Liver sediment samples. Basic liver function tests. Preparing for the test

Colloidal sedimentation tests are widely used to study protein metabolism in CDL.

The main reactions of this type are thymol and sublimate tests.

The thymol test is based on the turbidity of the mixture: when the serum reacts with a saturated solution of thymol in veronalon buffer.

Determination of the degree of turbidity is carried out photometrically at a wavelength of 630-690 nm against the working reagent and the result is expressed in S-H units.

Normally 0-4 IU S-H.

Higher numbers of turbidity units may indirectly indicate dysproteinemia and characterize an increase in the content of gamma globulins.

The sublimate test is based on the fact that sublimate, in the presence of finely dispersed protein solutions, is capable of forming colloidal solutions of mercury salts. When the dispersion of protein fractions of blood serum is disturbed, coarse particles settle.

The result is expressed in the number of milliliters of sublimate used for titration.

The norm is 1.6-2.2 ml of sublimate. As a rule, the mercuric acid test is positive in cases of toxic liver damage, cirrhosis, and silicosis.

Laboratory diagnosis of nitrogen metabolism disorders

If serum proteins are denatured with solutions of acids (for example, TCA, phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdenum) and removed by centrifugation, then a number of low molecular weight nitrogen-containing compounds remain in the soluble centrifugate. This group of compounds is called the residual nitrogen fraction.

The composition of the residual nitrogen fraction includes urea nitrogen (46-60%), amino acid nitrogen (25%), creatine and creatinine (7.5%), uric acid (4%), indican, ammonia (0.5%), etc. .

Urea

The main component of the residual nitrogen fraction is urea. Therefore, the amount of total residual nitrogen is usually proportional to the amount of urea, and for diagnostic purposes, the urea content is usually examined.

The diacetyl monooxime method and the urease method have been approved as unified.

In a healthy person, the urea content in the blood ranges from 2.5-8.33 mmol/l. In people over 60 years of age, urea levels may be slightly higher than normal.

Normal values

Normal values ​​for urine are 330-580 mmol/day.

Meaning

The urea content increases in acute and chronic kidney diseases that impair their function; with decreased renal perfusion due to shock, congestive heart failure, dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhea, increased diuresis or sweating; with increased protein catabolism in the case of acute myocardial infarction, burn disease, stress; on a high protein diet.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of nitrogen metabolism.

The daily excretion of creatinine for each person depends on his muscle mass and is a fairly constant value.

The method based on the Jaffe reaction as modified by Popper has been approved as a unified method.

Normal values

In blood serum: in men - 44-100 µmol/l; in women - 44-88 µmol/l.

Meaning

4.4-17.7 mmol of creatinine is excreted in urine per day.

The creatinine level increases with renal dysfunction of any origin, active acromegaly and gigantism, hyperthyroidism; when taking ascorbic acid, furosemide, glucose, streptomycin, radiocontrast agents containing iodine.

Creatinine is not a sensitive indicator of renal function in the early stages of chronic renal failure, but an increase in its level may occur even before the increase in urea and residual nitrogen levels.

Rehberg's test

Simultaneous determination of creatinine concentrations in the blood and urine in the same patient significantly expands the possibilities of studying the functional state of the kidneys. In clinical practice, the Reberg test is most often used to determine the amount of filtration and reabsorption.

To carry out the test, urine is collected over a clearly defined time interval (2, 4, 12 or 24 hours). During the test, the patient should not take meat food, coffee, tea, medications, as well as ACTH, cortisone, thyroxine before and during the test. The amount of fluid taken should be at least 1.5-2 liters so that minute diuresis is 2 ml/min or more.

Blood collection is carried out in the middle of the urine collection period. It is necessary to accurately indicate the volume of urine, the time during which it was collected, and the time when the blood was taken. When collecting 24-hour urine, blood is drawn at the end of urine collection. It is also necessary to indicate the patient's height and weight to calculate the body surface area.

Creatinine content is determined in urine and blood and the level of filtration and reabsorption is calculated using the formula.

where F - filtering;

U is the concentration of creatinine in urine;

V is the volume of urine in ml per minute;

S - serum creatinine concentration;

BSA - body surface area in m2 (determined by nomogram).

Reference limits, Jaffe method:

1) 1-2 months - more than 54 ml/min/1.73 m2;

2) 3-12 months - more than 64 ml/min/1.73 m2;

3) 3-13 years - more than 120 ml/min/1.73 m2;

4) adults - more than 95 ml/min/1.73 m2.

Tubular reabsorption (R) is determined by the formula:

where F is glomerular filtration, ml/min; minute diuresis - amount of urine / number of minutes (time during which urine is collected);

V-minute diuresis.

Normally R = 99%.

Options for glomerular filtration pathology:

1) more than 120 ml/min - early stages of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome;

2) 85-30 ml/min - moderate decrease in renal function as an alarming factor for suspected renal failure;

3) 60-15 ml/min - renal failure from the compensated stage to the subcompensated stage;

4) less than 15-10 ml/min - renal failure in the stage of decompensation.

Variants of pathology of tubular reabsorption

Tubular reabsorption above 99.6% indicates various types of hypovolemic conditions, less than 98% indicates dysfunction of the tubules (pyelonephritis, congenital anomalies, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure).

Uric acid is a breakdown product of purine nucleotides, which are part of nucleic acids, high-energy compounds, and some vitamins. The amount of uric acid excreted in the urine depends on the presence of purines in food: with a normal diet, up to 0.7 g of uric acid is excreted in the urine daily, with a diet rich in purines - up to 1 g.

In CDL, chemical colorimetric and enzymatic methods are mainly used to determine the uric acid content.

Principle of the colorimetric method

Uric acid reduces the phosphorus-tungsten reagent to form a blue complex. The color intensity is proportional to the concentration of uric acid.

The principle of the enzymatic method

Uricase oxidizes uric acid to allantoin according to the reaction. Uric acid + 2H20 + C2 - uricase allantoin + 2H202 + C02. Allantoin does not absorb light with a wavelength of 293 nm, therefore the decrease in the optical density of the mixture is proportional to the concentration of uric acid in it.

Normal values

In blood serum in men - 0.24-0.5 mmol/l, in women - 0.16-0.4 mmol/l.

Determining the level of uric acid in the blood is of great diagnostic importance for gout and renal failure.

Hyperuricemia can also be observed during treatment with cytotoxic drugs, alcohol abuse, and fasting.

Laboratory diagnosis of carbohydrate metabolism disorders There are a number of carbohydrates in the blood, the most important of which is glucose. Its concentration in the blood of a healthy adult is 3.33-5.55 mmol/l. Of other carbohydrates contained in the blood, glycogen should be noted - 16.2-31.7 mg/l, fructose - 5.55-27.75 µmol/l, pentose - 0.12-0.22 mmol/l, others polysaccharides - about 1.8 g/l. By “blood sugar” in the narrow sense of the word we mean only glucose.

Many methods have been proposed for determining blood glucose, which can be roughly divided into 3 groups.

Reductometric methods are based on the reducing properties of glucose. These include the unified Heigedoorn-Jensen method. The method is based on the property of sugars, when boiled in an alkaline environment, to reduce red blood salt to yellow blood salt. Based on the degree of recovery, the concentration of blood sugar is determined titrimetrically. The disadvantage of the method is that, in essence, it determines not only glucose, but also a number of other substances with reducing properties (uric acid, glucuronic acid, vitamin C, etc.). Therefore, the data from reductometric methods are significantly higher than the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Colorimetric methods are based on color reactions between glucose and concentrated sulfuric acid; glucose, concentrated sulfuric acid and alpha-naphthol, or thymol. This group of methods includes the orthotoluidine method.

Principle: the method is based on the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose when heated in an acidic environment, which, interacting with orthotoluidine, produces a green compound; The intensity of the color is directly proportional to the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Enzymatic methods have the highest specificity. There are various possibilities for the enzymatic determination of glucose. The most widely used method is the glucose oxidase method.

Clinical significance

Hyperglycemia is a common symptom in various diseases, primarily associated with damage to the endocrine system. These are diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis, acromegaly, gigantism, Cushing's syndrome. It is observed in diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, tumor), shock, burns. Hyperglycemia is caused by a number of drugs (glucose, caffeine, adrenaline, ACHT, corticosteroids, thyroxine, oral contraceptives, diuretics, indomethacin, etc.).

Hypoglycemia occurs with insulinoma, glucagon deficiency, tumors of various organs (adrenal cancer, stomach cancer, fibrosarcoma), severe liver damage, hypothyroidism, etc.

For diagnostic purposes, a glucose load test is used - a glucose tolerance test.

For 3-7 days before the test, the subject is on a regular diet without restriction or excess of fats and carbohydrates.

For 3 days, injections of glucose, caffeine, and adrenaline are canceled. For 3 days, the patient should not change his usual diet and muscle load, receiving a diet containing at least 150 g of carbohydrates per day. On the day before the test, the last meal is no later than 20:00. Before the test, you need to sit quietly for 30 minutes. You must not smoke during the test.

Blood is taken from a finger or from a vein on an empty stomach and 120 minutes after oral administration of glucose (250-350 ml of an aqueous solution of glucose at the rate of 1.75 g of glucose per 1 kg of the subject’s weight, for an adult 75 kg, no more than 75 g of glucose for a child) .

If the fasting glucose level exceeds 8 mmol/L, the test is usually interrupted.

Glycosylated hemoglobin

To screen the population for diabetes mellitus, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAic) is determined. Determination of HbAic can also be used to diagnose early forms of diabetes (reliably elevated in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance), to monitor the condition and treatment of patients with diabetes.

Glycosylated hemoglobin is an indicator of glucose homeostasis, an integral indicator of transient hyperglycemia that occurred in the patient during the 3-4 months preceding the determination.

Depending on the determination method, the HbAic content is 3-6% of total hemoglobin in healthy individuals and about 20% in patients with severe, advanced, uncompensated forms of diabetes.

When determining HbAic, methods of chromatography, electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing are used. These methods are characterized by high accuracy, but require special equipment and reagents and are labor-intensive to perform; therefore, less accurate, but more accessible chemical colorimetric methods are most widely used. The advantage of these methods is the ability to use fructose as a standard and the fact that the conditions for collecting and storing blood and hemoglobinopathies have little effect on the results of the analysis; These methods do not require special equipment, are convenient for everyday use, and can be performed using ready-made reagent kits.

For work, whole blood taken with anticoagulants is used; red blood cells are washed repeatedly from proteins and glucose with an isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride solution. Before testing, washed red blood cells can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.

There are 4 main classes of lipids in human blood plasma: cholesterol and its esters, triglycerides, phospholipids! and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The first three classes of substances form complexes with apoproteins and are part of lipoproteins.

There are 3 groups of lipoproteins. The largest are chylomicrons (CM) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, or prebetalipoproteins). They are rich in triglycerides and contain apoproteins C. Smaller particles are low-density lipoproteins (LDL or betalipoproteins), which contain apoproteins B. The smallest are high-density lipoproteins (HDL or alpha lipoproteins), which contain apoproteins A.

Quantitative determination of serum proteins. Changes in the protein composition of the blood, while not being a completely specific manifestation of liver damage, reflect the nature of the pathological process (inflammation, necrosis, neoplasm, etc.), as well as a violation of the protein-forming function of the liver and the reticulo-histiocytic system. There are various physicochemical methods for the quantitative determination of serum proteins: refractometric methods, colorimetric methods (biuret methods), iephelometric methods and electrophoretic fractionation. Normal values ​​for total serum protein when using methods based on salting out are from 7 to 8 g%, of which 3.5-5.1 g% albumin and 2.5-3.5 g% globulin. The ratio of the amount of albumin to the amount of globulin (see Albumin-globulin ratio) is 1.5-2.3. Electrophoretic analysis (see Electrophoresis) normally gives the following ratios of individual protein fractions (in%): albumin - 55-60; α1-globulins - 2.1-3.5; α2 -globulins - 7.2-9.1; β-globulins - 9.1-12.7; U-globulins - 16-18 total protein content. Hyperproteinemia is observed in chronic hepatitis and postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver. Hypoproteinemia - more often with portal cirrhosis, especially with ascites.

A decrease in the amount of serum albumin due to a violation of their synthesis in the liver is observed in severe forms of hepatitis, prolonged obstructive jaundice, and especially in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (in 85% of cases). An increase in γ-globulins is almost constantly observed in liver cirrhosis (more often with postnecrotic), chronic hepatitis, damage to the extrahepatic bile ducts accompanied by infection, and in primary liver cancer. Typically, an increase in the percentage of β-globulins is associated with high serum lipid levels; an increase in the amount of α2-globulins is observed in chronic hepatitis, inflammation of the biliary tract, and prolonged obstructive jaundice. A particularly sharp increase in the content of α2-globulins indicates the possibility of malignant liver tumors. In severe forms of liver cirrhosis, an increase and fusion of β- and γ-globulin fractions is observed on the electropherogram.

Sedimentary samples. From these samples one can indirectly judge the state of the protein composition of the blood and, to a certain extent, the functional state of the liver. The results of sediment samples depend not only on the ratio and nature of the protein fractions of blood serum, but also on the presence in it of non-protein substances (lipids, electrolytes, etc.) associated with protein.

The sublimate test is based on the precipitation of blood serum proteins with a solution of sublimate. The results are expressed in milliliters of sublimate solution, added until cloudy (norm 1.8-2.2 ml). This test is more often positive in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and less often in acute hepatitis. A positive mercuric chloride test is also observed in other inflammatory diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, acute nephritis, etc.).

The Veltman test (see Veltman coagulation tape) is shortened (shift to the left) in acute inflammatory processes and lengthened (shift to the right) in chronic processes. Damage to the liver parenchyma usually leads to lengthening of the coagulation band.

The thymol test is based on the electrophotometric determination of the degree of turbidity of blood serum compared with standard solutions after 30 minutes. after adding thymol reagent. Indicators are indicated in light absorption units (norm 1.5 units). This test reflects more of an inflammatory reaction than direct hepatocellular damage. The test is positive for anicteric hepatitis, fatty liver, and cirrhosis of the liver. An increase in the thymol test at the end of acute hepatitis may indicate its transition to a chronic form.

Takata-Ara test - the formation of a precipitate from whey proteins with the addition of mercuric chloride, soda and fuchsin. Under normal conditions, a precipitate forms at known dilutions of serum. In liver diseases, it is formed at wider limits of serum dilution.

The reaction is positive when a flocculent precipitate forms after 24 hours in at least three consecutive test tubes; it is weakly positive when a precipitate forms in two test tubes.

The reaction is positive in chronic hepatitis, its transition to cirrhosis, cirrhosis of the liver, and less often in acute hepatitis. This reaction is also positive in other inflammatory diseases (pleurisy, pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc.).

The non-specificity of sediment samples reduces their value as functional liver tests, however, they reflect the dynamics of the development of the pathological process (severity, severity, complications). It is advisable to use them in combination with several samples and electrophoretic studies of protein fractions.

Blood ammonia. To determine the level of ammonia in the blood, the Conway isometric distillation method is most often used. Normally, the ammonia content in venous blood is extremely low or equal to zero. Ammonia levels increase when there are collaterals in the portal system, delivering blood with a high content of ammonia from the intestine directly into the venous network. A significant increase in ammonia in the blood is observed during hepatic coma.

Blood glycoproteins are high-molecular complexes built from protein and mucopolysaccharides. Glycoproteins can be determined using paper electrophoresis. In the blood, glycoproteins are found in all protein fractions. Their average content in albumin is 20.8%; in α1-globulins - 18.6%; in α2-globulins - 24.8%; in β-globulins - 22.3%; in u-globulins - 13.7%. In addition, a simpler diphenylamine reaction can be used (a diphenylamine reagent is added to the protein-free blood serum filtrate).

In Botkin's disease and chronic liver diseases, during periods of exacerbation, the content of α-glycoproteins, γ-glycoproteins is increased and the level of glycoproteins in the albumin fraction is reduced; The diphenylamine reaction rate is also elevated in a significant proportion of these patients. In severe cirrhosis, the level of glycoprotein fractions of albumin, as well as α1 and α2-glycoproteins, decreases; with an increase in the amount of glycoproteins, the diphenylamine reaction rate sharply decreases. The largest increases in the content of α1 and α2-glycoproteins are observed in liver cancer.

Colloid stability disorders

Normally, blood plasma proteins are in the form of colloids, which is provided by the charge on the surface of the protein particle and its hydration shell. It is known that a violation of the colloid stability of whey under the influence of any reagent is accompanied first by coagulation (sticking together) and then by flocculation (sedimentation). This violation can be caused by:

• reducing the charge - the use of electrolytes, for example, CaCl 2, CdSO 4;
• reducing the content of hydration water in colloids - using organic solvents, concentrated solutions of electrolytes, alcohol;
• an increase in particle size - denaturation by organic acids, salts of heavy metals (mercury salts), when heated.

When certain organic substances (thymol) are added to whey, protein precipitation also occurs, leading to cloudiness or the formation of flakes.

The thymol test, sublimate test, and Veltman test are approved as unified methods.

Thymol test

Principle

Serum γ‑globulins and lipoproteins are precipitated at pH 7.55 with thymol reagent. Depending on the quantity and mutual ratio of individual protein fractions, turbidity occurs, the intensity of which is measured turbidimetrically.

Normal values

Like all coagulation tests, the thymol test is a nonspecific reaction. At the same time, it is much more specific for functional studies of the liver than other colloid tests and is used for the differential diagnosis of liver diseases. When the liver parenchyma is damaged (infectious and toxic hepatitis) already in the pre-icteric stage or in the anicteric form, in 90-100% of cases the thymol test is higher than normal values. In healthy individuals, with other liver diseases (obstructive jaundice) or dysfunction of other organs, the thymol test is normal.

Veltman's test

Principle

When CaCl 2 solution is added to blood serum and heated, the colloidal stability of proteins decreases.

Normal values

Clinical and diagnostic value

A change in Veltman's coagulation tape indicates a change in the albumin/globulin ratio.

A shift to the right or expansion (a decrease in the amount of CaCl 2 spent) means an increase in the content of the globulin fraction, primarily immunoglobulins, or a decrease in albumin: observed with fibrosis, hemolysis, liver damage (Botkin’s disease, cirrhosis, atrophy), pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis.

A shift to the left or narrowing (increased CaCl 2 consumption) is caused by an increase in the content of serum α- and β-globulins, detected in rheumatism, active tuberculosis, peritonitis, nephrosis, acute infections, tumors.

> Colloidal-sedimentary tests (thymol, sublimate, etc.)

This information cannot be used for self-medication!
Consultation with a specialist is required!

These tests are a type of test for blood plasma proteins. Sedimentary-colloidal tests are based on the fact that proteins of different types contained in blood plasma precipitate at different rates when certain reagents are added. It is important that albumin remains in a dissolved state longer, since it is more stable.

Precipitation of plasma proteins leads to turbidity of the solution; the degree of turbidity is determined using the photometric method. The most common tests are thymol, sublimate and Veltman's test. There are other types of these tests, but they are not used in modern laboratory diagnostics (Takata-Ara, Gross, Kunkel, cephalin-cholesterol test).

Who prescribes colloidal sediment tests, where can they be taken?

A therapist or general practitioner can prescribe any of the tests. Hepatologists often resort to them to assess the functional state of the liver. You can donate blood for analysis in a biochemical laboratory.

When sublimate, thymol and other tests are prescribed, how to prepare for them?

All tests evaluate the protein composition of plasma; most of them are prescribed for diseases of the liver, kidneys, and long-term infectious diseases.

A small amount of venous blood is taken for analysis - 5-7 ml. At least 8 hours must pass before donating blood and the last meal. You cannot drink sweet drinks or coffee, you are allowed to drink plain water.

Results are normal

The normal value for a thymol test is 0–4 units. S-H, for mercuric chloride - 1.6–2.2 ml of mercuric (the amount of mercuric required to obtain turbidity in the control solution is used as the unit of measurement in this test). The result of the Veltman test is a coagulation tape (strip) that can narrow and expand.

Clinical significance of these tests

Colloidal sediment tests are used to determine the cause of jaundice, in the diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver, rheumatic and infectious diseases, nephrotic syndrome, tuberculosis, and tumor processes.

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

The relevance of colloidal sedimentary samples is decreasing every day. Currently, they are not performed in large cities; only in small regional hospitals, in the absence of modern equipment, these studies can still be used. This is due, first of all, to the labor intensity and complexity of carrying out reactions that require expensive and potentially toxic reagents.

These samples have extremely low specificity and accuracy - they do not allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the protein composition of blood plasma. A more accurate method is a blood test for the content of protein fractions, as well as blood tests for immunoglobulins.

A person’s well-being depends on the functioning of his internal organs. Don't neglect any of them. At the moment the conversation will be about the liver. There are many ways to diagnose it, one of them is the thymol test. Let's find out what it is now.

The essence of the procedure and why it is needed

Before understanding why this analysis is needed, let’s give it a definition. The thymol test is a biochemical blood test that answers the question of how protein synthesis occurs in the liver. A change in any protein ratio indicates that a disease is developing in the organ.

Thymol blood test is a coagulation test. Thanks to it, the colloidal instability of the plasma is determined. Based on the data obtained, liver pathology can be detected in the early stages. The first symptoms have not yet appeared, but violations have already been discovered. What is colloidal instability? Normally they do not precipitate. If this happens, it means that the disease has begun its “movement”.

In simple terms, the essence of the analysis is to determine the degree of turbidity of the serum. For these purposes, a photocolorimetric method is used. The unit of measurement is maglan. Speaking about the chemical essence of the study, we can say that it consists in the formation of a globulin-thymololipid complex, consisting of:

• forty percent globulins;
• thirty-two percent thymol;
• eighteen percent cholesterol;
• ten percent phospholipids.

What the patient should know

Before you go for the procedure, you should get to know a little about how everything will happen.

• The doctor must explain to the patient the purpose for which this test will be performed.
• The patient must be informed that blood is being taken from a vein, at what time this will happen, and who will perform the procedure.
• The patient is warned that discomfort may occur during application of the tourniquet.
• You should tell your doctor if you are taking any medications that could affect the test result. Most likely, you will have to stop using them.
• There are no dietary restrictions.
• After the blood is drawn, the wound is pressed with a cotton ball to prevent bleeding.
• If a hematoma has formed, a warm compress is prescribed.
• After taking the sample, you can again take medications that were stopped before the study.

Analysis mechanism

You should know that a blood test - a thymol test - is taken on an empty stomach, early in the morning. Drinking food, coffee, tea, and juice should stop eight hours before the procedure. You are allowed to drink a small amount of water. Try to adhere to these rules, as the result obtained and the correctness of the diagnosis depend on them.

Now about the mechanism:

This result is also influenced by the conditions under which the analysis was carried out. These include: the nature of the buffer solution, its acidity and concentration, as well as the degree of purity and temperature of thymol.

Why do you need to determine the protein ratio?

Thymol test - you already know what it is. Now let's talk a little about blood proteins. Collecting in large quantities in the liver, they have several purposes:

1. Provide the required blood volume.
2. Support
3. They control the pH of the blood and keep it at the same level.
4. Carried to tissues: bilirubin, cholesterol.
5. Medicines are delivered.

Blood serum contains five fractions of proteins: β - globulins, γ - globulins, as well as albumins, α1 - globulins, α2 - globulins. The quantity of each of them should not exceed the norm. But sometimes it fails. Globulins exceed the norm in diseases of the liver, connective tissue, tumors, and infections.

A decrease in albumin occurs with impaired liver function and malnutrition.

Medicine is developing, but the accuracy of the results obtained with the thymol test contributes to the fact that this method is used and is currently very actively used.

In what cases is analysis prescribed?

A blood test - a thymol test - is often prescribed if a disease is suspected. The result obtained will be especially high if the patient suffers from hepatitis A.

This examination will also help to identify toxic hepatitis. This diagnosis is usually determined in people who regularly drink alcohol and certain medications. In addition, thanks to the thymol test, the process of liver recovery after hepatitis is monitored.

The thymol test is elevated in the following diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, lupus erythematosus.

Changes in the ratio are also affected by diseases of organs such as the kidneys. If the thymol test is elevated, the reasons for obtaining such a result are pathological changes in this organ. This test is prescribed for suspected pancreatitis, any infection, poor nutrition and abuse of fatty foods.

Reasons for exceeding the norm

Previously, if the test result deviated from the norm, only liver disease was diagnosed. After some time, it was discovered that such data could be obtained for other ailments. Nowadays, if the thymol test is elevated, the reasons may be as follows. In the patient:

In addition to all of the above, the thymol test may be elevated if the patient eats fatty foods in large quantities. In this case, you need to pay attention to other biochemical indicators.

In case of liver pathology, you should definitely pay attention to bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and the result of the sublimate test.

Analysis transcript

Thymol test - what is it? It is impossible to fully understand this without knowing how the results of the analysis are deciphered. The data obtained can only refute or confirm a violation of the protein composition of the blood.

If you have been tested, the thymol blood test (normal) should be within five units or less. If the indicator is higher, then the result is positive, which means that a pathological process is occurring in your body. When interpreting data, it is worth taking into account factors such as weight, age, period of analysis, and medication use.

As stated above, a positive result of the thymol test accompanies a large number of diseases, but still it is more significant for detecting hepatitis at an early stage. But you shouldn't rely on this analysis alone. For a more complete examination, the thymol test should be evaluated in conjunction with other studies.

More details about the results

The “thymol test” analysis is one of the most reliable tests that allows you to correctly assess the functioning of the liver. Thanks to it, inflammation syndrome can be diagnosed.

A 100% positive result is obtained for infectious, toxic hepatitis, and Botkin's disease. The same indicator is recorded during the period of post-hepatitis and post-necrotic cirrhosis of the liver. With congestive, obstructive, cholestatic jaundice, in twenty-five out of a hundred cases the indicator will be positive. Based on the results of the data obtained, differential diagnosis of jaundice is carried out.

In patients with subhepatic jaundice, a positive test will be only if a complication caused by parenchymal hepatitis occurs.

For those who have suffered infectious hepatitis, the test gives an increased result for six months after discharge from the hospital.

When the pathological process occurring in the human body subsides, the thymol test indicator decreases.

Conclusion

You already know and understand the thymol test, what it is and what it is needed for. Even a slight increase should alert the attending physician. A change in the protein ratio indicates inflammatory processes occurring in the liver.