Commercial banks, their structures and functions. Banks and banking system of the Russian Federation Banks and banking systems

Of course, everyone knows that the domestic banking sector is in a state of permanent crisis, sometimes in a more or less acute phase. Everyone should also remember that even VIP clients are not insured against financial losses in the event of problems with the bank.

Russian banking system in last years is undergoing a painful transformation: the market is being “cleansed” by the regulator, its participants are being consolidated, and at the same time, the business model is being adjusted to crisis conditions and a high key rate. Does the system have sufficient safety margin?

“Against the backdrop of a challenging macroeconomic environment, the banking system is being maintained in a stable state by strong policy measures by the authorities, including the provision of liquidity, capital support and temporary regulatory relief,” the heads of the joint IMF-WB mission said in a statement.

It should be noted that analysts from the international rating agency Standard & Poor's predict that in 2016 negative impact The financial health of Russian banks will be affected by low oil prices and a weak ruble. These are financial institutions.

In 2016, the financial health of Russian banks will be negatively impacted by low oil prices and the weak ruble. This will lead to a deterioration in the quality of assets of financial institutions, analysts from the international rating agency Standard & Poor's predict.

S&P estimates that new possible loan losses will amount to 3.5-4.5% of banks' total reserves. Over the next 3-5 years, the Russian banking sector will become more concentrated, and the number of banks will decrease.

“For this reason, we cannot exclude the possibility of a downgrade of the ratings of certain Russian banks this year, which is reflected in our negative views and the placement of the ratings of 31 banks out of 37 credited on the list for review with a possible downgrade,” the agency quotes S&P credit analyst Sergei Voronenko as saying. "Prime".

The Russian banking system is stable and does not need government support. This opinion was expressed by the Minister of Economic Development Alexey Ulyukaev at the government hour in the State Duma.

“It is no coincidence that in its action programs the government now does not envisage any measures to support the banking system, unlike in previous periods. It is in a stable state and can provide serious lending growth. This includes capitalization and liquidity,” he said.

“For the first time in February, we moved from a situation of a structural liquidity deficit to a situation of a structural excess of liquidity for the banking sector. This suggests that both the population and business trust the banking system, keep their deposits in it, this allows creating the basis for sustainable growth of the credit resource,” Finmarket quotes him as saying.

In January-February 2016, the profit of Russian banks amounted to 83 billion rubles. Deputy Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation Mikhail Sukhov announced this on the sidelines of the Russian Economic and Financial Forum in Switzerland.

“Profit for January-February amounted to 83 billion rubles. This profit was achieved not only at the expense of our largest bank, but also the banking sector (as a whole) for the first time in Lately is also profitable. Bank profitability began to recover in December and early this year. I think that in the first quarter the profit will exceed 100 billion rubles. As for annual forecasts, they should be made carefully, but I think that the figure of 400 billion rubles is quite realistic,” he said.

Previously, the Central Bank predicted that at the end of 2016, the net profit of the banking sector.

It should be noted that in 2015, the profit of Russian banks decreased threefold: credit institutions made a profit against.

The Russian banking system needs competition, not new state banks. This opinion was expressed by the head of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Alexander Shokhin.

In early February, Deputy Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation Mikhail Sukhov stated that the regulator.

The head of Rusal, Oleg Deripaska, criticized the policies of the Central Bank. In his opinion, Russia needs to develop its own debt market and increase the number of large banks.

“We need to radically change the monetary policy of the Central Bank. We intuitively understand what they want: after this stabilization, foreign investment will come. No, we are isolated, no one will come when there is no growth, no one will come to do business that does not generate income,” he said at the Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum.

Oleg Deripaska also stated the need to increase the number of credit institutions, including state-owned ones.

“Look at the number of economic entities. After the Central Bank purge, there were no private banks left at all; there were actually two banks left. Two banks are not able to support such a large country. The number of entities should be different from two, there should be 8-10 of them... If we invest again in these two banks, we will get rates not of 14%, but of 20-25%,” Interfax quotes him as saying.

The bill proposes to make compensation accruals in rubles in 2015-2016 bank deposits citizens of the Russian Federation under deposit agreements valid as of December 31, 2014 or terminated during 2014.

“Accruals should be carried out by analogy with insurance payments, since, in fact, losses of this size can be considered as an insured event,” the explanatory note to the document clarifies.

“The compensation coefficient is calculated individually for each deposit and must be proportional to the change in the bi-currency basket of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation during the period of validity of the deposit agreement, and also take into account the actual increase in prices,” the document says.

Deputies did not accept this project.

Let us recall that in the first ten days of February 2016 maximum bet for ruble deposits of the top 10 Russian banks decreased from 9.95% to 9.76%.

In the first ten days of January 2016 the rate is , in the second ten days of the month the rate is , and in the third ten days the rate is .

Note that in the first ten days of January 2015, the maximum rate on deposits in rubles. During the year the indicator decreased, and in November 2015 the rate.

In 2015, bank owners saved them mainly through gratuitous assistance, otherwise the profits of the banking sector would have decreased not three, but fourteen times. About this on February 17 during round table on the topic “Two views on the situation in the Russian banking sector,” said the vice president of Gazprombank, CEO Analytical credit rating agency Ekaterina Trofimova. Klerk.Ru correspondent Sergei Vasiliev reports from the scene of the event.

“Today we are witnessing a crisis of the business model that has developed in the Russian banking system in recent decades,” stated Trofimova. - Banks leaving the market due to financial insolvency will continue. Macroeconomic conditions and the regulator's integrity show us that the trend is unlikely to change in the coming years. And the banking system by itself cannot become a driver of economic growth.”

“All costs that could be optimized have already been optimized,” continued the Gazprombank representative. - There are three options - either to leave the business completely, but in this case the assets will have to be sold (if anyone takes them at all) at significantly lower prices than they expect. Or continue to optimize costs “for aortic rupture,” but this will soon take anecdotal forms. And the third way is investment, either our own, or perhaps through mergers and acquisitions.”

Income from property received free of charge (financial assistance) is a way to support the bank, which does not require a lengthy approval procedure with the Bank of Russia. The Central Bank has the right to request information about the sources of these funds, but this will happen after the fact. And, unlike classical recapitalization, the shares of shareholders do not change after the provision of financial assistance.

“But from communication with the beneficiaries of the banks, it is clear that they have not yet made any decisions,” summarized the vice-president of Gazprombank. “We sit and wait for oil prices to rise, or for some other happy event to happen.”

The ratio of the foreign exchange position to the total capital of banks at the end of 2015 was 13%, and this figure is becoming alarming. This was stated on February 17 during a round table on the topic “Two views on the situation in the Russian banking sector” by Ekaterina Trofimova, Vice President of Gazprombank, General Director of the Analytical Credit Rating Agency. Klerk.Ru correspondent Sergei Vasiliev reports from the scene of the event.

“In general, the banking system manages to maintain stability,” Trofimova noted. - There is no liquidity shortage, the volume of funding from the Central Bank is falling. Today it accounts for 6.5% of banks' liabilities - two times less than in 2014. Overdue payments, however, continue to grow in all segments, although the growth rate is slowing down.

But currency risks cannot but cause concern. Banks' appetite for foreign exchange positions is increasing. As of December 1, 2015, the total foreign currency claims on the banking system amounted to 26.5 trillion. rubles The ratio of the foreign exchange position (the excess of claims over liabilities) to the total capital of banks is constantly increasing. The trend is clearly negative, and the Central Bank is paying attention to this problem.”

"Bank assets for last year indeed increased in relation to GDP,” he noted, “but the main increase is associated not with the growth of the traditional M2 monetary aggregate, but with currency revaluation. If you try to compare bank balance sheets for last year and the year before, you will get a very distorted picture if all these indicators are not cleared of the influence of exchange rates.”

More than a third of Russians do not expect a large-scale banking crisis in the coming years, but do not exclude the possibility of bankruptcy of one or two large banks. This is evidenced by the results of a survey conducted by NAFI in December 2015.

At the same time, about a quarter of Russians (27%) believe that the situation will be relatively stable and only some small and medium-sized banks will go bankrupt.

According to 18% of respondents, in the next year or two a repetition of the crisis situation of 1998 and the simultaneous bankruptcy of a number of leading banks is possible.

Let us recall that in 2015, the Central Bank transferred 15 credit institutions for rehabilitation. Losses of the banking system from license revocations. This year they lost their licenses.

According to the head of the Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, the regulator will continue to get rid of weak players. According to estimates by the head of Sberbank German Gref, in 2016.

The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs has revealed international group, which threatened the security of the Russian banking system.

“Last year, Directorate K identified an international criminal community that jeopardized the security of the entire banking system of the Russian Federation. At the time of their arrest, the attackers were preparing a global operation to steal money from almost all banks in the country,” said the head of the “K” department of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, Alexey Moshkov, at Infoforum-2016.

In addition to direct hacker attacks, the criminal group was engaged in the manufacture of skimming equipment for ATMs, created complexes to gain control over bank terminals, and developed and distributed computer viruses, TASS reports.

In December 2015, First Deputy Chairman of the Board of Sberbank Lev Khasis said that based on the results of the year, Russia’s losses from cybercrime. Kaspersky Lab CEO Evgeniy Kaspersky then called Lev Khasis’ assessment conservative.

The Bank of Russia does not want to return to the system of 5-10 state banks, said Deputy Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation Mikhail Sukhov.

“I don’t think that based on what is happening now, based on what was done in the early 90s, we need to talk about going back and recreating the structure of 5 or 10 state banks. You need to take advantage of all situations. I think the end result is competition between banks different forms property, public, foreign and private, is better for the economy,” he said.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Kuzbass State Technical University"

Branch in Prokopyevsk

TEST

By discipline "ECONOMY"

On the topic: “Banks, their types, functions. Banking system"

Prokopyevsk 2010

Plan

Introduction 3

1 Banks, their types, functions 4

1.1 Concept of bank 4

1.2 Types of banks 5

1.2 Functions of banks as special financial intermediaries 7

2 Banking system 9

Conclusion 16

References 17

Introduction

The banking system is one of the most important and integral structures of a market economy. The development of banks, commodity production and circulation proceeded in parallel and were closely intertwined. At the same time, banks, by conducting cash payments, lending to the economy, and acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital, significantly increase the overall efficiency of production and contribute to the growth of social labor productivity.

The modern banking system is the most important sphere of the national economy of any developed state. Its practical role is determined by the fact that it manages the system of payments and settlements in the state; carries out most of its commercial transactions through deposits, investments and credit operations; Along with other financial intermediaries, banks direct household savings to firms and production structures. Commercial banks, acting in accordance with the monetary policy of the state, regulate the movement of cash flows, influencing the speed of their turnover, emission, total mass, including the amount of cash in circulation. Stabilizing the growth of the money supply is the key to reducing inflation rates, ensuring the constancy of the price level, upon reaching which market relations affect the national economy in the most effective way.

The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services to its clients. From traditional deposit-loan and cash settlement operations, which determine the basis of banking, to the latest forms of monetary and credit financial instruments used by banking structures (leasing, factoring, trust, etc.)

The development of the banking system abroad seems especially important, since it is the practice of foreign banks in developed countries that predetermines the formation of a modern domestic banking system and brings it closer to international standards.

Today, in conditions of developed commodity and financial markets, the structure of the banking system is becoming dramatically more complicated. New types of financial institutions, new credit institutions, tools and methods of serving clients are emerging.

1 Banks, their types, functions

1.1 Concept of bank

A bank (from Italian banco - a bench, a table on which money changers laid out coins) is a financial and credit institution whose main function is to provide financial services to legal entities and individuals.

In accordance with Russian legislation, a bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in total: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities into deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of payment, urgency, repayment and of a targeted nature, opening and maintaining bank accounts for legal entities and individuals.

A credit organization is a legal entity that, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. A credit organization is formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business company.

Non-bank credit organization is a credit organization that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. Acceptable combinations of banking operations for non-bank credit institutions are established by the Bank of Russia.

Foreign bank is a bank recognized as such under the laws of the foreign state in whose territory it is registered.

The banking system of the Russian Federation includes the Bank of Russia, credit organizations, as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks. 1

1.2 Types of banks

Types of banks are divided by type of ownership, legal organization, functional purpose, nature of operations performed, number of branches, service area, scale of activity.

Commercial banks carry out settlement and commission and trade commission operations, engage in factoring, leasing, actively expand their foreign branch network and participate in multinational consortia (banking syndicates).

Investment banks (in the UK - issuing houses, in France - business banks) specialize in issuing and founding operations. On behalf of enterprises and the state that need long-term investments and resort to issuing shares and bonds, investment banks take upon themselves the determination of the size, conditions, period of issue, selection of the type of securities, as well as responsibilities for their placement and organization of secondary circulation. Institutions of this type guarantee the purchase of issued securities, purchasing and selling them at their own expense or organizing banking syndicates for this purpose, and provide loans to buyers of shares and bonds. Although the share of investment banks in the assets of the credit system is relatively small, thanks to their awareness and constituent connections, they play a vital role in the economy.

Savings banks (in the USA - mutual savings banks, in Germany - savings banks) are, as a rule, small local credit institutions that are united in national associations and are usually controlled by the state, and often owned by it. Passive operations of savings banks include accepting deposits from the public for current and other accounts. Active operations are represented by consumer and mortgage loans, bank loans, purchases of private and government securities. Savings banks issue credit cards.

Mortgage banks are institutions that provide long-term loans secured by real estate (land, buildings, structures). The passive operations of these banks consist of issuing mortgage bonds.

Depending on one or another criterion, they can be classified as follows.

According to the form of ownership, state, joint-stock, cooperative, private and mixed banks are distinguished. State ownership most often refers to central banks. The capital of the Bank of Russia belongs to the state. A similar situation has developed among central banks of countries such as Germany, France, Great Britain, and Belgium.

According to the legislation of most countries, foreign banks are allowed to operate in national banking markets. In a number of countries, the activities of foreign banks are not limited. In Russia, a certain corridor is introduced for foreign banks, within which they can expand their operations. In Russia, the total capital of foreign banks should not exceed 15%.

According to the legal form of organization, banks can be divided into open and closed types and limited liability companies.

According to their functional purpose, banks can be divided into issuing, deposit and commercial.

Based on the nature of the operations they perform, banks are divided into universal and specialized.

Types of banks can also be classified according to the industries they serve. These can be diversified banks serving primarily one of the industries or sub-sectors (aviation, automotive, petrochemical industry, agriculture). In Russia, diversified banks predominate, which is more preferable from the standpoint of reducing banking risk. At the same time, the country has a fairly representative stratum of banks created by a group of industrial enterprises. They serve primarily the needs of their founders; For such banks, the risk of loan non-repayment increases significantly.

Based on the number of branches, banks can be divided into branchless and multi-branch. 2

1.2 Functions of banks as special financial intermediaries

The main purpose of the bank is to mediate the movement of funds from lenders to borrowers in payments. As a result, free cash converted into loan capital that earns interest.

Based on the essence of banking activities, we highlight the following functions of banks:

Attracting (accumulating) funds and converting them into loan capital;

Stimulating savings in national economy;

Credit mediation;

Mediation in payments;

Creation of credit circulation;

Intermediation in the stock market (in transactions with securities);

Providing consulting, information and other services.

Banks not only generate their own resources, they provide internal accumulation of funds for the development of the country's economy. Incentives for saving household funds and capital accumulation are provided by the bank's flexible deposit policy in the presence of a favorable macroeconomic situation in the country.

Incentive policy involves:

Establishing attractive interest rates by deposits;

High guarantees of safety of depositors' funds;

Variety of deposit services.

Credit mediation – most important function bank as a credit institution. It ensures the effective redistribution of financial resources in the national economy on the principles of repayment, urgency and payment. Credit operations are the main source of bank income.

Payment intermediation is the original and fundamental function of banks. In a market economy, all economic entities, regardless of their form of ownership, have bank accounts through which all non-cash payments are made. Banks are responsible for the timely execution of their clients’ orders to make payments.

The creation of credit circulation is the process of money production by the banking system. It is able to expand loans and deposits by multiplying the monetary base. This expansion of the money supply is called the multiplier effect.

To understand this process, it is necessary to have an understanding of the main types of banking operations. All operations are divided into passive and active, which is reflected in the bank’s balance sheet.

By liability, banks reflect the attraction of funds - the formation of deposits, and by asset - their placement by issuing loans or investing, for example, in securities.

All funds mobilized by banks in the financial market represent its resources. That part of them that can be used to carry out active operations is called free reserve (or credit resource).

Thus, the activities of banks are of extremely important social importance. Banks organize the monetary and credit process and issue banknotes.

The specific result of banking activities is a banking product.

A banking product is a special service provided by a bank to clients and cash and non-cash means of payment issued by it. Specifics banking product consists in its intangible content and limitation to the sphere of monetary circulation. 3

There are many definitions of the concept "bank". In reference and encyclopedic publications, the bank is considered as a monetary institution that regulates payment turnover in cash and non-cash forms, or as a credit institution that carries out universal banking operations for enterprises in all industries, mainly at the expense of monetary capital and savings attracted in the form of deposits. In the same publications, a bank is sometimes defined as a financial enterprise.

Some economists view a bank as a depository institution that is relatively unrestricted in its ability to make commercial loans and has the legal right to create checkable deposits. (R. Miller, David Van Hoose). Others believe that an intermediary institution that connects various economic entities, mediates them financially economic relations and he himself, in his own interests and at his own expense, enters into such relationships. (Gryaznova A.G., Molchanov A.V., Pitatelev V.A., Panova G.S.). The Russian economist of the early twentieth century Buchwald B. defined a bank as an enterprise engaged in monetary, credit and similar operations.

Sometimes a bank is called a special type of entrepreneurial activity associated with the movement of loan capital, their mobilization and distribution; it ensures the extraction of income from its activities (Zhukov E.F.).

There is no specific definition of a bank. You can give different definitions to the concept of "bank", all of those listed above are correct. It all depends on what functions the bank performs and at what stage of economic development (transitional, market, etc.) it operates, as well as on many other criteria.

There are many types of banks. There are, first of all, issuing and commercial banks. Central banks are emission banks. And there are a great many commercial banks.

The central bank is the main regulatory body of the credit system of a country or group of countries, which performs various functions, such as issuing banknotes and coins, conducting monetary policy, refinancing banking institutions, managing official gold and foreign exchange reserves, conducting monetary policy, regulation of the activities of credit institutions.

The Central Bank is the main link in the banking system of any state.

A commercial bank is a credit institution that carries out banking operations for legal entities and individuals (settlement and payment transactions, attracting deposits, providing loans, as well as operations in the securities market and intermediary operations) Commercial banks provide such services as lending to individuals and legal entities, foreign exchange transactions, transactions with precious metals, entering the stock market and Forex, maintaining current accounts of economic entities, exchanging damaged banknotes for undamaged ones (for example, torn, burnt bills), mortgage, car loans.

Based on their form of ownership, banks are divided into state-owned, joint-stock, cooperative, mixed and private. During the transition period state uniform ownership of banks retains its importance, although not on such a scale as under the distribution system of management. In a market economy, the most typical form of ownership of commercial Bank is the joint stock form (it is often called the private form). Since mainly private enterprises and individual individuals take part in the creation of bank capital.

Based on the nature of the operations they perform, banks are divided into universal and specialized. Universal banks perform the most wide range all banking services that clients need. Moreover, they work with all types of clients - both legal entities and even individuals.

Specialized ones give preference to certain types of operations and can, for example, provide only mortgages or carry out investment steps in the market, issuing loans to small businesses.

Based on the scale of activity, banking consortia, large, medium and small banks are distinguished. The structure of the Russian banking system is dominated by banks with insignificant capital. In some countries, a significant share of total number Credit institutions are occupied by so-called small credit institutions. These include credit cooperation, mutual credit societies, savings and loan banks, construction and savings banks, etc.

By service area, banks are divided into regional (local), interregional, national and international. Regional banks include banks that serve local clients, clients of one region. Interregional banks serve the needs of several regions. National banks operate within the country and primarily serve the needs of clients in their countries. International banks primarily serve customer connections different countries(Vnesheconombank, Vneshtorgbank, etc.).

Based on the number of branches, banks are divided into non-branch and multi-branch. Branchless banks in most cases have only the main branch, without representative offices in other cities or countries. Multi-branch banks boast many representative offices in the cities of the states within which they operate.

Depending on the industries served by banks, they can be divided into diversified and serving primarily one of the industries. In international practice you can find industrial banks and commercial banks. The structure of Russian banks includes credit institutions that are mostly associated with servicing one or another sub-sector of industry (automotive, forestry, etc.).

The service sector can be divided into regional, interregional, national and international. Regional banks include banks that serve local clients, clients of one region. Interregional banks serve the needs of several regions. National banks operate within the country and primarily serve the needs of clients in their countries. International banks primarily serve connections among clients from different countries, for example Vnesheconombank.

The essence of banks is expressed through the specifics of their activities. But besides the specifics, the structure also has an impact. Structure is a collection of elements that are in close interaction. There are four such elements:

) banking capital as a separate part of industrial and commercial capital, as own and predominantly borrowed capital, as capital used not for oneself, but borrowed for others;

) the actual activities of the bank, which operates mainly in the field of exchange;

) a special group of people, individuals with specific knowledge in the field of banking, its management, specializing in a separate type of activity;

) production element, covering banking equipment, buildings, structures, means of communication and communication, internal and external information, certain types of production materials.

A bank is an element of the banking system, the definition of which does not cause as many difficulties as the definition of a bank. All scientists and researchers characterize the banking system approximately this way: the banking system is a set of banks, banking infrastructure, banking legislation and the banking market, which are in close interaction with each other and with the external environment.

Banking infrastructure - organizations that ensure the effective functioning of the banking system, that is, information support (credit bureaus, consulting services), scientific and methodological support (research institutions, banking associations), staffing ( educational establishments, employment office) and communication support (communication systems, service providers).

The banking system reflects economic relations and connections in society.

There are several types of banking systems: distribution centralized system, market system, transitional period.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation CONTROL WORK in the discipline "Finance and Credit" on the topic: "Commercial banks: their structure and functions" Completed: Specialty: Scientific supervisor: "_____" ____________ 2007 2007 Contents Introduction. ... 3I. The nature and essence of commercial banks. ... 4II .Organizational and legal...

Commercial banks, their structures and functions (essay, coursework, diploma, test)

• Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
• TEST
• in the discipline "Finance and Credit"
• on the topic: “Commercial banks: their structure and functions”
• Completed:
• Speciality:
• Scientific adviser:
• "_____"___________2007
• Content
• Introduction. …3
• I. The nature and essence of commercial banks. …4
• II. Organizational and legal basis of banking activities.6
• III. The role and place of the banking system in the economy. …10
• IV. Deposit insurance system. …12
• Conclusion. …16
• Bibliography. …18
• Introduction.
• Currently, the activities of banks are changing: the functions of existing financial institutions are being expanded and new ones are being created, the independence of banks and their role in the country’s economy are increasing, the system of intrabank and interbank services is being improved, the spheres of activity and functions of financial credit and banking institutions are being delineated, etc. e. Banking activity acts as a system that promotes the implementation of reproductive relations in the economy; it becomes the basis for the functioning of financial and credit relations in all areas and a catalyst for scientific and technological progress. At the same time, despite the active introduction of market relations, many theoretical issues have not yet been sufficiently developed: the microeconomic organization of a bank as a subsystem of banking activities, banking innovations in production process, the concept of building banking information technologies, bank management issues, asset and liability management, etc.
• Banks are called upon to accumulate funds, perform the functions of cashiers of business entities, provide lending to real needs of the economy, etc. As a result, banks can have a significant impact on the flow of funds into the budget and the exchange rate of the national currency. The banking system is designed, among other things, to ensure that the volume of money supply remains within certain limits. Banks as intermediaries attract large amounts of money in the form of deposits from individuals and legal entities. However, banks and other financial institutions are required to have cash and maintain a high proportion between equity and assets.
• I. The nature and essence of commercial banks.
• Banks are an integral part of the modern monetary economy; their activities are closely related to the needs of reproduction. Being at the center of economic life, serving the interests of producers, banks mediate connections between industry and trade, agriculture and the population. Banks are not an attribute of a single region, or of any one country; their sphere of activity has neither geographical nor national boundaries: it is a planetary phenomenon with colossal financial power and significant monetary capital.
• In modern literature there is no consensus regarding the concept and essence of a bank.
• So, in Art. 1 Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities in the RSFSR” No. 395−1 dated December 2, 1990, it is defined as a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities into deposits, placing specified funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.
• A.A. Demin believes that “a firm (industrial, banking) is a conservative institution, the organizational basis of any economy. It is the core of microeconomics." Yu. A. Tsatsereva, believes that “a company is a legally independent form of existence of a business, an appropriately registered entrepreneurial unit with commercial independence,” of which “there is a huge variety in a developed market economy,” including banking ones. Yu. A. Lvov clarifies that in terms of their economic status, commercial banks are private corporations of the joint-stock type. The main purpose of their activity is to make profit. The source of income for a commercial bank is payment by clients for bank services and interest on working assets - loans, credits, securities,” and emphasizes that “commercial banks attract financial resources from own name for the provision of loans and credits and the acquisition of securities."
• Thus, given the important role of banks in the development of the economy, their performance of a large number of operations, even a simple listing of which can give an idea of ​​​​their multifaceted activities, it would be more preferable to characterize them as an enterprise. This approach has already been accepted in world practice. The concept of “banking industry” has received fairly wide recognition, emphasizing the productive nature of banking activities.
• Therefore, the bank can be considered as special kind enterprises, but in the credit and banking sector.
• The banking process is, first of all, an entrepreneurial process, because entrepreneurship, as a process of creating something new that has value, involves taking on financial, moral and social responsibility and, as a result, receiving monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved. Both of these components are inherent in banking. If the entrepreneurship process itself consists of four clearly defined stages: searching for a new idea and its evaluation, drawing up a business plan, searching for the necessary resources and managing the created enterprise, then they are also characteristic of entrepreneurship in banking, as system-forming factors in determining this enterprise as the main link national economy and an independent economic entity - cooperation based on the internal division of labor, as well as the implementation of the function of individual reproduction and isolation of the circulation of resources. Consequently, the definition of an enterprise as an economic unit that uses factors of the production process to manufacture products for the purpose of selling them, striving to maximize profits, and independently making decisions, is fully applicable to the bank.
• A bank can be considered a special type of enterprise that produces financial and credit services, means of payment for cash and non-cash transactions, services for the communication of money and payments, as well as different kinds transformational activity.
• It is necessary to pay attention to the duality of the nature of a commercial bank, determined on the basis of the fundamental laws of dialectics. This duality lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the bank is a financial intermediary that accumulates monetary resources and offers them as loans, and on the other hand, it is an enterprise capable of creating means of payment. This duality is the whole nature of a commercial bank as a participant in the reproduction process. Schumpeter's analysis of this process showed that "the banker is not so much - and not primarily - an intermediary in the trade of goods as a producer of this goods."
• II. Organizational and legal framework banking.
• A bank, like any other enterprise, has a certain management apparatus, the structure of which is determined by the nature of banking activities. Since the bank is an enterprise, the construction of its management apparatus contains some common features, characteristic of all enterprises engaged in the production of a particular product. The bank, like any other enterprise, has its own directorates, management and executive divisions, accounting, personnel service etc.
• There are many types of banks. However, regardless of the operations they perform, the legal form of organization and activities, each bank produces its own specific product, having a set of certain control blocks required for all of them: the bank council, the board, general management issues, commercial activities, finance, automation, administration.
• The board of a bank usually includes its founders. Their number can be very diverse: from one? two to several dozen. IN pure form There are also private banks, where the founders are individual individuals. The predominant form of ownership of banks in world practice is the joint stock form, when both the founders and shareholders are legal and individuals different forms of ownership. The bank's council approves the bank's annual report, organizes annual meetings of founders and shareholders, and takes or may take part in resolving strategic issues of banking activities.
• The board of directors of the bank is responsible for the general management of the bank and approves strategic directions of activity. It consists of senior executives (managers) of the bank: the chairman (president, manager), his deputies, heads of the most important departments. The board consists of employees hired by the bank's owners to organize the work. It may also include (or be headed by) persons who own wholly or partially the given credit institution.
• The block of general management issues includes the organization of planning, forecasting of bank activities, preparation of methodology, security services and legal. The purpose of this block is to promote targeted development, fulfillment of existing tasks, regulate income and expenses, and provide resources to meet the requirements of the Bank of Russia in the main areas of activity (asset quality, capital adequacy, liquidity, etc.).
• Commercial activities cover the organization of various banking services (lending, investment, foreign exchange, trust, and other active operations). This includes everything related to customer service on a commercial (paid) basis. This is the central link where bank profits are earned. This includes credit and operational management, management of operations with securities, currency transactions, etc.
• The foreign exchange operations department can act as an independent element of the management apparatus. Statistics show that not all Russian commercial banks have a foreign exchange department. This is due to the fact that 43% of all Russian commercial banks as of January 1, 1999 had the right to carry out transactions in foreign currency.
• The financial block is designed to provide accounting for intra-bank expenses and accounting for the bank’s own activities as a commercial enterprise. It includes: accounting, department of intrabank settlements and correspondent relations, cash desk. In some cases, this block also includes the collection department of those banks that have permission to collect cash.
• The automation unit is also a mandatory element of the structure of a commercial bank. Cash flows (lending, settlements and other operations) that pass through a modern bank cannot be processed manually; a complex of technical means and electronic machines is needed. This block refers to technical ones involved in electronic data processing.
• The administrative block includes, first of all, the human resources department (personnel management) of the bank, which ensures the recruitment of employees, the selection of candidates who want to work in the bank in certain positions, advanced training of employees of the credit institution, recruitment, promotion and dismissal of personnel. It also includes the secretariat, office, as well as business units serving the bank’s buildings, its economic and social needs, etc.
• In the structure of modern commercial banks, in addition to departments and departments, there are also an audit commission and various committees, including a credit committee.
• Of course, this scheme cannot be a universal standard, but it gives an idea of ​​how a bank can be organized from the perspective of its structure.
• Modern ideas about the essence of a bank, the nature of its activities and role in the economy largely determine the content and structure of banking legislation - a set of legislative acts and individual regulatory ideas that interact with each other and regulate social relations in the field of banking.
• It is necessary to distinguish between banking legislation and the sources of banking law, the system of its forms, which contain norms regulating relations arising in the process of construction, operation and development of the Russian banking system, in particular, in the process of regulating banking activities by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other government bodies .
• According to Part 2 of Art. 2 Federal Law “On banks and banking activities in the RSFSR” legal regulation banking activities are carried out by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” No. 86-FZ dated June 27, 2002, as well as other federal laws and regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
• The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains norms that are fundamental to the functioning of the Russian banking system. Yes, Art. 8 guarantees the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of economic activity. Among the constitutional norms directly related to banking activities, one should point out paragraph “g” of Art. 71, according to which the Federation is responsible for: establishing the legal basis for the single market; financial; currency; credit and customs regulation; money issue; basics of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks. In addition to the listed norms that require the adoption of special sectoral laws, there are norms that do not require the adoption of special laws, but have direct effect. For example, in accordance with Art. 75 monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. Monetary emission is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and issue of other money in Russia is not allowed.
• The regulatory framework contributes to the stability of the functioning of the banking system, the protection of the interests of depositors, as well as the interests of the organizations themselves, their participants and shareholders.
• III. Rol and place of the banking system in economics.
• The concept of "banking system"? one of the key ones in the study of both banking and economic science in general, since commercial banks do not operate in a market economy in isolation, but in interconnection and interdependence with each other.
• The first relationship is manifested in the implementation of interbank settlements, when the bank, on behalf of clients, makes payments and settlements through: the settlement network of the Bank of Russia; correspondent banks, through which payments are made on the basis of agreements concluded between them; banks authorized to maintain certain types of accounts and make payments; clearing centers are non-bank credit organizations that conduct settlement transactions.
• The second is borrowing on the interbank loan market.
• In both cases, unfulfilled obligations by one of the banks lead to difficulties in the functioning of other banks directly and indirectly associated with it, i.e., to the emergence of the so-called “domino effect”.
• Thus, in modern conditions, banks are not just a random set of financial and credit institutions, but a truly banking system, that is, many elements with relationships and connections that form a single whole. The main properties of the banking system, like all systems in general, are: hierarchical structure; the presence of system-forming relationships and connections that ensure the property of integrity; the orderliness of its elements, relationships and connections; interaction with the environment, in the process manifests and creates its properties; presence of management processes.
• In global banking practice, it is customary to distinguish between one-, two- and three-tier banking systems. Single-tier ones exist in countries with command-administrative economies, where banking falls under a state monopoly and the entire banking system is represented by the central bank. The most common type of banking system is a two-tier system, which usually includes a central bank, commercial banks and special non-bank financial institutions.
• The strategic direction of development of the Russian national banking system is the geopolitical direction of its movement into the global banking community. For Russia, the decision to join world organization(WTO), rapprochement with the EU predetermined the need for further liberalization of national financial markets, the transition of Russian banks to international standards financial reporting (IFRS), active interaction with international financial and credit organizations on a wide range of issues, including the problem of settling external debt, capital flight, preventing the unauthorized export of capital abroad, and the legalization of funds obtained illegally. An important role in solving the above and many other issues belongs to banks, which bear the burden of performing the function of not only financial intermediaries, but also socio-economic institutions.
• IV. Deposit insurance systemov.
• In the third quarter of 2004, the first banks were accepted into the deposit insurance system. This event was quite expected and did not cause much excitement in the market. Moreover, the Central Bank began to accept banks into the deposit insurance system in a seemingly haphazard manner. As a result, by the end of October 2004, the Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA) took 178 banks under its guardianship. Among them are the Bank of Moscow, which ranks third in terms of money attracted from the population, and the Mayinsky Bank, which did not take a penny from depositors.
• Judging by the general indicators, the Central Bank was clearly guided not only by the timing of the application, but also by considerations of caution. 178 banks are 14% of Russian banks. At the same time, they account for 12% of the total liabilities of the banking system, and deposits are even less than 9%. At the same time, almost a quarter of all budget funds placed in Russian banks lie in insured banks - 23%. The assets of banks included in the insurance system are also distributed quite conservatively - they account for 12% of loans to the banking system and 8% of securities.
• If banks that had just been accepted into the insurance system began to delay payments and go bankrupt, there would be an embarrassment. The point is not that there is not a lot of money in the DIA fund yet - 3.8 billion rubles; There are currently seven banks in the insurance system whose deposits exceed this amount. The point is trust in the system itself and the criteria for selecting banks.
• Now everything is generally very confusing, the Central Bank states that banks that have not yet been accepted into the system are no less reliable than those that have already been accepted. And the latter should not rely on their exclusivity when attracting investors. At the same time, the state promises to return 100 thousand rubles to depositors of even the most unreliable banks. How can a depositor choose a bank under such conditions?
• If the deposit is less than 100 thousand rubles, then the reliability of the bank is not so important. But if the deposit is larger, then you need to look at how many liquid assets the bank has. Investors have the greatest chance of receiving money from the mandatory reserve fund (MRF). As of October 1, 94 banks had 100% coverage of their deposits. Moreover, 27 FOR banks have 1000% more deposits. The undisputed leaders in this indicator are the banks Okhotny Ryad (699,300%), Interkhimbank (165,690%) and Star Alliance (71,300%).
• It is interesting that the volume of consumer loans issued increased by almost the same amount as the volume of loans issued in general fell: by 69 billion rubles. The leaders have not changed, Sberbank is still ahead - the increase in consumer loans issued by this bank amounted to 41 billion rubles. It is worth noting that this is more than the three banks following it - Russian Standard, HKF Bank and Raiffeisenbank of Austria - combined. At the same time, 12 Russian banks consumer loans account for 100% of all loans issued. And more than half of the loans were issued to the population by more than 125 Russian banks.
• The most profitable banks included Citibank and Raiffeisenbank (Table 1), while MDM Bank and North-East Alliance Bank left. Raiffeisenbank's profit more than doubled, and Citibank's even more - almost seven times. At the same time, neither MDM Bank nor North-Eastern Alliance Bank's profit fell, it just grew noticeably more slowly. Knocked out of big picture only Rosyank, also in the top ten most profitable. Its profit quadrupled compared to the previous quarter. According to a bank representative, this is an intermediate result. “There are similar spikes in the current activities of the bank,” he said. “The results of the year will be indicative.”
• Trust Bank's losses increased sixfold, which allowed it to firmly take first place in this indicator (Table 2), while according to the results of the second quarter it was only third. True, for the first time it came out on top in terms of losses based on the results of August, when they amounted to 387.3 million rubles. At the end of the quarter, they increased to 477 million rubles. The reason for such changes in the bank, which is historically close to YUKOS, probably does not need to be explained. However, it is worth noting that half of the top ten most unprofitable banks were profitable in the second quarter. And of the top ten in terms of losses based on the results of the second quarter, half became profitable in the third. Therefore, these intermediate results should not be overestimated.
• Table 1.
• The most profitable banks in Russia.

	Bank's name
				capital (%)	assets (%)
	Sberbank of Russia
	Gazprombank
	Vneshtorgbank
	Russian standard
	Citibank
	Bank of Moscow
	Industrial Construction Bank	St. Petersburg
	International Moscow Bank
	Raiffeisenbank Austria
	International Industrial
	Alfa Bank

• Table 2.
• The most unprofitable banks in Russia.

	Bank's name
			(thousand roubles.)	capital (%)	assets (%)
	Bank Societe Generale Vostok
	Pervomaisky
	Slavic Credit
		Krasnoyarsk
	National
	Russian-German
	Trade Bank JSC
	Bank of China (Elos)
	Big Volga
	Profbank
	Presnya-Bank
	Commercial Bank of India

• Conclusion.
• From this work the following conclusions can be drawn:
• 1) Banks are called upon to accumulate funds, perform the functions of cashiers of business entities, and provide lending to the real needs of the economy.
• 2) Banks are an integral part of the modern monetary economy, their activities are closely related to the needs of reproduction.
• 3) Banks are not an attribute of a single region or any one country; their sphere of activity has neither geographical nor national boundaries: it is a planetary phenomenon with colossal financial power and significant monetary capital.
• 4) A bank can be considered as a special type of enterprise, but in the credit and banking sector.
• 5) Commercial banks have a dual nature. It lies in the fact that, on the one hand, a bank is a financial intermediary that accumulates monetary resources and offers them as loans, and on the other hand, it is an enterprise capable of creating funds.
• 6) The bank, like any other enterprise, has a certain management apparatus, the structure of which is determined by the nature of banking activities.
• 7) The bank has its own directorate, management and executive divisions, accounting, personnel department, etc.
• 8) Each bank consists of certain management blocks: the bank council, the board, general management issues, commercial activities, finance, automation, administration.
• 9) “Banking system” is one of the key ones in the study of banking and economic science in general, since commercial banks do not operate in a market economy in isolation, but in conjunction with each other.
• 10) The main properties of the banking system, as well as all systems in general, are: hierarchical structure; the presence of system-forming relationships and connections that ensure the property of integrity; the orderliness of its elements, relationships and connections; interaction with the environment, during which the system manifests and creates its properties; presence of management processes.
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