Who owns the Internet. Who owns the retail chains in Russia? What are domains

Developing an attack on the media-foreign agents, State Duma deputies began their new parliamentary season on January 24 by adopting in the first reading a bill on amendments to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, which provides for differentiated sanctions for violating the procedure for the activities of media-foreign agents. Another new bill will oblige users of social networks, such as Facebook, reprinting materials and messages from the media of a foreign agent on their pages to make special links, as stated by State Duma Vice Speaker Pyotr Tolstoy.

INTERNET - EVIL OR GOOD?

Remember how before, in order to win the revolution, it was necessary to establish control over the post office, telephone and telegraph. Now in the age of scientific progress, control over the World Wide Web is becoming relevant. The security services of all countries of the world claim that terrorists, leaders of various sects recruit their supporters on the Internet, and drug lords sell poisonous death through it. Also, they add, "color revolutions" are planned and then carried out using the Internet. There are also groups on the Internet that encourage children to commit suicide.

And there are also malicious viruses that can, by launching into the enemy’s network, block the work of airports, banks, railways ... Experts say that now more than 130 countries are experimenting in the field of cyber warfare. The President of Russia, speaking at the FSB board, said that about 70 million cyber attacks are made on Russian state resources a year. We will warn you right away: in this article, we will not consider accusations of Russian hackers of interfering in the American elections. This topic requires a separate article.

Supporters of the Internet will reasonably object that any novelty can be used for good and for evil. Do you remember the Strugatskys' book "It's Hard to Be a God"? There, the meat grinder was used as a torture machine, crushing the fingers of Don Reba's opponents. By the way, the revolutions of the past somehow managed without social networks - Facebook, LiveJournal and Odnoklassniki. And catching terrorists in any guise is the task of law enforcement officers, not IT people. In addition, it was through the exchange of information on the Internet that it became possible to closely cooperate with law enforcement officers from all over the world.

In short, without leaving Russia, you can get an education even at Oxford, even at the University of Massachusetts. Statistics say: almost 2/3 of the world's education is already conducted remotely. The discussion about whether the Internet is evil or good, we think, will continue exactly until something else more comprehensive and effective is invented. But one thing is already clear: today, whoever owns the Internet owns the minds of billions. In fact, we are talking about the possibility of influence (evil or good) on all of humanity. It is known that in the world today there are about four billion Internet users. And every minute this number is growing.

There are about four billion Internet users in the world today. And every minute this number is growing

PROHIBITE OR NOT?

However, the benefit of the Internet or evil - for many officials does not matter. In order not to worry about anything, it is better to forbid. All that is possible and that is impossible. For starters, data on the property of a number of high-ranking officials was classified, giving the FSO new powers. The adopted document says that it is possible to classify the personal data of protected persons and information about members of their families.

The bill amending the Law on the FSO was submitted to the State Duma by the president in February of this year and initially did not provide for anything of the kind. But by the second reading, clause 14.1 appeared in the document: “... the processing of personal data of objects of state protection and members of their families is carried out with their consent and (or) with the consent of state protection authorities, with the exception of personal data subject to publication or mandatory disclosure under federal laws ".

This means that any information about the traitors of the Investigative Committee, both Houses of Parliament, the Supreme and Constitutional Courts and members of their families can be excluded from all public registers - traffic police, Rosreestr, Unified State Register of Legal Entities, FSSP, Federal Tax Service, etc. At the legislative level, there is no definition of a family member, so the law can be applied arbitrarily, excluding from public registers information even about the cousins ​​of high-ranking officials. This greatly reduces the possibilities for anti-corruption monitoring of high-ranking officials. Maybe that's how it was intended?

A HOLE FROM A DOUNTAIN FOR YOU, NOT MESSENGERS

From January 1, 2018, the law on the regulation of messengers comes into force, obliging to identify users by phone number and refuse to exchange messages if this condition is not met. Messenger is a program mobile app or web service for instant messaging.

The market of instant messengers for smartphones and tablets today has been conquered by the powerful and practically free WhatsApp and Viber, with which Pavel Durov's Telegram has so far unsuccessfully tried to compete. The law imposes an obligation on services within 24 hours, at the request of the authorities, to limit the ability of users to send electronic messages containing information prohibited in Russia.

According to the document, the organizers of instant messengers will have to conclude agreements with telecom operators, which will allow identifying the user's identity by phone number. Messengers will also have to limit the distribution of messages at the request of public authorities. The procedure for such restriction should be determined by the government.

The head of the relevant State Duma Committee on Information Policy, Information Technologies and Communications, Leonid Levin, explained to reporters: “The current regulation provides for sanctions only against messenger operators if they contribute to the violation of the law. No fines or direct bans on users are planned.” Access to the messengers themselves can be limited only on the basis of a court decision.

Note that the law has a significant flaw. The fact is that the preventive prevention of “bad” mailings by the messenger is unrealistic, since for this you need to at least know the content of the mailings. And the messages are encrypted and cannot be read by messengers. But here, after all, it is not the result that is important, but the simulation of active work on the topic “No matter how it happens?”. And from July 1, 2018, the “Yarovaya law” will oblige everyone (mobile operators, Internet resources, instant messengers, social networks) to store all the traffic of their customers (recordings of conversations, the contents of correspondence) for six months for possible provision of information to the competent authorities.

AND THE CHERRY ON THE CAKE - INTERNET BRICS

The Russian Security Council instructed the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to work out the creation of their own Internet based on the BRICS. This Internet, spanning Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, will have a system of duplicate root domain name servers (DNS). It will be independent of the control of international organizations and will be able to serve the requests of users of the BRICS countries in case of failures or targeted impacts.

In addition, the Security Council of the Russian Federation issued instructions to ministries and departments to ensure the production of Russian telecommunications equipment and its priority use in government bodies and state-owned companies.

What is the reason for this decision? As stated at the Security Council, a serious threat to Russia's security is the increased ability of Western countries to conduct offensive operations in the information space and readiness to use them.

The role of the United States, which controls the global network, was especially emphasized. Internet experts were skeptical about the possibility of putting the idea of ​​a "parallel Internet" into practice. But the goal of depriving the United States of Internet advantages is clear. And somehow it will be solved.

Conclusion: no one will deny that any country needs to ensure information security within their information space.

But it is not difficult to guess that if the worldwide network is divided by countries, then the whole point of this technology will collapse. Its strength, its progressive character lies precisely in the fact that it unites humanity.

Alexandra Selezneva

In a patriotic milieu, one can often hear statements like "all media and communications are controlled by Jews." Let's try to check the validity of these words on the example of the most promising mass media today - on the example of the Internet.

Who owns the Internet portals and services that are most popular in our country, in our region, in the world? Who manages these resources? The following information is absolutely not secret, it is collected from open sources on the Internet and corresponds to the state of January-February 2011.

Belarus

tut.by
The owner and director, Yuri Zisser, is a Jew, which he does not publicly hide.

open.by(including branches of shop.by, all.by, etc.)
The director of the company that owns the site is Andrey Ivanov. Other than that, no information, no photos.

naviny.by
The creator and director of BelaPAN CJSC, which owns the site, is a certain Ales Lipay, who managed to work in the Znamya Yunosti newspaper during the Union and then became the first journalist in Belarus for Radio Liberty (see below). Appearance Belarusian, partly even alcoholic. No more information.

onliner.by
The director is Alexander Stelmakh (this is an old Belarusian surname), of a Belarusian type.
Owner - Vitaliy Shuravko, Belarusian type.

svaboda.org(Radio Liberty)
This site is owned by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, funded by the US Broadcasting Board of Governors or BBG. BBG has its puppeteers, of course, and figuring them out is separate work. On our subject, we can mention a) the chairman of the BBG, the Jew Walter Isaacson, and b) one of the ordinary members of the directorate, Michael Linton, who also works in the establishment of the Jewish Television Network (Jewish television network) and comes from a family that fled Germany during the time of Hitler.
(If instead of svaboda.org we put charter97.org or another frantic opposition site, the diagnosis will be about the same. But opposition sites do not enjoy nationwide popularity and only publish openly biased news materials).

yandex.ru
The system was created mainly by two people:
Ilya Segalovich - a programmer, today the director of Yandex LLC for technologies and development, an obvious Jew by his own admission, the author of the name "Yandex";
Arkady Volozh - a man of white appearance, today CEO"Yandex" LLC. Segalovich, however, claimed in an interview (possibly fictitious) that they were both Jewish.
But these two are more like managers. Most of the assets of Yandex LLC are owned by three organizations:
1) investment fund (in other words, moneylenders) ru-Net Holdings, where the director is Leonid Boguslavsky, son of the Jewish writer Zoya Boguslavskaya;
2) Barings Vostok Capital Partners, the Russian branch of the mysterious international organization Baring Private Equity Partners (BPEP), descended from the English trading and banking family of Barings. BPEP is engaged in the purchase of CJSC, LLC (closed assets). The BPEP website does not provide any information about the central management of the organization, but only about regional branches;
3) Tiger Management investment fund run by the following people:
Lee Fixel is a CEO who looks Jewish and has a number of Jewish friends on Facebook;
Charles Coleman - white, son of an Anglican priest, married to not too beautiful girl Stephanie, surnamed Erklenz (no evidence of Jewishness has been found);
Julian Robertson - white, Anglican;
Joseph Sanberg - no information;
Michael Jermino - seemingly of Hispanic origin.

rambler.ru
The creator of the system, Dmitry Vitalyevich Kryukov, in addition to his repulsive, albeit white appearance, does not show any signs of Jewishness.
The current owner, oligarch Vladimir Potanin, is of unknown origin, but there is no evidence of Jewishness.

mail.ru
The portal is owned by the investment fund Digital Sky Technologies / Mail.ru Group, controlled by three financial tycoons:
Yuri Benitsionovich Milner is an obvious Jew and according to the information of the Jewish site sem40.ru;
Grigory Moiseevich Finger - an obvious Jew;
Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov is an Uzbek married to a well-known Jewish sports coach Irina Viner, i.e. family related to Jewishness; owner of the English football club Arsenal.
It is interesting to read about what kind of wealth these people own in general - and this is not only the media, but also real natural resources.
Mail.ru Group maintains personal contacts with people from Facebook (see below), and they own 10% of Facebook shares.

livejournal.com
It is owned by Moscow-based international media company SUP. Soup is owned mainly by two people:
Alexander Leonidovich Mamut - a friend of Yeltsin and Berezovsky, a son from a family of lawyers, a Jew by appearance and according to sem40.ru;
Andrew Paulson is white.
Until 2008, Jews Anton Nosik and Eduard Shenderovich also worked in the administration of the SUP.
Tellingly, SUP bought Livejournal from Six Apart, which at the time of the deal was headed by a Jew, Barak Berkowitz (all according to sem40).

odnoklassniki.ru
The creator and original owner is Popkov Albert Mikhailovich, an obvious Jew.
Now the portal, like mail.ru, belongs to Digital Sky Technologies / Mail.ru Group (see above). Those. Jewish oligarchs.

liveinternet.ru
The creator and owner is German Klimenko. Other than photographs showing Semite-like elements in appearance, no publicly available information about his Jewishness speaks.

vkontakte.ru
When VKontakte LLC was established, the assets of the enterprise were distributed as follows:
20% - Pavel Durov - developer, does not show direct signs of Jewishness;
10% - Mikhail Mirilashvili - ex-vice-president of the Congress of Jewish Communities of Russia;
60% - Vyacheslav (Yitzhak) Mirilashvili - the son of Mikhail;
10% - Lev Leviev, Jewish billionaire, among other things, the owner of diamond mines in Africa.
As of today, VKontakte has been bought by the Jewish fund Digital Sky Technologies / Mail.ru Group (see above).

ICQ
The program was developed by the Israeli company Mirabilis. Today, the service is owned by Digital Sky Technologies / Mail.ru Group (see above) and is the most popular worldwide in the CIS.

The conditional result for portals and services popular in the CIS is 6 out of 8.

google.com/gmail.com/blogger.com
Google Incorporated is a multinational corporation that owns more than a million servers around the world, as well as, among other things, a complex of wind farms and an artificial earth satellite. The corporation is owned by two people:
Lawrence Page is from a Jewish family in Michigan;
Sergey Brin is the son of Moscow Jews who moved to the United States.

myspace.com
The network is owned by the Australian News Corporation, which, however, is based in the US. The corporation was founded by the Catholic noble family of Murdoch, who in the 20th century, for unknown reasons, threw themselves into wild interracial marriages, incl. intermarried with the Jewish family of Freud. However, there are no obvious Jews in the leadership. And perhaps James Murdoch, executive director for Europe and Asia, is married to a certain Catherine Hufschmid, for whom there is no public information. That is, there are no obvious signs of Jewishness among the owners of Myspace. Although the network has enough cries about being Jewish and Hufshmid, and the whole Murdoch family.

youtube.com
The service was created by a Taiwanese, a white American and a Bangladeshi, but was bought by the Jewish corporation Google in 2006 (see above).

yahoo.com
The portal was founded by Taiwanese Jerry Yang and an American with a rustic Irish appearance, David Filo. The executive director (hired) at yahoo is a woman, Carol Bartz, but her Jewishness is not provable from the available information.
Interestingly, Yahoo was once sued by several Jewish organizations, accusing the company's management of "justifying the war crimes of the Nazis." There were others, but not judicial, but kitchen-Internet accusations of anti-Semitism.

facebook.com
The assets of Facebook Incorporated are distributed as follows:
24% - Mark Zuckerberg, from a New York Jewish family, founder of Facebook, CEO;
10% - Accel Partners investment fund, dispersed around the world, without a pronounced central management / owners; there are enough shady functionaries in it, but there are no grounds to assert that the fund as a whole is Jewish;
10% - Digital Sky Technologies (see above), Jewish oligarchic structure;
6% - Dustin Moskowitz, an obvious Jew, Zuckerberg's roommate in a university dormitory, co-founder of a corporation;
5% - Eduardo Saverin, from a Brazilian Jewish family, Zuckerberg's dorm roommate, co-founder;
4% - Sean Parker, white, drug addict, marijuana legalization activist; co-founder;
3% - Chris Hughes, white, Zuckerberg's dorm roommate; homosexual, same-sex marriage activist; co-founder;
(the last two are not jokes, check for yourself!);
the remaining 38% is distributed in small shares among various named and unnamed investment funds, ordinary employees of the corporation, unnamed "famous people."
The above distribution shows that at least 45% of Facebook belongs to Jews. Although this is not a “controlling stake” yet, but considering who created this network and who manages it, we will consider it Jewish.

twitter
Three founders and owners: Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams - white Americans; Isaac Stone is not a well-understood figure.

last.fm
Owned by the American CBS Corporation. A controlling stake in CBS is owned by the Jew Sumner Rothstein (he changed his last name to Redstone in his youth).

wikipedia.org
According to official data, Wikipedia and related sites are maintained by the non-profit organization Wikimedia Foundation. The organization is governed by a council whose members are elected and hold their positions for a limited time, i.e. we see a semblance of democracy. Ethnically, the Council is diverse. There is no open evidence about the "Jewish hand".

Skype
The Skype network is operated by Skype Limited, which is owned by the Silver Lake Partners investment fund. Here are the co-founders of SLP: Glenn Hutchins, Jim Davidson, and David Roux. Looks and looks rather white. No more personal information is publicly available. True, there are obvious Jews among the deputy chairmen of the fund, but they are hired employees.

AOL Instant Messenger (AIM)
The AIM messaging system is owned by AOL Incorporated. Publications on the composition of AOL shareholders were not found, and in the management, which may not own shares, there is only one obvious Jew. More interesting here is that from 2000 to 2009, AOL was one with the Jewish company Time Warner. In general, we will give AIM half a point for Jewishness.

The conditional result for world-famous sites and services is 4.5 out of 10.

So, the Jews really control a significant part of the network information. Let not all portals and services belong to them, but the most popular ones do. In Belarus, many people can no longer imagine their lives without Google, and all mailboxes are kept mainly on gmail, tut.by, mail.ru, yandex.
Sites and services are not only what you see on your screen. It's also a server. All information that we enter on the sites, all correspondence, all personal data is stored on servers or at least passes through them. At the same time, a significant, if not a large, part of the servers belongs to a closed group of people interacting with each other and united by a national and religious idea - Jews. Do you have any information about how these people use all this information of yours? I think no. But let's imagine ourselves in their place.
So, we are representatives of an ambitious and determined people fighting for political and economic dominance in the world. Many people hate us and want to destroy us for religious or geopolitical reasons, and we also have many competitors in business. To win, we need to be one step ahead.
And now we have a unique opportunity to read personal data and correspondence, including business, of a huge number of people, among whom there will certainly be our enemies and competitors. In addition, we may, at our discretion, edit the information that all these people see on our sites, and thus put into their heads what is beneficial to us.
We have to be complete idiots not to take advantage of this opportunity! In politics and market relations, those who are guided by "honesty", "decency" inevitably lose. Moreover, our religion instructs us to consider all non-believers as animals, lower beings, unworthy of human treatment. Promises and oaths that we give to non-believers, we are allowed to break.

…Based on the foregoing, you can be 99% sure that the owners of popular sites draw the MAXIMUM of useful information for themselves from our personal data and correspondence.
Let's be naive and assume that they are "honest" and do not view our information. Why, why, how then could such a situation arise that a certain closed group of people has the opportunity to know everything about us, to know our thoughts, to know what we are talking about, but at the same time we are not able to know what they are talking about ? Did it just happen by itself?

How can site owners extract what they want from our data? Most likely, they simply search in the databases for the keywords of interest, similar to auto-listening of telephone conversations. What keywords? – for example, philosophical, political, commercial or industrial terms. Roughly speaking, “Jew”, “race”, “autonomy”, “credit”, “Orthodoxy”, “PZS”, “radius of turn”, in general, anything. With the help of search engines and social networks, one can study the economic trends of states, the spheres of interests of the population, its political and philosophical moods.
Why is it also about viewing business correspondence? In the case of foreign enterprises, this is unlikely, since people there are accustomed to competition, but what about us? What kind of e-mail do public and private firms use in Belarus? Perhaps someone has central boxes of the enterprise on paid servers like belhost.by, but do most of them? And if so, what mails are used when corresponding to lower levels, between departments of different enterprises? Do you think our managers think about Internet security? The author of this article has seen with his own eyes how correspondence takes place via mail.ru on a topic close to state secrets. However, this is a separate topic for investigation.

In the 1990s, Orthodox fundamentalists, foaming at the mouth, shouted out things that might seem like the ravings of a madman: "Dossiers on every goy will be collected from the Jews in specially allocated buildings." Today we see this seemingly nonsense with our own eyes. The Jews not only have dossiers on each goy, but these dossiers were created by the goyim themselves! And not just created, but created with great pleasure. For example, vkontakte. It is with great pleasure that people write their biographies, list personal passions and character traits, and post many of their photographs, satisfying the need for a sense of self-importance.

What to do with all this? Just as every person and every nation needs its own autonomous space on the planet, it would be nice to have its own “land” in the network. That is, their servers, their closed correspondence systems. Take a look at your phone book: is there really not a single computer scientist / programmer you know?
A less painful way is to use paid mail. Even less painful, but also the least intelligent, is to use little-known free services based in those regions and countries where your information is unlikely to be interested and where Jewishness does not have much weight. China, Iran, India, Australia - continue the list yourself.

No organization or individual owns or operates the Internet. It is unlike today's commercial computer networks America Online, Apple-World, CompuServe, GEnie, PRODIGY, which have

Until 1998, the Internet was actually run by one (!) man - University of South Carolina professor Jon Postel, who died in the midst of a debate about the principles for creating ICANN. As a result of a compromise between public organizations, the commercial sector and the Clinton administration, it was decided that the Internet will continue to operate on the principles of self-government. Since public self-government has already shown itself to be an effective manager and allowed the Internet to flourish, the American authorities have decided not to control it directly.

The ICANN org, established as a non-profit public organization, operates on the basis of an agreement with the US Department of Commerce. In addition, in connection with the incorporation in the State of California, ICANN's activities must be within the scope of US law. The influence of the US government in it is very great, since the Department of Commerce has the right to veto in any matters. In this regard, fears have been repeatedly expressed that the government of the United States of America at any time can “turn off” the domain name of any country and make the use of Internet services in that country impossible. So, for example, “during the war in Iraq, the American state repeatedly blocked the functioning of the “.ik” extension owned by Iraq”

From the beginning of its activity, ICANN began to use a distributed domain registration system, which is based on the principle of free access of accredited registrars to domain name registries. This step marked the beginning of the formation of a competitive domain market. Today, there are more than 900 accredited registrars operating in public domain zones, thanks to which the number of registered domains has increased significantly and already exceeds 270 million.

As part of the development of the addressing system, ICANN Corporation has consistently expanded the list of generic domains, of which there were only three in 1998 (.com, .net, .org). Since 2001, the corporation has introduced the domain zones .info, .biz, .name, .coop, .museum, .aero, .pro, .travel, .jobs, .cat, .asia, .eu, .mobi, .tel. At the same time, ICANN intends to continue to follow the policy of expanding the address space by creating new top-level domains, including using symbols of national alphabets.

One of the merit of ICANN is that all decisions made by the corporation are discussed in advance with representatives of the Internet community, business and government authorities of various countries. This is necessary to ensure a balanced management of the address space, taking into account the opinions of all parties interested in this process. The discussion of ICANN documents today takes place in a variety of formats. In particular, before approval, all of them are available for comments on the organization's website. In addition, the corporation regularly holds international conferences.

At the 33rd ICANN meeting held in Cairo on November 2-7, 2008, a decision was made to allocate the Cyrillic top-level domain ".rf" to Russia. On February 4, 2011, IPv4 addresses began to come to an end. ICANN has already begun implementing a new series of IPv6 addresses.

Recently, the problem of Internet governance has unexpectedly become one of the most discussed and demanded topics at various international summits and forums. This happened due to the fact that the global nature of the Network cannot but affect the interests of all participants in modern international relations. The rapid development of information technology has given rise to a sharp division of the countries of the world into "information-rich" and "information-poor". It also caused serious resentment from some apparently not the richest countries. For example, countries such as Syria and Cuba pointed out that the Internet is a tool of the "world behind the scenes", whose activities are directed from Washington, and the head of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, called the existing Internet governance system "a form of neo-colonialism."

Although the Internet is a decentralized network based on the interconnection of independent computer networks, it still requires some degree of coordination. The myth of complete freedom and decentralization of the Web does not stand up to the simplest analysis of the technical features of its creation. First, a significant such feature is the problem of assigning domain names or assigning a specific address to each computer or server. Someone has to manage the database of addresses and register new domain names, otherwise the transfer of information will turn into a lottery with unpredictable results.

Secondly, there must be a standard by which information is transmitted on the Web. This standard is usually referred to as the Internet data transfer protocol TCP/IP. However, the technical standards for information transfer are not limited to the above protocol. They include many additional options, such as video signal transmission over the Internet. Accordingly, these standards must be developed, adopted and implemented, there is a need for someone who will store them and monitor the compliance of the programs used with the necessary standards.

Thirdly, there is a need to maintain the activity of the so-called root servers, which contain databases with Internet addresses and determine within milliseconds where and where data should be sent from. There are only 13 root servers that are vital to the operation of the entire Internet. As a result of historical development, root servers are owned by government and non-government organizations. From a geographical point of view, today there is a serious disproportion in their location: ten root servers are located in the United States, one each in Amsterdam, Stockholm and Tokyo.

Obviously, the Internet requires less control and regulation than television or radio. So, for example, registration of domain names is carried out in a declarative manner. If a particular name is free, then there are no additional obstacles to its registration, comparable to the need to obtain licenses for television and radio broadcasting. Nevertheless, some central coordination is still required, otherwise the system simply cannot function. And this allows us to say that the Internet can be "managed".

Some European researchers have even suggested breaking away from the American Network and creating their own.

Obviously, this state of affairs could not suit other participants in international relations. Since the inception of ICANN, the issue of transferring its functions to an international organization under the auspices of the UN has been raised. The International Telecommunication Union was named as a likely candidate. One of the first to express dissatisfaction with the "dominance" of the United States in this matter were the most developed countries in the world. The position of France was especially harsh, which repeatedly advocated the transfer of Internet control to an international organization, saying that the national domain name is an integral part of the country's sovereignty.

The vast majority of participants in international relations are not satisfied with the structure of the board of directors of ICANN. For example, until 2002, the global community could delegate no more than two members to the ICANN Board of Directors. To date, in accordance with the current charter of the organization, such an opportunity is reserved for 8 members out of 21. However, a complex system for selecting candidates leads to the fact that representatives of English-speaking countries dominate the board of directors. Despite the stated aims to "make the governance of the Internet independent of the will of one nation", it becomes apparent in most ICANN meetings that "the Web remains the property of the English-speaking countries".

At the very beginning of the new millennium, international pressure on ICANN was so strong that the US government seriously considered the issue of transferring control of domain name registration to an international organization. The main line of defense of the current situation is that representatives of the US government point out that ICANN is a new form of harmonization of interests of states, public organizations and business. Moreover, the public status of this organization, according to the American side, helps to keep the Internet politically unbiased. For example, in 2002, the US Federal Communications Commission received an official request from the authorities of communist China, which required clarification about the existence of the ".tw" domain name. Since the Chinese authorities do not recognize the existence of Taiwan, they asked to cancel the registration of this domain name. The response of the US authorities was to point out that ICANN is a non-profit organization in which the US government has no ability to order, but can only veto. Thus, the United States has discovered an unexpected benefit from this way of organizing Internet governance. On the one hand, social self-government work is developing quite successfully, does not require significant expenses and promotes the spread of American technologies and lifestyles. On the other hand, the US retains some control over these activities.

However, in response to the wishes of the global community, a Governmental Advisory Committee has been included in ICANN's governing bodies to represent and defend the views of nation-state governments. However, this committee has only deliberative power. Therefore, it is not surprising that with the beginning of the new millennium, the participation in the problem of Internet governance of various structures under the auspices of the UN has intensified. This was initiated by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who in November 2004 announced the creation of an ad hoc working group on the information society, which was preparing to consider the issue of "Internet government". As a result of the group's work, a working definition of Internet governance has emerged. This definition reduces the problem of Internet governance to "the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, general principles, rules, regulations, decision-making procedures and programs governing the evolution and use of the Internet.” Another very important proposal was the creation of the Worldwide Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, which could replace the American organization ICANN.

In 2005, the Tunis Phase of the World Summit on the Information Society established the Internet Governance Forum. The Tunis Agenda for the Information Society contained an address to Secretary General a request from governments to create a new forum for policy dialogue to discuss public policy issues relating to key elements of Internet governance in order to promote the viability, operational reliability, security, stability and development of the Internet. In 2006, the working group on the problems of the information society was transformed into the Secretariat of the Internet Governance Forum, and annual international forums on Internet governance began to be held under the auspices of the UN. The mandate of the Forum was initially limited to five years, but was subsequently extended by a further five years by decision of the General Assembly (A/RES/65/141) in 2010.

On August 18, 2015, the US Department of Commerce decided not to transfer control over critical Internet infrastructure to the community from September 30, 2015 and to extend the contract with the Corporation for Domain Names and IP Addresses (ICANN) for a year, writes.

"The government plans to extend its contract with ICANN by one year, through September 30, 2016, with an option to extend it for another three years," US Undersecretary of Commerce Lawrence Strickling said.

The reason for this decision was that the Internet community did not have time to prepare a consolidated proposal for the transition of the functions of ICANN to the community by the specified deadline.

Earlier, the US Department of Commerce announced that it would transfer the management of critical infrastructure to the world community only according to the multistakeholderism model - taking into account the interests of all participants: the Internet community, business and states. But on the condition that the non-interference of any state or group of states in the governance of the Internet is guaranteed. At the same time, the US authorities categorically rejected the transfer of control over the Internet to an international organization (for example, the UN or the International Telecommunication Union).

This position of the US Department of Commerce provoked criticism from various countries, including Russia. Doubts have also been raised about whether America will hand over control of the Internet within the stipulated time frame.

“Unfortunately, the closer we get to September 30, the more we hear rhetoric that humanity is not capable of coping with Internet governance, there are no other worthy organizations from countries that are capable of pulling off such a difficult task. That only the United States is able to cope with this, - Nikolai Nikiforov, Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, said in June. -<…>They do not believe that humanity is able to cope with the management of the worldwide network.

Nikiforov noted that if the decision to transfer control is not made before September 30, then "humanity will not expect the completion of the next government contract with ICANN." In his opinion, many countries in the world will begin to implement technical and organizational projects that demonopolize the Internet.

The minister explained the inevitability of such steps on the part of various countries, in particular, by the fact that the US authorities have extended the policy of their double standards, including to the Internet. “We have already encountered the effectiveness of their management (the US administration) when domains registered to legal entities or individuals located in Crimea were deleted,” Nikiforov said. - This happened at the behest of the US administration, despite previous statements from the stands that the Internet is beyond political decisions, beyond government controlled. Such a policy of double standards is present in many areas, and now it has reached the Internet. The Internet is directly controlled by the US government administration.”

At the same time, Nikiforov emphasized that the nationalization of the Internet would not affect his work in any way.

In turn, presidential aide Igor Shchegolev said in July that Russia would strengthen the protection of its own interests on the Internet, regardless of what decision the US Department of Commerce makes on the issue of transferring control over Internet governance.

“We will move in this direction regardless of what the September decisions will be. On the other hand, not only Russia, but also most countries of the world are waiting for what will happen in September.< . . .>Everyone remains moderately optimistic that the US government will keep its promises and let ICANN float freely,” he said.

Formerly Director of External Relations of RIPE NCC (European Regional Internet Registry) in Eastern Europe And Central Asia Maxim Burtikov told Interfax that the Internet community has concerns that by the time the current contract with ICANN expires, the final consolidated proposal for the transfer of powers will not be prepared. “And if such a proposal appears, then the NTIA (US National Telecommunications and Information Administration) may not have time to consider it - and will simply extend the contract with ICANN for another necessary period to complete the discussion,” Burtikov said.

At present, the Internet governance structure consists of several levels. At the top is the NTIA, which determines the terms of the contract to serve as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The latter is responsible for the IP address space, top-level domains, and the Internet protocols used. Traditionally, ICANN receives this contract.

We have released a new book "Content Marketing in in social networks: How to get into the head of subscribers and fall in love with your brand.

The site owner is the individual or entity, on which the address of the resource in the network is registered.

Imagine that you bought a car, but you had no time to deal with documents. Therefore, you entrusted this to your subordinate Nikolai. And he took over the car. As long as you have a good relationship, you use the property. But then suddenly Kolya quits and leaves in your car. And legally it doesn't belong to you. But if Nikolai gets into an accident, the responsibility will fall on him.

From a legal point of view, the site is considered as property that can be owned, and donations, pledges, sales, etc. can be performed with it. To have this opportunity, it is necessary. The owner is also responsible for the materials posted on the resource.

For these reasons, you should responsibly approach the registration of the site on the network.

Who is the legal owner of the site

That's what it says the federal law dated July 27, 2006 N 149-FZ “On information, information technology and information protection":

But it is not clear from the definition who has legal rights. Consider the following situation:

1. The site was ordered and paid for by director Ivanov.
2. The accommodation (hosting) contract was concluded by the web developer Petrov.
3. The domain is registered to the manager Sidorov.
4. Who is responsible for the appearance on the page of illegal content posted by the administrator Vasiliev?

Legally, it is difficult to prove that Ivanov gave the order and knew about the publication. Vasiliev might not have known that the article would be published. This must be documented. If there are no written orders, then the responsibility lies with the one to whom the address is registered.

If there is a domain name by which network users get to the site, the tenant of the domain is the owner. In our example, this is Sidorov. If the resource is linked only to, then the person to whom the hosting is registered is responsible for it. We have this Petrov.

It is for this reason that a legal contract is drawn up for hosting and buying a domain name, which contains passport data. This allows companies selling services to relieve themselves of responsibility for the content. It is regulated by article 17 of the same law.

What rights does the site owner have?

First of all, this is the publication and editing of content that does not contradict the laws of the country where the domain name was purchased.

One of the most legally supported rights is copyright. Most of the litigation is connected with him. Everyone has the right to protect the result of their intellectual work, including its placement on the global network.

You can rent a ready-made published site or sell it. However, in order to disclaim responsibility for the information that will be posted in the future, it is necessary to legally formalize the transaction. Only in this case you fall under the protection of the law.

On many resources, users must agree to the rules that govern their behavior. The administrator has the right to refuse registration or other participation in the service.

How to find the owner of the site

Data is provided only with the consent of the owner or by court order directly from the domain. Consent does not mean constant contact with the person. It is expressed in not concealing information.

When purchasing a name from a registrar, you can opt to opt out of all of your information by selecting the "Whois-protected" option. In this case, no one will be able to find out your personal data specified in the contract without an official document.

There are special services on the network that allow you to get all the public information about the domain. For protected addresses, a link is formed - a contact with the owner. All such resources are built on approximately the same principle and provide the same information.

Who.is- is free

Nick.ru - is free

Reg.ru - is free

If you need contact details, try contacting those listed on these services. But it should be remembered that when registering, a person can specify an arbitrary non-existent email address or phone number. If the information is hidden, use the link provided.

The letter will be sent to the mail specified during registration.
Sometimes the name of the creator is stored in the properties of the created file. Use the Google Query Language and check the download links on the site:

filetype:pdf site:site

Download the found document, open the folder and click the right mouse button.

Select "Properties". It's best to look for .doc files because Windows always substitutes the username.

If it is, start looking online.