Causing drugs. Overdose of pills with fatal outcome. Consequences of Lyrica abuse

Pharmacy drugs- these are medications with a powerful analgesic or sedative effect, which are highly addictive and are used for other purposes. Preparations containing narcotic substances are available in every pharmacy, and many of them are available without a prescription. Pharmacy drug addicts most often become patients who are “hooked” on prescribed medications, already established opium addicts, and simply curious young people.

Legal drug dealer

While the state is fighting the spread of conventional drugs, pharmacies are becoming legal drug dealers. Officially, all medications with narcotic compounds are divided into 3 control groups:

Drugs 1st group available only after a mandatory call to a medical institution and verification of the authenticity of the prescription.
Drugs 2nd group are issued only on doctor's orders, but without additional checks.
Drugs 3rd group are issued without a prescription.

This is how this system is supposed to work. But in fact, many pharmacies violate control rules and dispense psychotropic drugs without the necessary permission. There is only one reason - drug addiction brings big profits to the pharmacy business. For the opportunity to legally purchase drugs, addicts are willing to pay inflated prices, and thanks to the availability of these drugs, the number of pharmacy drug addicts is only growing.

List of pharmaceutical drugs - 2018

Lyrics

This is a medicine for epileptics that relieves seizures. In the past, it was used by narcologists to combat withdrawal symptoms - withdrawal symptoms.

Lyrica is similar in action to morphine, heroin or methadone. It is also highly addictive and puts you into a state of euphoria, which drug addicts prolong by drinking the pills with alcohol.

Signs of Lyrica addiction:

Nervous, aggressive behavior.
Mood swings - from hysterical joy to tears.
Unsteady gait, poor coordination.
Dilated pupils.
Increased sweating.
Skin rash.

Consequences of Lyrica abuse:

Chronic fatigue syndrome: drowsiness and feeling of weakness, confusion.
Apathy and thoughts of suicide.
Impotence in men, hormonal imbalances in women.
Migraines and memory impairment, fainting.
Cramps, muscle pain.
Tremor.
Confused speech.

An overdose of Lyrica causes coma and death.

Terpinkod, Nurofen plus

This popular cough suppressant clears mucus from the respiratory tract. Terpincode contains the psychostimulant codeine. To achieve euphoria, addicts drink 2-5 packs at once, or extract crude codeine from tablets and inject it intravenously.

A cheap analogue of Terpincode - Nurofen Plus, practically does not differ in psychotropic effects. Addiction sets in after 3 packs.

Signs of addiction to Terpincode:

Sallow or gray skin, flaking skin.
Frozen in one position, motionless gaze.
Red eyes.
Severe weight loss.

Consequences of Terpincode abuse:

Poor eyesight.
Development of heart diseases.
Migraine.
Rotting of the skin.
Epileptic seizures.
Death of brain cells, dementia.
Development of mental disorders and suicidal tendencies.

Terpinkod is superior to cocaine in destructive power. A fatal outcome is possible after just a few months of use - a person dies from sudden respiratory arrest.

Tropicamide

Tropicamide - eye drops. Ophthalmologists use it when examining the fundus of the eye and prescribe it for inflammation.
In large dosages, Tropicamide immerses you in a state of euphoria and provokes auditory and visual hallucinations.

Drug addicts inject it through the veins and muscles, drink it as a solution, and mix it with opiates. Persistent addiction to Tropicamide develops in just a month.

Signs of dependence on Trapicamide:

Dilated pupils.
Increased sensitivity of the eyes to light.
Yellowish skin tone.
Distracted attention.
Memory loss.

Consequences of Trapicamide abuse:

Serious visual impairment. Problems with focusing and clarity, pain in the eyes from sunlight, partial and complete blindness.
Cardiovascular diseases. Arrhythmia, development of deadly infective endocarditis. The appearance of blood clots after intravenous injections.
Nervous system problems. Cramps, burning sensation in muscles.
Mental disorders. Psychosis, panic attacks, schizophrenia, depression, suicide.
Liver and kidney diseases. Hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, acute renal failure, urinary incontinence.
Purulent inflammation. Abscesses appear at injection sites, which spread infections throughout the body.

Exceeding the dose leads to paralysis of the respiratory center of the brain, coma and death.

Tramadol

It is a powerful analgesic and is prescribed for severe pain in cases of injury and serious illness, or to reduce pain during diagnosis.

Drug addicts take tablets in increased doses, or make solutions for intramuscular and intravenous injections. The drug gives a surge of vigor, a feeling of relaxedness, a desire to sympathize and help people. However, the peaceful mood quickly gives way to aggression and apathy when the effect of Tramadol wears off. After 2-3 doses of the medicine, a strong attachment appears.

Signs of addiction to Tramadol:

Pale skin with red spots.
Red eyes.
Constant thirst.
Dizziness, difficulties with orientation in space.
Rapid transitions from apathy to excitement.
Decreased performance.
Drowsiness or insomnia.

Consequences of Tramadol abuse:

Headaches, muscle pain, joint aches.
Tremor, epilepsy.
Arrhythmia, tachycardia, acute heart failure.
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain.
Dementia.
Panic attacks.
Psychoses, aggressive antisocial behavior.
Hysteria.
Depression, suicidal tendencies.

Tramadol quickly wears out all body systems. A drug addict who is addicted to it lives no more than 3-4 years. In case of an overdose, blood pressure drops sharply, suffocation, pulmonary edema and sudden cessation of breathing occur.

Coaxil, Prozac, Zoloft, Aurorex

These are powerful antidepressants with almost identical effects on the psyche. Drug addicts use them to escape withdrawal symptoms, and as a result they become addicted to a new drug.

Increasing the dosage gives a pronounced sedative effect: the person relaxes, feels joy and carelessness, and loses a sense of reality.

Signs of antidepressant addiction:

Mood swings, inappropriate behavior. The addict is often overexcited, laughing or crying for no apparent reason.
Nervousness and aggressiveness. Without a new dose, the addict feels deeply unhappy, becomes nervous and suspicious, and lashes out at others.
Bad feeling. Fainting, dizziness and nausea become more frequent.

Consequences of antidepressant abuse:

Acute psychosis, uncontrollable rage.
Severe depression.
Tachycardia and arrhythmia, heart failure.
Chronic fatigue and insomnia.
Blood clot formation.
Stomach ulcers, gastritis, diarrhea and constipation.
Epilepsy attacks.

An overdose of antidepressants results in sudden cardiac arrest or lethargy with death.

Treatment of drug addiction

Rehabilitation center "Resolution" offers effective treatment for drug addiction. The rehabilitation program includes:

Intervention.
Most often, the addict denies his problem and refuses the help of doctors. In this case, our psychologists come to the patient’s home and, together with relatives, gently convince him to begin rehabilitation.01
Detoxification.
To eliminate the effects of withdrawal symptoms, we cleanse the body of toxins using special medications and a balanced diet. Detoxification is the first step to recovery and provides relief from physical addiction.02
Hospital treatment.
During rehabilitation, the patient lives in a comfortable suburban hospital. He is temporarily isolated from society and is completely focused on the course of treatment. Residents of the hospital learn the details of their illness, attend group and individual psychotherapy sessions. They learn to analyze and control their emotions, build healthy relationships with people around them, and resolve stressful situations without drugs. Psychologists help patients gain healthy life values, regain self-respect and trust of loved ones.03
Ambulatory treatment.
At this stage, the patient lives outside the center and regularly attends classes with a psychologist. Specialists help him adapt to sober life in society and improve relationships with family and friends. We control the condition of the former drug addict, so we can prevent a relapse in time.04
Return to a full life.
Throughout the program, residents gain valuable professional and social skills, and upon completion of the course, we can employ them in our center. Our specialists also prepare graduates for interviews if they want to grow and develop elsewhere.05

Pharmacy addiction more dangerous than any other, because medications are always readily available within walking distance of your home. The risk of relapse among pharmacy drug addicts is high. Therefore, in case of failure, our clients can undergo a second course of treatment free of charge.

And most importantly, all our patients and their loved ones receive a lifetime right to support our clinic: they can turn to us for help and advice at any time.

Karaganda State Medical University

Department of Pharmaceutical Disciplines with a Chemistry Course<#"justify">Completed by: Yulia Gorshkova

Checked by: Piven Lyubov Ivanovna

Karaganda, 2012

Introduction

.Drug addiction - concept

.Types of drug addiction (mental, physical)

.Substance abuse, drug addiction, dependence on sleeping pills

.Withdrawal syndrome

.Diagnosis and treatment of drug addiction

.Social significance for society

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

There are many substances in nature that can have a narcotic effect on humans. A number of substances with narcotic properties are obtained artificially - ethyl alcohol, chloroform, sleeping pills, tranquilizers - sedatives.

Medicines are intended to treat or alleviate the symptoms of a disease. However, these drugs are beneficial only when used wisely and as prescribed by a doctor, otherwise they can become harmful, even deadly. For example, the oldest of drugs - opium - was once discovered by man in the plant world and was initially used in the treatment of a number of diseases. Heroin, now one of the most dangerous drugs, was first proposed as a pain reliever. Unfortunately, the newest drugs of synthetic origin - stimulants, sleeping pills, sedatives - are also becoming potential objects of abuse.

1. Drug addiction

Narcotic substances are quite widely used in modern medicine as painkillers and sedatives. But the effect of drugs on the central nervous system is not limited to this effect. Many of them cause a special mental state of excitement in people - euphoria. Although subjectively attractive, euphoria is an objectively harmful state, since in this case a person is always disconnected from reality to one degree or another. Therefore, he feels the desire to repeat this state again and again. As a result, addiction develops. A person seeks to disconnect from reality. His attitude towards the environment changes sharply, the entire system of value orientation collapses. Drugs destroy the nervous system and negatively affect almost all organs and tissues.

Drug dependence is a mental, or maybe physical, condition that includes an urgent need to take medications that act on the psyche. Long-term use of many medications, especially psychotropic drugs, can be addictive. In case of drug addiction, medications and drugs cease to have their pharmacological effect, and often, on the contrary, lead to a paradoxical result that is opposite to their intended purpose.

There are two types of drug addiction: physical and mental.

Mental dependence- a condition in which a medicinal substance causes a feeling of satisfaction and mental uplift and requires periodic administration of medicinal substances to normalize the mental state. With mental drug dependence, stopping the use of the substance that caused it is accompanied by emotional and psychological discomfort. Mental dependence on drugs arises as a result of a person’s opinion formed at a reflex level that after taking an antidepressant, mental discomfort is eliminated, and it is replaced by a state of calm, positivity and tranquility. There are psychotropic substances (cocaine, Indian hemp preparations, lysergic acid diethylamide) that cause predominantly mental dependence.

The basis for the formation of mental L.Z. is, obviously, the ability of psychotropic substances to change a person’s mental state, since many of them (narcotic analgesics, psychostimulants, sedatives and hypnotics, tranquilizers, alcohol) affect mood, perception, thinking, cause euphoria, reduce anxiety, fear, tension. In this regard, a certain circle of people, due to predisposing psychological, biochemical, genetic, social and situational factors, may develop a certain need for repeated use of any psychotropic drug to achieve a comfortable state, euphoria or reduce fear, anxiety, anxiety. An extreme form of such an artificial need is the formation of a pathological craving for psychoactive compounds with the subsequent development of drug addiction or substance abuse.

Physical dependence- an adaptive condition manifested by severe somatic disorders when the administration of the medicinal substance causing this condition is stopped. In physical drug dependence, withdrawal of the substance or drug that caused it leads to the development of withdrawal syndrome,manifested along with various mental vegetative-somatic and neurological disorders. The development of withdrawal syndrome can also be caused by the administration of antagonists of a substance that causes physical dependence. In the development of physical L.z. In addition to conditioned reflex mechanisms, an important role is probably played by adaptive reactions associated with changes in the organs in the number and sensitivity (affinity) of receptors with which psychotropic substances interact, for example, opiate receptors under the action of morphine-like substances, benzodiazepine receptors under the action of benzodiazepine tranquilizers, etc. . In addition, under the influence of psychotropic drugs in the body, the production of endogenous substances (ligands) that interact with the same type of receptors with which psychotropic drugs interact can change. It is known, for example, that when systematically taking morphine in the body, pronounced shifts occur in the content of endogenous opioid peptides, and when taking phenamine and other psychostimulants, the metabolism of catecholamines increases and the content of cyclic nucleotides in the c changes. n. With. Stopping the administration of psychoactive substances that cause the above-mentioned adaptive changes in neurotransmitter systems leads to the development of withdrawal syndrome, the clinical picture of which is characterized by manifestations that are opposite to the effects of the drug that caused it. psychoactive substance. Thus, with morphinism, withdrawal syndrome is characterized by pain, increased salivation, and diarrhea. Cancellation of barbiturates in case of developed pulmonary disease. leads to convulsive reactions, withdrawal of tranquilizers leads to anxiety, etc.

narcotic drug addiction treatment

3. Substance abuse

(from Greek: poison + madness, insanity) a disease caused by chronic use of psychoactive substances (medicines not considered drugs, chemicals and herbal substances); are characterized by the development of mental and, in some cases, physical dependence, changes in tolerance to the substance consumed, mental and somatic disorders, and personality changes. Mental dependence is manifested by a painful desire (attraction) to continuously or periodically take a psychoactive toxic substance in order to cause certain sensations or relieve mental discomfort. This explains the patient’s purposeful (searching) behavior; its main purpose is to obtain the necessary substance. Physical dependence is characterized by the emergence, after stopping the use of a toxic substance, of a complex of vegetative-neurological and mental disorders, which are referred to as withdrawal syndrome (withdrawal syndrome). Substance abuse is caused by many drugs and substances. First of all, these include drugs that have a sedative and hypnotic effect: derivatives of barbituric acid (with the exception of etaminal sodium and sodium amytal, which are classified as drugs), benzodiazepine tranquilizers (Elenium, Seduxen, phenazepam and others), a number of drugs with a sedative effect ( e.g. meprobamate, sodium hydroxybutyrate). Substance abuse can be caused by the use of antiparkinsonian (cyclodol) and antihistamine (diphenhydramine, pipolfen) drugs, psychostimulants (ephedrine, theophedrine, caffeine, sydnocarb and others), combination drugs (solutan and others), inhalation anesthesia (ether, nitrous oxide). A large group consists of substances that are not classified as drugs, but they are the cause of inhalation substance abuse. These are volatile organic solvents, e.g. toluene, benzene, perchlorethylene, acetone, gasoline, as well as various household chemicals.

Addiction- is a physical and psychological dependence on a certain group of drugs - drugs. Drugs change how you respond to sensations. They also cause mood changes and can lead to loss of consciousness or deep sleep. Examples of drugs are heroin, codeine, morphine and methadone.

Signs of drug addiction may include a decreased desire to work and/or be in society, severe dizziness, impaired ability to concentrate, frequent mood swings, relaxation, personality changes, and decreased appetite. A person who uses drugs tends to be alone and can suddenly and easily disappear. When using crack cocaine, speech impairments are observed. In most cases, the condition of the pupils changes.

Sudden cessation of drug use may occur due to inability to obtain drugs, lack of money, imprisonment or hospitalization. You can also stop taking them in an attempt to get rid of drug addiction.

Dependence on sleeping pills.

Abuse of sleeping pills, which are included in the list of drugs, is considered as drug addiction, other cases as substance abuse. As a rule, substance abuse primarily arises as a result of abuse of barbiturates, and then is supported by the addition of any somnogenic drugs, and in some cases, tranquilizers.

Abuse of sleeping pills, which are included in the list of drugs, is more often observed in people suffering from insomnia and in a bad mood. Sleeping pills initially improve their subjective state, relieve insomnia, smooth out emotional disorders, and reduce the urgency of their experiences. An important role in the development of addiction is played by euphoria, as well as the effect of relieving anxiety, which is often observed already at the first use of sleeping pills. Subsequently, however, patients are forced to increase doses and take sleeping pills during the daytime. Under certain conditions, the effect of barbiturates is similar to alcohol intoxication: euphoria, slurred speech, staggering, disorientation, and slowed reflexes and breathing appear. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken simultaneously, a mutual enhancement of the effect occurs, which can lead to death due to symptoms of respiratory paralysis. Continuous use of drugs for more than three weeks causes anemia in combination with liver dysfunction, leads to severe headaches, and decreased respiratory function. Under certain conditions Under circumstances, these drugs are addictive and can lead to addiction after just two weeks of continuous use.

4. Withdrawal syndrome

If you use drugs for a long time, then addiction develops. If you stop taking drugs, withdrawal syndrome occurs. Drug withdrawal syndrome can cause severe suffering, but does not lead to death. The severity of withdrawal depends on the degree of addiction. You can rate these symptoms on a 4-point scale:

Anxiety and a strong desire to take drugs.

Watery eyes, runny nose and yawning.

The symptoms listed above include dilated pupils, loss of appetite, chills, hot or cold flashes and pain throughout the body.

Severe chills, hot or cold flashes, pain throughout the body, increased blood pressure, fever, rapid pulse and breathing. 4. Diarrhea, vomiting, low blood pressure and dehydration. Successful treatment of withdrawal symptoms is based on the idea of giving the patient a dose of drugs that is sufficient to relieve withdrawal symptoms without causing euphoria.

Symptoms associated with drug withdrawal: headache, insomnia, increased sensitivity to light or noise, diarrhea, feeling hot or cold, excessive sweating, major depression, irritability, behavioral abnormalities, disorientation.

Diagnosing drug dependence can be quite difficult, especially in patients with actual physical illness. The placebo effect can be used as a diagnostic tool. If patients respond to a placebo as if they were to a drug, it is highly likely that they have a psychological dependence on the drug. The presence of physical dependence is indicated by signs of withdrawal syndrome that occurs after drug withdrawal.

Prevention of drug addiction consists of competent selection of the complex and dosage of medications, which should be taken exclusively as prescribed by a doctor and under medical supervision.

Treatment of drug addiction consists of gradually reducing the dosage of the drug taken until completely stopping the drug. Also, as a treatment for drug addiction, the placebo effect or the prescription of a similar but weaker drug can be used.

In severe cases of psychological dependence on drugs, patients must undergo a course of psychotherapy. For example, high internal anxiety or the presence of internal psychological conflict can cause somatic symptoms and provoke the use of medications, or cause an obsessive need to take medication to relieve psychological anxiety directly. Insomnia and abuse of sleeping pills, as a rule, also have a psychogenic origin.

6. Social significance for society

Drug addiction is a socially dangerous phenomenon in the life of society. Drugs not only negatively affect a person’s physiology, but also destroy him as a person. Teenagers and young adults are especially susceptible to drugs. This is confirmed by statistics even for our republic. The increase in the number of street children and low-income and disadvantaged families with drinking parents creates favorable conditions for the growth of drug addiction and substance abuse.

Directly related to drug addiction is the increase in the number of criminal offenses among adolescents and young people, as well as the spread of a fatal infection for humans - AIDS. Along with AIDS, there are a number of other diseases that affect people who use drugs: hepatitis C and sexually transmitted diseases. Drug use is immoral in itself, regardless of its specific complications. For a drug addict, the concepts of goodness and justice lose their significance. Striving for the next use of a narcotic substance, he is ready for any Lie and deception; behavior, as drug addiction deepens, is increasingly directed by narcotic interests and less and less by moral criteria. One cannot expect anything else, since the very essence of drug addiction lies in the destruction of the natural mechanisms for assessing the world around us and one’s place in it, the value system that has developed in the process of upbringing.

Conclusion

Many diseases can be treated with medications, and most of them can be purchased at the pharmacy without a prescription. We know this well, and often prescribe this or that medicine to ourselves. Meanwhile, some drugs contain substances that can cause addiction. You may not even notice how addiction arises. Therefore, the most important prevention for not developing drug addiction is treating the patient under the supervision of a doctor. We must remember that we ourselves are responsible for our health and life.

Bibliography

Shakurova M.V. Methodology and technology of work of a social teacher. M: Publishing center "Academy", 2008-272p.

Kryzhanovsky S.A., Vititnova M.B. Modern medicines. M., 1998

Valdman A.V., Babayan E.A. and 3vartau E.E. Psychopharmacological and medico-legal aspects of substance abuse, M., 1988, bibliogr.;

Drug addiction: condition, trends, ways to overcome: - manuals for teachers and parents. M: Publisher: - Vlados-Press, 2003-352p.

Web site:

Nake A. - Drugs. Publisher: M: Sekachev, 2001-128p.

Web site:

People are not born drug addicts, they become them, even through negligence. By ignoring the advice of doctors, people can become substance abusers in just a couple of weeks - a time during which some drugs can develop a strong attachment to them.

Best video:

What does addiction to a medicine mean, what is it called?

Adaptation to drugs is a phenomenon that is manifested by a decrease in the effects of recurrent effects on the body of medicinal substances and poisons. This is one of the cases of general biological adaptation of a person or animal to external stimuli. This phenomenon occurs in individual cells or organs. All this can occur with various types of drug therapy.

If a person himself exposes the body to chemical, biological and medicinal drugs that are not included in the list of narcotic drugs, while consciously abusing them, then this phenomenon is called substance abuse. The effects of substance abuse on the central nervous system, personal changes, and social life are the same as with drug addiction. The difference lies in the socio-legal factor and medical symptoms.

Drug dependence is a type of substance abuse. It is determined by the abuse of sedatives and sleeping pills. Substance abuse is very difficult to diagnose, as it is similar to many pathologies in the functioning of the whole body.

What drugs are addictive

Many diseases can be overcome by taking medicines, which are widely available and freely available in pharmacies. Often a person prescribes a course of treatment for himself, without thinking about the composition of the medications and the fact that many drugs are addictive. There is drug addiction and non-drug addiction. The second type is more common. Addictive drugs are divided into several groups:

Laxatives - when used for the purpose of losing weight - Guttalax, Picobax and other irritating laxatives.
Nasal drops - when used, drug-induced vasomotor rhinitis occurs - Naphthyzin, Galazolin, Otrivin and other vasoconstrictor drugs.
Antihistamines - almost all of them, among which one of the most common is Suprastin.
Tranquilizers, sleeping pills and antidepressants - Benzodiazepine, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam.
Analgesics - for example, Nurofen, Spazmalgon, Tramadol.
Antitussives – Codeine, Codterpine.

Time to get used to medications

There is a slow and fast addiction to medications. The first type occurs when using barbiturates, laxatives, analgesics, antihypertensive drugs, phenamine and many other components. It is caused by increasing doses of medications to achieve the same treatment effects.

Rapid addiction (tachyphylaxis) occurs from the use of drugs that contain serotonin, catecholamine, histamine, oxytocin, vasopressin and angiotensin. Rapid addiction develops based on a decrease in alkaline blood reserves, receptor desensitization, and depletion of norepinephrine reserves.

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Alcohol (ethyl alcohol, approximately 250 million addicts in the world);

Opioids: morphine, heroin, narcotic analgesics (more than two million addicts in the world);

Cannabinoids: marijuana, hashish (approximately 25 million addicts in the world);

Sedatives: benzodiazepines - tranquilizers, sleeping pills - barbiturates (the number of addicts has not been accurately calculated, since they are taken by a large number of somatic patients);

Cocaine and its derivatives (about seven million addicts in the world);

Stimulants: amphetamine, caffeine, ephedron, ecstasy, coffee;

Hallucinogens: LSD, mescaline, psilocybin;

Aromatic volatile substances: household chemicals, gasoline;

Tobacco (nicotinism is called household drug addiction).

Opioids

Drugs that have a sedative, “inhibiting” effect. This group includes natural and synthetic morphine-like compounds. All natural narcotic drugs of the opium group are obtained from poppy. They cause a state of euphoria, calm, and tranquility. Drug addictions caused by opiates are very difficult to treat.

Heroin is the most common opium drug. Along with a very strong and pronounced narcotic effect, it has extremely high toxicity and the ability to quickly (after 2-3 doses) form physical dependence.

Poppy straws are crushed and dried parts of poppy stems and bolls. The straws are used to prepare a solution of acetylated opium.

Acetylated opium is a ready-to-use solution obtained through a series of chemical reactions. It has a dark brown color and a characteristic smell of vinegar.

Raw opium, specially processed sap of poppy plants, is used as a raw material for preparing a solution of acetylated opium. A substance resembling plasticine.

Methadone is a strong synthetic opium drug. The substance is in the form of a white powder or ready-made solution.

Withdrawal syndrome from opiate abuse:

An irresistible desire to take opiates;

Restlessness, irritability;

Hyperalgesia;

Convulsive contractions, muscle pain;

Dysphoria;

Fever;

Arterial hypertension, tachycardia;

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;

Pupil dilation;

Insomnia;

delayed symptoms:

Desire to take opiates;

Anxiety;

Insomnia.

Treatment of opiate addiction:

The basic principle is replacement therapy:

-methadone - an opioid, has practically no euphoric effect, has a long-lasting effect (24 hours), is effective when taken orally, occupies opioid receptors and prevents the manifestation of the effects of heroin when taken, resulting in insignificant euphoria and no withdrawal symptoms.

-buprenorphine - partial agonist of opioid receptors (μ-agonist, κ-antagonist), does not cause dysphoria, is 30 times more active than morphine, can be administered sublingually, upon withdrawal - mild withdrawal symptoms.

antagonists

-naloxone - acts for 20-30 minutes when administered intravenously, is used to change the type of drug dependence.

-naltrexone - acts for 24 hours, is effective when taken orally, blocks opioid receptors, is used to change the type of drug addiction and treat drug addiction.

Cardiovascular system stabilizers

- clonidine (clonidine) - eliminates nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Tranquilizers.

Ethanol

Ethyl alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH).

Reduces the permeability of presynaptic membranes of neurons for Ca 2+ (increasing the release of mediators);

Potentiates GABAergic inhibition.

As a result, with long-term use:

There is an increase in blood pressure;

Arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy;

Dementia develops;

The veins of the esophagus are affected (varicose veins);

Decrease in ADH—increase in diuresis;

Dilatation of skin blood vessels;

Toxic liver damage.

Withdrawal syndrome appears as:

Tremors;

Delirium (prolonged hallucinations, severe agitation).

Treatment:

1. Intensive therapy of acute conditions (intoxication, abstinence, psychosis).

2. Preventive (anti-relapse) therapy

-teturam (disulfiram)- causes - accumulation of acetaldehyde (nausea, vomiting occurs) due to high concentrations of acetaldehyde;

Opioid receptor antagonists (alcohol - increases the concentration of β-endorphins);

Naltrexone (hydrochloride): opioid receptor blocker – interferes with the action of β-endorphins, no positive reinforcement;

Buspirone, fluoxetine (effect on serotonin transmission);

Nicotine

Harm of smoking:

Impaired mucociliary clearance (COPD);

Carcinogenesis;

Nicotine-drug dependence;

Risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Withdrawal syndrome(duration 2-3 weeks) manifests itself as:

Cravings for smoking;

Irritability, difficulty concentrating,

Increase in body weight.

Addiction treatment:

Replacement therapy (often ineffective);

Chewing gum with nicotine provokes gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcers.

Cannabis preparations

Hemp grows in regions with warm temperate climates. Active ingredients are cannabinoids. The impact is a change in consciousness. The characteristic smell of burnt grass lingers in the room for a long time. Clothes also retain this smell.

Marijuana is the dried or raw green herbaceous part of the cannabis plant.

Hashish is a mixture of resin, pollen and crushed cannabis tips - a dark brown resinous substance similar to plasticine. Contains more than 20% cannabinoids. All hemp derivatives belong to the group of illegal drugs and are completely prohibited.

Consequences of use:

Confusion in thoughts, frustration, depression and feelings of isolation;

Impaired coordination of movement, memory and mental abilities;

Delayed sexual development and maturation, including disorders of sperm production and the menstrual cycle;

When taking a large dose of the drug, hallucinations and paranoia may occur; - the formation of addiction, when smoking does not bring satisfaction, but becomes necessary;

Provocation of simultaneous alcohol consumption and transition to harder drugs;

Bronchitis, lung cancer

Stimulants

Drugs that have a psychostimulating, “stimulating” effect. This group includes synthetic substances containing amphetamine compounds. In most cases, they are administered intravenously. These drugs are derived from medications containing ephedrine (solutan, ephidrine hydrochloride). Ephedrine is naturally found in the ephedra plant. The effect of the drug lasts 2–12 hours (depending on the type of substance). Mental and physical dependence is formed. Long-term use requires a constant increase in the dose of the drug. Temperance, anger, and aggressiveness worsen.

Ephedron is a ready-to-use solution obtained as a result of a chemical reaction. It has a pinkish or transparent color and a characteristic violet smell.

Pervitin is a ready-to-use solution obtained as a result of a complex chemical reaction. An oily liquid that has a yellow or transparent color and a characteristic odor of apples.

Ephedrine - white crystals obtained from the ephedra plant, is used for medicinal purposes, and is also used to prepare ephedrone and perventine most often through drug manipulation.

Consequences of using amphetamines:

Dizziness, headaches, blurred vision and heavy sweating;

Heart attacks, strokes;

Nervous exhaustion;

Significant changes in mental activity and irreversible changes in the brain;

Damage to the cardiovascular system and all internal organs: liver due to the low quality of drugs - iodine, potassium permanganate and red phosphorus, which are used in the preparation of drugs, remain in them;

Risk of contracting HIV infection and hepatitis due to the use of shared syringes;

Significant decrease in immunity, danger of overdose with serious consequences, including death.

Cocaine

A psychostimulant of plant origin, obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.

Cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine hydrochloride is easily soluble in water, so it is not only snorted, but sometimes injected intravenously or swallowed.

Crack - fragile records, used for smoking. Crack forms both physical and psychological dependence extremely quickly.

Consequences of cocaine use:

Arrhythmia;

Bleeding and other damage to the nasal cavity;

Atrophy of the nasal mucosa and loss of smell;

Taste disturbances;

Deafness;

Paranoid psychoses, hallucinations, aggressiveness;

Death as a result of cardiac dysfunction (myocardial infarction) or respiratory arrest.

Hallucinogens

A group of psychedelic drugs, heterogeneous in origin and chemical composition, that alter consciousness - sensations, thoughts, emotions and perceptions (psychodisleptics).

LSD is a synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid found in ergot. A colorless, odorless powder or a clear, odorless, colorless and tasteless liquid. The action develops within 30–60 minutes and lasts up to 12 hours. It has a huge hallucinogenic effect in small concentrations - 30g. There is enough LSD for 300,000 thousand people.

Psilocin and psilocybin are narcotic substances that have a hallucinogenic effect. Contained in toadstool mushrooms. To achieve a narcotic effect, it is enough to take 2 grams of dried mushrooms. The main danger of this drug is its availability.

Consequences of using hallucinogens:

Irreversible changes in the structure of the brain, mental disorders of varying severity, up to the complete collapse of the personality. Even a single dose of LSD can alter the genetic code and permanently damage the brain. Mental disorders are indistinguishable from the disease schizophrenia. The drug accumulates in brain cells. Remaining there for a long time, even after several months it can cause the same sensations as immediately after administration. The effect of the drug lasts 2-12 hours (depending on the type of substance). Mental and physical dependence is formed. Long-term use requires a constant increase in the dose of the drug. Temperance, anger, and aggressiveness worsen. Over time, unreasonable anxiety and suspicion appear. Suicide attempts are possible.

Ecstasy

"Ecstasy" is the generic name for a group of synthetic stimulant drugs of the amphetamine family, often with hallucinogenic effects. White, brown, pink and yellow tablets or multi-colored capsules contain about 150 mg of the drug. Ecstasy is an expensive drug, and its users usually turn to systematic use of heroin or amphetamines.

Consequences of use:

Mental dependence;

Depression, even suicide;

Physical and nervous exhaustion;

The nervous system, heart, liver, dystrophy of internal organs suffer;

Changing the genetic code;

Deaths from dehydration, overheating, and acute renal failure are possible.

Sleeping pills

A group of sedative (calming) and hypnotic substances found in the form of official drugs, usually tablets or capsules. There are many varieties, the most dangerous are derivatives of barbituric acid, but other drugs, more or less freely sold in pharmacies (phenazepam, Relanium, Reladorm), can cause mental and physical dependence. Sleeping pills are usually taken orally, but are sometimes given intravenously. Particularly dangerous when used with alcohol.

Consequences of using sleeping pills:

Persistent insomnia;

Brain damage clinically similar to epilepsy;

Psychoses with hallucinations, delusions of persecution;

Dystrophy of the heart muscle;

Liver exhaustion;

Death from overdose and from rapid withdrawal of large doses.

Inhalants

Volatile aromatic substances with narcotic effects. Contained in household chemicals: dyes, solvents, glue, gasoline, hairspray, insect repellents. They are not drugs in themselves. An intoxicating effect is possible if the amount of the substance entering the body is very large.

Consequences of using inhalants:

Sneezing, cough, runny nose, nosebleeds;

Nausea;

Irregular heart rhythm and chest pain;

Loss of coordination, balance;

Toxic liver damage after 8-10 months of continuous use;

Irreversible brain damage;

Frequent and severe pneumonia.

Self-control tasks

1.Astringents. 2. Enveloping. 3.Adsorbent. 4. Annoying. 5. Local anesthetics.

II.

1. Tannin. 2.Ammonia. 3.Cocaine. 4.Activated carbon. 5.Mucous from starch.

III.The antagonist of cocaine is:

1.Caffeine. 2. Dicaine. 3.Activated carbon. 4.Diazepam. 5. Tannin.

IV.Group of drugs causing drug dependence:

1. Sedatives. 2. Sleeping pills. 3.Anesthetic agents. 4. Neuroleptics. 5. Analeptics.

V.Drug causing drug dependence:

1. Cordiamine. 2. Aminazine. 3.Acetylsalicylic acid. 4. Phenobarbital. 5. Sodium thiopental.

VI.Group of drugs causing drug dependence:

1. Psychostimulants. 2. Nootropics. 3. Analeptics. 4.Tonics.

VII.Drug causing drug dependence:

1. St. John's wort tincture. 2.Piracetam. 3.Camphor. 5.Caffeine. 6.Imizin.

VIII.Theism inducing drug:

1. Sodium bromide. 2.Caffeine. 3.Valerian tincture. 4.Piracetam. 5. Aminalon.

IX.Group of drugs causing drug dependence:

1. Non-inhalation anesthetics. 2.Antiparkinsonian drugs. 3. Narcotic analgesics. 4.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 5.Antidepressants.

X.Drug causing drug dependence:

1.Amitriptyline. 2. Levodopa. 3.Paracetamol. 4. Morphine. 5.Ftorotan.

XI.Group of drugs causing drug dependence:

1.M-anticholinergics. 2. Dopaminomimetics. 3. Alpha adrenergic agonists. 4. Beta-agonists. 5.N-cholinomimetics

XII.Drug causing drug dependence:

1. Pilocarpine. 2. Levodopa. 3. Naphthyzin. 4.Izadrin. 5.Nicotine.

XIII.Drug used for alcohol withdrawal:

1. Aminazine. 2.Diazepam. 3. Atropine. 4. Morphine. 5.Caffeine.

XIV.Drug causing drug dependence:

1. Adrenaline. 2. Atropine. 3.Amphetamine. 4. Aminazine. 5. Aminalon.

XV.Hallucinogens include:

1.Caffeine. 2.Nicotine. 3. Morphine. 4.Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). 5.Alcohol.

XVI.The mechanism of action of hallucinogens involves:

1. Cholinergic system. 2.Adrenergic system. 3.Noradrenergic system. 4.Dopaminergic system. 5. Serotonergic system.

XVII.Flumazenil is an antagonist:

1. Benzodiazepine receptors. 2. Cholinergic receptors. 3.Adrenoreceptors. 4.GABA receptors. 5.Dopamine receptors.

XVIII.Nalorphine is an antagonist:

1. Benzodiazepine receptors. 2. Opiate receptors. 3. Cholinergic receptors. 4.Adrenoreceptors. 5.Dopamine receptors.

XIX.Psychostimulants-adaptogens:

1.Caffeine. 2.Piracetam. 3. Ginseng tincture. 4.Alcohol. 5.Nicotine.

XX.Drugs that cause drug dependence:

1. Non-narcotic analgesics. 2. Anticonvulsants. 3.Antiparkinsonian drugs. 4.Barbiturates. 5. Non-inhalation anesthetics.

XXI.Heroin is:

1.M-anticholinergic agent. 2. Alpha adrenergic blocker. 3.N-anticholinergic agent. 4. Beta blocker. 5.Opioid.

XXII."Ecstasy" is a derivative:

1.Amphetamine. 2. Morphine. 3. Atropine. 4.Nicotine. 5. Cocaine.

XXIII.Reduces craving for nicotine:

1.Tubocurarine. 2. Tabex. 3. Theophylline. 4. Tramadol. 5. Ticlopidine.

XXIV.Psychosomimetics include:

1.Caffeine. 2. Ginseng tincture. 3.LSD. 4.Camphor. 5.Nicotine.

XXV.Teturam is used in the treatment of:

1. Morphinism. 2. Cocaineism. 3. Theism. 4.Alcoholism. 5. Nicotinism.

XXVI.Disulfiram - this drug is used for abuse:

1.Nicotine. 2. Morphine. 3. Caffeine. 4. Cocaine. 5.Alcohol.

XXVII.Cocaine addicts use cocaine in the form of:

1. Powder. 2.Solution. 3.Decoction. 4. Infusion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Medicines that affect the functions of the central nervous system. Educational manual / Ed. I.G. Kozlova.- M.: RGMU, 2006- 44 p.

2. Kukes V.G. Clinical pharmacology. - Textbook. 3rd edition, revised and expanded. - M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2004. - 720 p.

3. Petrov V.E., Balabanyan V.Yu. Pharmacology. Workbook. A manual for preparing for classes / Ed. R.N. Alyautdina.- M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2005.- 264 p.

4. Pharmacology / Ed. R.N. Alyautdina.- M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2004.- 502 p.

5. Kharkevich D.A. Pharmacology: Textbook. - 8th edition, revised, supplemented and corrected. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2005. - 736 p.

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