strong vanguard to the right over the mountains from the Kremlin-Znaim road to the Vienna-Znaim road. Bagration had to go through this transition without rest, stop facing Vienna and back to Znaim, and if he managed to warn the French, he had to delay them as long as he could. Kutuzov himself, with all his hardships, set out for Znaim.
Having walked with hungry, shoeless soldiers, without a road, through the mountains, on a stormy night forty-five miles, having lost a third of the stragglers, Bagration went to Gollabrun on the Vienna Znaim road several hours before the French approached Gollabrun from Vienna. Kutuzov had to walk another whole day with his convoys to reach Znaim, and therefore, in order to save the army, Bagration, with four thousand hungry, exhausted soldiers, had to hold off for a day the entire enemy army that met him in Gollabrun, which was obvious , impossible. But a strange fate made the impossible possible. The success of that deception, which gave the Vienna bridge into the hands of the French without a fight, prompted Murat to try to deceive Kutuzov in the same way. Murat, having met Bagration’s weak detachment on the Tsnaim road, thought that it was the entire army of Kutuzov. In order to undoubtedly crush this army, he waited for the troops that had fallen behind on the road from Vienna and for this purpose proposed a truce for three days, with the condition that both troops would not change their positions and would not move. Murat insisted that negotiations for peace were already underway and that, therefore, avoiding useless shedding of blood, he was offering a truce. The Austrian general Count Nostitz, who was stationed at the outposts, believed the words of the envoy Murat and retreated, revealing Bagration’s detachment. Another envoy went to the Russian chain to announce the same news about peace negotiations and offer a truce to the Russian troops for three days. Bagration replied that he could not accept or not accept a truce, and with a report of the proposal made to him, he sent his adjutant to Kutuzov.
The truce for Kutuzov was the only way to gain time, give Bagration’s exhausted detachment a rest and allow convoys and loads to pass through (the movement of which was hidden from the French), although there was one extra march to Znaim. The offer of a truce provided the only and unexpected opportunity to save the army. Having received this news, Kutuzov immediately sent Adjutant General Wintzingerode, who was with him, to the enemy camp. Winzengerode had to not only accept the truce, but also offer terms of surrender, and meanwhile Kutuzov sent his adjutants back to hurry as much as possible the movement of convoys of the entire army along the Kremlin-Znaim road. The exhausted, hungry detachment of Bagration alone had to, covering this movement of the convoys and the entire army, remain motionless in front of an enemy eight times stronger.
Kutuzov's expectations came true both regarding the fact that the non-binding offers of surrender could give time for some of the convoys to pass through, and regarding the fact that Murat's mistake was to be revealed very soon. As soon as Bonaparte, who was in Schönbrunn, 25 versts from Gollabrun, received Murat’s report and the draft truce and capitulation, he saw the deception and wrote the following letter to Murat:
Au prince Murat. Schoenbrunn, 25 brumaire en 1805 a huit heures du matin.
“II m"est impossible de trouver des termes pour vous exprimer mon mecontentement. Vous ne commandez que mon avant garde et vous n"avez pas le droit de faire d"armistice sans mon ordre. Vous me faites perdre le fruit d"une campagne . Rompez l"armistice sur le champ et Mariechez a l"ennemi. Vous lui ferez declarer, que le general qui a signe cette capitulation, n"avait pas le droit de le faire, qu"il n"y a que l"Empereur de Russie qui ait ce droit.

Tambourine

Altai is a magical land with nature of amazing beauty, with golden mountains, blue lakes and low gorges, recognized by UNESCO as a World Natural Heritage Site, and repeatedly sung by poets. If anyone has been there at least once, they will remember it all their lives. A charming, magical place calms, leads to peace of mind and serenity in thoughts. However, another striking attraction of this region, in addition to its picturesque nature, are the famous Altai shamans, sorcerers, healers, who know how to communicate with spirits, see another reality and travel in it. Dressed in a national costume, decorated with feathers, skins and rings, the shaman dances a very spectacular dance to the beat of a tambourine, an ancient instrument with a rich and interesting history, heated over a fire. However, the tambourine is famous not only for being the main instrument of shamans. It is very popular all over the world; its amazing sound adorns the music of different nations, for example, the fiery dances of the gypsies. And in the east, many folk dances are performed only to the sound of the tambourine, where it is often used as the only accompanying instrument.

Read the history of the tambourine and many interesting facts about this musical instrument on our page.

Sound

A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument that has an indefinite pitch, so the rhythmic pattern played on a tambourine is recorded on one line. The instrument has a perky timbre, which is created by small rattling elements attached to the body of the tambourine. The result is an interesting drum sound combined with the ringing of bells.

Many people think that the tambourine is a fairly simple instrument and playing it does not require great skill, you just need to shake or hit it. However, this opinion is wrong. The performer on the instrument must have a good ear for music and a sense of rhythm, as well as be able to masterly wield the tambourine. It is usually customary to hold the instrument in the left hand and strike with the right, although many performers do exactly the opposite. They hold their right hand motionless and act with a tambourine - this is more difficult, but it looks and sounds much more graceful.

There are a lot of techniques for playing the tambourine, but the main ones are three: separate not very sharp blows, shaking and tremolo.

• The performer performs blows using the joints of the outer phalanges of the fingers.
• Shaking is a very frequent, almost convulsive tapping of the hand holding the instrument at the elbow or wrist; only the pendants produce sound.
• Tremolo - rapid shaking of the tambourine with the left hand.

Real virtuoso tambourine performers create entire performances from their performances - impressive shows. Like real jugglers, they toss the instrument, then intercept it. They hit the knees, chin, head and other parts of the body, even the nose, with a tambourine. They tremor effectively and can make the instrument howl.

Photo:

Interesting Facts

Design

The design of the tambourine, similar to a half-drum, is no different in complexity. The instrument consists of a wooden or metal rim - a shell, on which a membrane skin is stretched, which is the main source of sound. Six or eight holes are cut in the shell and a pair of small metal plates, similar in shape to orchestral cymbals, are installed in them on rigid fixed pins or wires. Some varieties of tambourines are equipped with bells - metal balls with shot or bells - as additional ringing elements. They are attached to wires stretched in a star shape inside the body of the instrument.

Varieties

The tambourine is one of the most common instruments. Its varieties are found in many parts of the world, but each instrument has its own distinctive features, for example:

• Daf, gaval, doira is the name of the same instrument used in Eastern countries. Its diameter ranges from 35 to 46 cm. The membrane is made of sturgeon skin. The instrument is played with the fingers or palm. Rings are used as hanging elements, the number of which can reach 70 pieces.
• Kanjira- an Indian instrument that has a higher sound compared to other types of tambourine. The diameter of the instrument is from 17 to 22 cm. The height of the rim is 5-10 cm. Lizard skin is used for the membrane. Only two metal plates are inserted into the rim.
• Boyran- Irish instrument. The diameter of the instruments is from 25 to 60 cm, the depth of the shell is 9-20 cm. The instrument is played with a single-sided or double-sided stick.
• Pandeiro- the instrument is very popular in Portugal and South America. In Brazil it is considered the soul of samba. The difference between the tool is that it has the ability to adjust.
• Tyungur- shamanic tambourine of the Altai and Yakuts. It has the shape of a circle or oval and is a rim covered with leather. To hold the instrument, the inner side of the tambourine is equipped with a vertical handle. Also on the inside of the tambourine there are rods on which metal pendants are suspended. Sometimes the leather membrane of a shaman's drum is decorated with a drawing - a shaman's map of the world.

Application

Despite the fact that the tambourine is a simple instrument, it is very versatile and its range of applications is very wide. First of all, the tambourine is widely used in ethnic music, as well as in the witchcraft practice of shamans. Secondly, he is a full member of all kinds of ensembles: folk instruments, gypsy and music ensembles of various modern styles. In addition, the tambourine is a full-fledged instrument in such orchestras as symphonic, brass, pop and orchestra of Russian folk instruments.

The instrument is very popular among young people, such as hipsters, and also plays a very important role in primary music education.

Story

How many centuries have passed since the first tambourine appeared on earth, no one can say for sure now. Perhaps its history began from the time when an ancient man, in order to make clothes for himself, learned to make skins, for this purpose he stretched them onto a wooden frame for drying.

Instruments, prototypes of the tambourine, have been known since antiquity. For example, the ancient percussion instrument tympanum, which is a one-sided drum, was widely used in Ancient Greece back in the 5th century BC, having arrived there from Thrace. In Greece, it quickly spread along with the cults of the gods Dionysus and Cybele. The ancient Greek playwrights Euripides and Athenaeus mentioned the tympanum in their works, and artists decorated dishes with images of the instrument, including ancient vases that have survived to this day.

In ancient Rome, tympanums were the name given to single-sided and double-sided percussion instruments; they were used not only in rituals dedicated to the gods, but also simply by street musicians.

Instruments similar to the tympanum were also used in the Middle East in Old Testament times, as evidenced by ancient texts. For example, the Jews used the tof frame drum in religious rites and ceremonies.

In Rus', the tambourine has also been known since archaic times, when there was no statehood yet, people were united by tribal unions and worshiped pagan gods. Instruments played an important role in the life of the Slavs: weddings, funerals, hunting - everything was accompanied by the sound of a tambourine. It was used in ritual rites and was the main instrument in the hands of priests.

However, art historians received more reliable information about the use of tambourines in Rus' from ancient chronicles dating back to the 10th century AD, describing the military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich. At that time, the general name tambourine was used to refer to all percussion instruments that were covered with leather on top.

Huge military tambourines were especially revered by the Russian people at that time. In military affairs, they performed very important functions: they carried out a conditional sound connection between squads, and also, with their ominous roar, influenced the psyche of enemies, instilling fear in them. The battle drums, which were very large in size and required the strength of four horses to transport, were

metal cauldrons covered with leather. Such tambourines were called alarms or tulumbas. The sound on them was produced by four or eight drummers using special beaters - horse whips with a wooden handle at one end and a leather-braided ball at the other. Such beaters were called waxes.

Each governor had a military tambourine in his squad, and the number of tambourines determined the size of the army.

Somewhat later, in the Middle Ages in Rus', the tambourine was widely used by bear guides and buffoons. The tambourine of that time was already more similar to a modern instrument, representing a not very wide wooden shell covered with leather, with bells and bells attached to the inside.

Bear fun, which has a long history, was a very favorite pastime among the Russian people. People of all ages willingly gathered to watch such performances. The bear bowed to the audience, marched like a soldier, playfully fought with its owner and danced with great pleasure on its hind legs, accompanying itself on the tambourine.

At the same time, tambourines were widely used by amusing buffoons, who not only amused the people by giving various performances, but were also obligatory participants in various life events: weddings and funerals. The buffoons kept the knowledge of the ancient Russian pagan priests-magi, they knew how to heal and predict the future, and also participated in pagan rituals and games.

The clergy and secular authorities were very dissatisfied with such activities of buffoons. They began to be persecuted, and their instruments were declared demonic. And in the middle of the 17th century, by special order of Prince Alexei Mikhailovich, buffoons began to be sent into exile and even executed, and buffoon musical instruments, including tambourines, were collected and destroyed. Russian national music has suffered significant losses.

The tambourine is a very interesting musical percussion instrument with a long history. Today, still being an important attribute of shamans and priests, it also finds active use in various musical styles and genres of modern music, and, of course, in folk art. Its sound lifts the mood, decorates the sound of musical compositions, bringing new amazing colors to them.

Video: listen to the tambourine

B uben is a musical percussion instrument in the form of a narrow round wooden shell with a leather membrane stretched on one side. Sometimes bells and bells are hung inside the shell, and rattling metal plates are inserted into the slots in the walls.

R The tambourine is common among many peoples: the Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shamanic drums with a long handle among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. You can read about shamanic tambourines on various sites; I would like to talk about the history of the tambourine in Rus'.

B Uben has been known to the Eastern Slavs since ancient times. They were especially widely used in military affairs and among buffoons. In earlier times, a tambourine was a percussion instrument with skin stretched over it. Perhaps, when the name “tambourine” appears in Russian chronicles, this should mean an instrument that later became known as a “drum”.

ABOUT The bottom of the descriptions of the tambourine along with pipes as a military musical instrument dates back to the 10th century. (960s) and included in the description of the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich. The number of tambourines in the army determined its strength. The tambourine served as a sign of command dignity; the performers on the tambourines were at the direct disposal of the squad leaders.

B The uben ratny was a cauldron with a stretched leather membrane. In ancient times, the membrane was struck using a wax - a beater in the form of a whip with a braided ball at the end. Military tambourines were used by both infantry and cavalry. There are known varieties of military tambourines: tulumbas and alarm bells.

P It is believed that the Russian alarm bells were of enormous size; 4 horses were used to transport them. And the sound, or rather the roar, was produced simultaneously by 8 alarm players. With the help of conventional signals of tambourines, sound communication was carried out in the Russian army, and various commands were given. During the battle, percussion instruments were combined with trumpets and surnas and created a roar that frightened the enemy.

IN In later centuries, the tambourine was widely used by buffoons and bear guides. The buffoon tambourine looks like a modern instrument. It consists of a narrow wooden shell of a round shape with a leather membrane stretched over one side and bells and bells suspended from the inside. They hit the membrane with their fingers or a brush. At that time, tambourine players played in an ensemble with balalaika players or accordionists, and sometimes simply accompanied the singing of dashing songs.

TO In addition, the tambourine was used as a solo instrument. This is how they described playing this instrument: “When playing the tambourine, folk virtuosos perform various tricks, throwing it up and grabbing it on the fly, hitting their knees with the tambourine, then hitting it on the head, chin, even on the nose, drumming on the tambourine with their hands, with the elbow, fingers, make a tremolo and howl, running the thumb of the right hand over the skin, etc.”

B Uben was widespread in Ukraine and Belarus, being used more often in dance music. This instrument is occasionally found in the hands of folk musicians even today, but it has found its main application in orchestras of Russian folk instruments.

Consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some types of tambourines have metal ones attached to them, which begin to ring when the performer hits the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument.

The tambourine is common among many peoples: the Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shamanic drums with a long handle among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.

Varieties

Currently, there are 2 main types of tambourines:

- Folk or ethnic, wooden rim with a stretched leather membrane. Depending on their purpose, tambourines come in all sorts of sizes. Tools of this type are used for ritual purposes by indigenous shamans. Also considered folk are tambourines with small bells tied to a wire stretched under a membrane.

- Orchestral tambourine, the most common option, with a leather or plastic membrane and metal plates fixed in special slots on the rim. This tool is sometimes mistakenly called . The instrument has firmly established itself in professional music, becoming one of the main percussion instruments of a symphony orchestra.

Among related tools, it should be noted. Unlike the tambourine, there is no skin stretched over it, but 1 or 2 rows of metal plates are reinforced in the body. is constantly used in many types of modern music, such as rock and roll, jazz and pop music.

Origin

The tambourine has been known to the Eastern Slavs since ancient times. They were especially widely used in military affairs and among buffoons. In earlier times, a tambourine was a percussion instrument with skin stretched over it. Perhaps, when the name “tambourine” appears in Russian chronicles, this should mean an instrument that later became known as ““.

One of the descriptions of a tambourine together with trumpets as a military musical instrument dates back to the 10th century. (960s) and included in the description of the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich. The number of tambourines in the army determined its strength. The tambourine served as a sign of command dignity; the performers on the tambourines were at the direct disposal of the squad leaders.

The battle tambourine was a cauldron with a stretched leather membrane. In ancient times, the membrane was struck using a wax - a beater in the form of a whip with a braided ball at the end. Military tambourines were used by both infantry and cavalry. There are known varieties of military tambourines: tulumbas and alarm bells.

It is believed that the Russian alarm bells were of enormous size; 4 horses were used to transport them. And the sound, or rather the roar, was produced simultaneously by 8 alarm players. With the help of conventional signals of tambourines, sound communication was carried out in the Russian army, and various commands were given. During the battle, percussion instruments were combined with trumpets and surnas and created a roar that frightened the enemy.

In later centuries, the tambourine was widely used by buffoons and bear guides. The buffoon tambourine looks like a modern instrument. It is a narrow round wooden shell with a leather membrane stretched over one side and bells and bells suspended from the inside. They hit the membrane with their fingers or a brush. At that time, tambourine players played in an ensemble with balalaika players or accordionists, and sometimes simply accompanied the singing of dashing songs.

In addition, the tambourine was used as a solo instrument. This is how they described playing this instrument: “When playing the tambourine, folk virtuosos perform various tricks, throwing it up and grabbing it on the fly, hitting their knees with the tambourine, then hitting it on the head, chin, even on the nose, drumming on the tambourine with their hands, with the elbow, fingers, make a tremolo and howl, running the thumb of the right hand over the skin, etc.”

The tambourine was widespread in Ukraine and Belarus, being used more often in dance music. This instrument is occasionally found in the hands of folk musicians even today, but it has found its main application in orchestras of Russian folk instruments.

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