Candida krusei treatment. The choice of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs for fungal infections. Intestinal candidiasis - diagnosis, symptoms and treatment

Name:

Etiology.

Risk factors

Epidemiology.

Clinical picture

Research methods

Differential diagnosis

Treatment:

Mode

Alternative Products

Contraindications

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Complications

Synonyms

The way the world works is that each of us is surrounded by thousands of microscopic creatures. We cannot see them with the naked eye, but we come into contact with them every minute. Some “invisibles” help us, others kill us, and still others can bring both harm and benefit. Yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida are just such microbes that do not prevent us from living happily, but in certain situations they begin to behave aggressively, causing candidiasis or thrush. Because these microorganisms do not always cause harm, they are called opportunistic. In total, 186 species of mushrooms from the genus Candida have been discovered, but only two dozen species are dangerous. They will be discussed in this article.

Genus of mushrooms Candida: characteristic features

Candida belongs to the genus of yeast. Most of their species are completely harmless, they live in the body of kombucha, kefir, and other fermented milk products, as well as in the human gastrointestinal tract, being part of the microflora of a healthy intestine. Fungi of the genus Candida are aerobes, that is, they lead an active life in the presence of oxygen. They can exist in two forms - yeast and micellar.
Yeast fungi are round or oval blastospores and reproduce by budding. In the micellar form, fungal cells elongate, turning into pseudomycelium. Unlike the real one, there are no partitions, but there are constrictions. They contain blastospores, and the terminal extensions contain double-walled chlamydiospores. In micellar form, mushrooms are able to mate.

Fungi of the genus Candida differ from other dimorphic creatures in that they can be in the body of their host in two of their forms at once, and do not change them depending on the temperature of the environment.

An important property of candida is that they can ferment maltose and glucose.

The disease candidiasis, according to recent research, is caused by approximately 20 species of these fungi, and the most dangerous are C.Albicans (60%) and C.Tropicalis (20%). The remaining 18 species are less widespread and do not have a significant impact on the incidence of candidiasis.

Brief description of pathogenic species

The most widely found fungus is the genus Candida, called C. Albicans. About 8 out of 10 people are their carriers. Basically, these fungi enter the baby’s body at birth and live, without causing any discomfort, in the mouth, esophagus and intestines. In women, they are also part of the vaginal microflora. It is this type of candida that is most often to blame for the occurrence of candidiasis.

The second dangerous species is called C. Tropicalis. These fungi are able to penetrate the blood and, with its help, colonize peripheral organs. Recent studies have revealed the ability of Candida C. Tropicalis to work in tandem with Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli, and lead to Crohn's disease.

Not very common, but considered the most dangerous are yeasts of the genus Candida species C.Krusei. They are resistant to the drug Fluconazole, which is used in the treatment of fungal infections, so it is important to correctly differentiate the type of pathogenic fungus that has affected the patient.

Candida fungi of the species C.Glabrata were considered non-pathogenic. They exist only in yeast form and reproduce only by budding. Most often, Candida Glabrata is found on urinary catheters, where it forms thin biofilms. This fungus causes urogenital candidiasis.

Candida species C. Parapsilosis often causes sepsis. It can infect wounds, especially if foreign objects get into them.

Fungal species C.Rugosa and C.Lusitaniae and others from the genus Candida are extremely rare. For example, C. Lusitaniae was detected in only 30 patients between 1979 and 1990.

Routes of infection

When does Candida infection become a disease?

A person can be a carrier of these microbes all his life, while remaining completely healthy. Fungi of the genus Candida become pathogenic only when their reproduction gets out of control. Causes:

- pregnancy;

- various infections;

- exacerbation of chronic diseases;

- hypo- or vitamin deficiency;

- long-term treatment with antibiotics;

- taking corticosteroids;

- hormonal disorders.

The main cause of candidiasis is low immunity. This condition can appear in many situations, including poor nutrition, unfavorable living conditions, and frequent stress.

In addition, the sudden growth of Candida fungi occurs with the following concomitant diseases:

— AIDS (or HIV infection);

- diabetes;

- tuberculosis;

- gastrointestinal diseases;

— diseases of the genitourinary system;

- hypothyroidism;

- some blood diseases;

- vaginosis.

Pathogenicity factors

The size of one fungus of the genus Candida is only 2-5 microns, so they can only be seen under a microscope. Those white or yellowish-grayish films that grow on agar or plaque visible on the affected areas of the body are entire colonies of fungi, numbering hundreds of thousands of individual microorganisms. Once in the host’s body, how do fungi of the genus Candida behave? Research by microbiologists has shown that each fungus strives to begin adhesion, that is, to adhere tightly, one might say, to grow into human epithelial cells.
The easier it is for microbes to succeed, the lower the immunity of their victim, and the higher her endocrine disorders. The most active fungus in terms of adhesion is the species C.Albicans. Once on the mucous membranes, it adheres in 100% of cases. The most passive mushroom of the species C. Krusei. It may not take hold at all, meaning infection does not occur. Surface proteins, surface proteins and some molecules, for example, polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and saliva molecules in the mouth help fungi to penetrate. In general, Candida are glycogenophiles (they love glycogen), so they most often colonize tissues where there is a lot of it, for example, the mucous membranes of the vagina and oral cavity. When thrush occurs, Candida fungi are detected with a high probability in a smear taken from these organs, which makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis.

At the initial stage of adhesion, fungi are in the yeast form, but quickly rearrange themselves, forming long filaments (hyphae), which more easily penetrate damaged host cells and are less susceptible to phagocytosis of leukocytes.

- candidotoxin (a protein that acts on basophils and mast cells and causes a pseudo-allergic reaction);

— 6 types of low molecular weight toxins (increase vascular permeability, reduce blood pressure);

- lipid toxins (cause a local leukocyte reaction and lead to the appearance of granulation tissue).

Candidiasis in children

As noted above, infants become infected with candida either in the womb or during childbirth at the time of passage of the birth canal. In the future, the fungus can enter the baby’s mouth with a poorly treated pacifier, rattles, or from the nipples of an infected mother. Symptoms that your baby has contracted thrush are as follows:

- white, cottage cheese-like coating on the tongue, on the inner surface of the gums and cheeks;

- capriciousness;

- refusal of food.

Without treatment, the fungus continues to spread and soon appears on the baby’s lips.

Fungi of the genus Candida in the intestines manifest themselves as symptoms of dysbiosis, such as:

- lethargy;

- temperature;

- weight loss.

Diarrhea in infants is dangerous because it leads to rapid dehydration, so the sick child must be hospitalized. Only in a hospital setting can he be given the necessary treatment (drips) to prevent fluid loss.

In addition to the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, thrush in babies can appear on the skin. In this case, not white, but red spots appear, similar to diaper rash. The child becomes very capricious, since any touch of erosion causes him suffering. Most often, cutaneous candidiasis in infants appears in the folds of the legs, buttocks and groin area. This is preceded by diaper rash, being in diapers for too long, poor hygiene and inappropriate (synthetic, too tight) clothing.

Treatment of childhood candidiasis

If fungi of the genus Candida have begun a pathogenic process in the child’s oral cavity, treatment is usually carried out locally. It consists of treating areas where white plaque is observed with special preparations. Previously, doctors prescribed lubricating the child’s mouth with brilliant green. This medicine helps well, but dries out the mucous membranes. Nowadays they use Akriderm, Fukortsin, and solutions of borax in glycerin.

For preventative purposes, it is necessary to boil nipples and bottles and wash rattles in the first months of a baby’s life. The mother should treat the nipples with antifungal drugs before feeding.

If there are symptoms of dysbacteriosis, the baby's feces are submitted for bacterial culture. It is believed that fungi of the genus Candida can be present in the stool of children under 12 months of age in quantities of no more than 103 CFU/g, and in children older than 12 months in quantities of 104 CFU/g. If the indicator is exceeded, drugs are prescribed that restore microflora and strengthen the immune system.

For skin candidiasis, the affected areas are lubricated with antifungal ointments - nystatin, levorin. It is very useful to bathe a child with a decoction of string, calendula, and chamomile added to the water. All linen and diapers must be ironed, and diapers must be changed quite often, without waiting for them to be completely filled.

If the above treatment methods do not help, the child is subject to additional examination and prescribed antifungal therapy.

Candidiasis in women and men

In adults, Candida fungi can, like in children, infect the oral cavity, skin, and intestines. Candidiasis in the mouth is manifested by a cheesy coating that covers the tongue, gums, palate, and the inside of the cheeks and is accompanied by painful sensations. Sometimes the mucous membranes become ulcerated. Candidiasis on the skin is characterized by red spots in places where the fungus has invaded (under the armpits, under the breasts in women, in the groin, less often under the knees). These spots itch and peel, and when scratched, they ulcerate.
But most often adults suffer from genitourinary candidiasis. In women, fungi settle in the vagina and vulva, which is why the disease is called vulvovaginitis. In the initial stages, its symptoms are as follows:

- white (like sour milk) vaginal discharge;

- itching that does not go away, but, on the contrary, intensifies after washing and in the morning;

- unpleasant smell of underwear;

- pain during sexual intercourse.

The most indicative symptom is Candida fungi in a smear taken from the vagina.

Without treatment, the symptoms of the disease worsen. Pain appears not only during sexual intercourse, but also with every urination, the vaginal mucosa swells, ulcerates, and the discharge becomes thicker.

In men, infection with Candida is called balanoposthitis. Symptoms:

- discharge of a cheesy type from the genital organ;

- itching, pain when urinating;

- painful intercourse.

Analysis for fungi of the genus Candida

The presence of candidiasis is determined based on the results of the following studies:

- swab from the oral cavity or vagina;

Additionally, the doctor may prescribe urine and blood tests.

If you plan to take a smear from the vagina and/or urethra, you are not allowed to wash yourself beforehand, and you can urinate only 2 hours before taking the smear, no later. If you plan to take a swab from your mouth, do not brush your teeth before doing so.

To carry out sowing, feces, sputum, urine, and scrapings from affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes are used. After three days, they receive an answer whether the material contains Candida mushrooms or not. The norm is a negative result. If tests confirm the presence of a fungus, its type and sensitivity to medications are determined.

The ELISA test is called enzyme immunoassay. It helps to identify antibodies to the fungus and track the dynamics of the process. The research material for ELISA is blood from a vein. As a rule, it is carried out in conjunction with bacterial culture.

The most accurate analysis is considered to be PCR, which means a polymer chain reaction of fungal DNA molecules. It detects the presence of a pathogen even at the very initial stage of the disease. The materials for PCR are sputum, secretions, and blood.

Treatment

If Candida fungi are detected in a patient, treatment is carried out with medication. Inside they write:

- Fluconazole.

- “Nizoral.”

- Diflucan.

Ointments used externally:

- “Clotrimazole.”

- “Sertocanazole.”

- Miconazole.

— Suppositories with pumaficin and other agents that suppress the growth of fungus. Anti-inflammatory ointments may also be prescribed.

Treatment of pregnant women is carried out only with external means. Only in isolated cases is Pumaficin prescribed orally.

For genitourinary candidiasis, both sexual partners are treated.

In addition to antifungal drugs, vitamins and other agents that strengthen the immune system are prescribed.

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Treatment of intestinal candidiasis

When treating intestinal candidiasis, patients are prescribed orally or intravenously medications such as amphotericin B, ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole - aminoketic drugs of non-absorbing action from the intestinal lumen. When using these drugs, the results often do not live up to expectations due to the rapid absorption of drugs in the upper intestines, while they do not reach the ileum, where the largest number of Candida fungi is observed. The danger of using these medications also lies in the possibility of toxic hepatitis and other side effects.

Intestinal candidiasis - diagnosis, symptoms and treatment

Difficulties in detecting the disease are due to the fact that Candida can either actively participate in pathological processes or develop in a passive form. To carry out a competent diagnosis, as a rule, it is necessary to carry out a number of laboratory tests, which include such stages as: intestinal radiography, cytological, histological, endoscopic and microbiological studies. At these stages, samples of materials from the intestines are taken from the patient and are colored in a certain color in the presence of a pathological spread of fungi in the area being studied.

In case of disorders of parietal and cavity digestion, the form of candidiasis is called non-invasive, implying that candida has already managed to multiply in the intestines, but the filamentous form of the fungus has not yet penetrated deep into the tissues of the body. With this fairly common form of the disease, a person may have: upset stool, flatulence and itching in the anus, a feeling of fullness in the intestines and cramping pain with obvious signs of moderate intoxication.

The presence of such symptoms necessarily indicates the need to use antifungal drugs, while neither any special diet nor refusal of antibiotics can bring noticeable relief. In the later stages of intestinal candidiasis, when fungi penetrate deeply into the cells of the epithelial layer and affect the basement membrane, a person experiences the above-mentioned invasive candidiasis, which is accompanied by: bloody diarrhea, acute abdominal pain, low-grade fever with manifestations of perianal candidermitis and flatulence. At this stage of the disease, immediate medical intervention is required. Otherwise, the situation risks being neglected and leading to damage to internal organs.

Drug treatment of intestinal candidiasis

If you notice symptoms of intestinal candidiasis, you should contact a therapist who will prescribe appropriate treatment according to one of the following areas:

1. Diet therapy.
2. Probiotics and prebiotics in the form of a special course to restore healthy intestinal microflora and mucous membranes.
3. Elimination of diseases that can directly or indirectly cause candidiasis.
4. Taking medications aimed at directly eliminating fungi of the Candida family is the so-called selective intestinal decontamination.

Almost all antifungal drugs are designed to inhibit the biological synthesis of the substance ergosterol, an integral part of the typical structure of Candida. Well-proven drugs at the moment are such drugs as: Nystatin, Levorin and Pimafucin. It should be remembered that it is almost impossible to completely eliminate candida from the human body, but treatment can be called successful if the patient’s symptoms of the disease disappear and the results of mycological studies show normalization of the number of fungi. Many people are carriers of mushrooms, which does not threaten their body, as well as the health of other people with whom contact is initiated, provided that the immunity of those with whom the carrier comes into contact is sufficiently strong.

It is important to remember to follow the correct diet during the treatment of intestinal candidiasis. So, experts do not recommend consuming foods high in carbohydrates, such as sugar, fruits, milk, sweets, beer and kvass while undergoing special therapy.

Treatment of intestinal candidiasis with folk remedies

In some cases, intestinal candidiasis can be treated with folk remedies, such as herbal decoctions and tea from various parts of plants. However, folk remedies only reduce symptoms without leading to complete elimination of the problem and only delay drug intervention. If you still have a desire to turn to traditional medicine, try boiling oak bark, burnet and burdock roots in water. Take 3 tablespoons of these decoctions before meals.

Kuril tea also works well, which should be drunk for several weeks as a regular drink and prepared in the usual way for tea - by brewing. Please note that any self-medication can seriously harm the body by weakening your immunity and still leaves some of the fungus inside the gastrointestinal tract even when using very strong antifungal drugs. In the same case, if you only treat candidiasis and do not eliminate the problem completely, after some time the disease may remind itself again, so it is very important to achieve a complete cure and normalization of the intestinal microflora. The body's natural defenses destroy fungal colonies in the intestines, preventing microbes from attaching to epithelial cells.

When using any folk remedies and self-medication, be sure to consult with qualified doctors in order to avoid irreparable harm to health or delaying normal treatment, as a result of which the disease can become latent, chronic and cause significant concern for years. The use of folk remedies is recommended as an additional stimulation of the body’s protective properties or as a reinforcement of the healing effect after receiving positive test results from a medical report on your actual recovery.

Dissolve 3 tablespoons of salt in 3/4 cup of cognac, let it sit for at least half an hour and dilute this tincture with boiling water in the ratio of 1 part cognac with salt and 3 parts boiling water. This medicine should be taken an hour before meals, once every 24 hours, diluting 6 tablespoons of water in a tablespoon of tincture. Some patients have reported significant relief from intestinal candidiasis symptoms when consuming this elixir for a month.

Here's another proven recipe. Boil 5 glasses of oatmeal in 15 glasses of water for three hours, strain the resulting broth and take it orally every day warm in the amount of 100 grams. no more than 3 times. This course will give results after at least 4 months of regular use.

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2. Fungi of the genus Candida

Candidiasis (simple thrush) is a yeast infection caused by the proliferation and vital activity of fungi of the genus Candida, most often their subspecies Candida albicans. The first description of this microorganism was made in 1839 by the outstanding surgeon B. Lagenbeck. When grown on nutrient media, these fungi form large, white, creamy colonies.

Fungi of the genus Candida are opportunistic microorganisms, that is, they belong to the normal microflora of the human body. Candida albicans lives in small quantities on the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, and also in the intestinal lumen.

Every person is colonized with yeast-like fungi at a level that does not cause inflammatory reactions or negative effects on the body. Excessive growth of candida on human mucous membranes and skin is restrained by local immunity factors, in particular by the vital activity of representatives of normal microflora competing for the habitat.

Fungi of the genus Candida can live in the foreskin, vagina, and intestines, but their number is normally small. Candida albicans provokes a local inflammatory response and unpleasant symptoms only when a certain level of overgrowth is reached.

Our immune system is able to contain the fungal population, but in cases where natural defense factors fail, fungal mycelium can penetrate tissues, damaging them.

Candidiasis differs from other mycoses in that it is predominantly an endogenous (internal) problem.

3. A few facts about male thrush

1. 1 Candida can be found on any part of the body, but most often in warm and moist areas (oral cavity, vagina, armpits, foreskin, interdigital spaces, etc.).
2. 2Candidiasis in men rarely occurs on its own; predisposing factors are necessary.
3. 3Genital candidiasis is not generally considered a sexually transmitted infection (STD), although transmission of fungi can occur through sexual contact.
4. 4The progression of infection in men without pathology of general immunity and other predisposing factors can be prevented by observing the rules of intimate hygiene.
5. 5The presence of any STDs in a man (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, gonorrhea, etc.) increases the likelihood of genital candidiasis.

4. What allows fungi to multiply?

Candida albicans is a fungus, the excessive growth of which requires a decrease in local and/or general immunity, as well as a disruption in the composition of the microbiota of the body as a whole. The main risk factors for the spread of genital candidiasis in men include:

1. 1Previous irrational antibiotic therapy, especially with the use of broad-spectrum drugs.
2. 2Taking immunosuppressants (chemotherapy, systemic, less often topical glucocorticoids).
3. 3Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency (for example, HIV infection, diabetes mellitus).
4. 4Diabetes and other carbohydrate metabolism disorders accompanied by hyperglycemia. High blood glucose levels create favorable conditions for the growth of yeast-like fungi.
5. 5 Poor intimate hygiene - the pocket between the foreskin and the glans is a good place for the growth and reproduction of candida.
6. 6Use of local irritating hygiene products - bubble bath, toilet soap, shower gels, lubricants.
7. 7The appearance of a fungal infection is more likely on damaged and irritated mucous membranes (against the background of allergic reactions, dermatitis).
8. 8 Poor nutrition, protein deficiency and excess of quickly digestible carbohydrates in the diet.
9. 9Presence of the following chronic diseases: renal/liver failure, obesity, metabolic syndrome, gout, hypothyroidism.

5. Can you get thrush from a woman?

Although genital candidiasis in men, in particular candidal balanoposthitis, is most often acquired through sexual contact, it is not classified as a disease transmitted through unprotected sexual contact.

This is due to the fact that fungi of the genus Candida can be present on the mucous membranes of men under normal conditions, and the growth of the culture is associated with many factors (the state of microflora and immunity, hygiene, the presence of STIs).

Sex does not necessarily lead to the transmission of candidiasis from a sick woman to a man.

However, there is still a risk of infection, so men at high risk should avoid unprotected sexual contact with a sick woman until she is cured.

In a couple where one of the partners suffers from thrush, it is advisable to choose therapy for both the man and the woman. This measure allows you to reduce the circulation of fungi in a couple (European recommendations for the treatment of balanoposthitis, 2013)

6. Symptoms of candidiasis in men

Most fungal infections in men are asymptomatic. The appearance of itching and burning can be noted within a few hours after sexual contact with a sick woman.

In mild cases, the itching and burning sensation last no more than a day and go away on their own. The next time you have sexual intercourse, the itching and burning sensation may recur.

On examination, slight redness and slight superficial peeling of the glans penis are noted, which disappear without a trace within 1-2 days. There are practically no discharges.

Clinically significant forms of genital candidiasis in men are presented:

1. 1Candida balanitis (damage to the head of the penis);
2. 2Candida balanoposthitis (involvement in the pathological process of not only the glans penis, but also the leaves of the foreskin).

7. Candidal balanitis

This is a clinically significant form of genital candidiasis in men. The patient is concerned about burning, itching, and redness in the head area.

In addition to burning, a man is bothered by pain of varying intensity that occurs during urination, contact with underwear, and sexual intercourse. Pain intensity can vary from minor discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities.

With a more severe infection, small papular rashes may appear on the head of the penis, which turn into superficial pustules and blisters. The bubbles burst with the formation of shallow erosions.

Erosions are bordered by a white stripe of wrinkled epidermis and are prone to growth and fusion.

On the surface of all of these elements you can find a white coating of varying degrees of severity.

Erosions most often form at the border between the glans penis and the foreskin. When the foreskin is moved, a white cheesy coating can be seen on its inner layer.

If left untreated, the process can spread to the prepuce and groin area.

8. Candidiasis balanoposthitis

With candidal balanoposthitis, not only the mucous membrane of the head is involved, but also the leaves of the foreskin.

Patients are bothered by severe pain when urinating, contacting underwear, sexual intercourse is impossible due to severe pain.

Upon examination, redness of the glans penis and preputial sac, eroded papules or dry, dim foci of hyperemia (spots) with a shiny surface and a white coating are revealed.

In severe cases, ulceration and infiltration are observed. The foreskin is inflamed and swollen. In the area of ​​the preputial sac, an accumulation of white cheesy plaque is found.

In patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders (for example, diabetes), acute, or fulminant, forms of balanoposthitis, accompanied by significant swelling, cracks and ulcers, were recorded.

9. Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of candidal balanoposthitis is carried out primarily with genital herpes, bacterial balanoposthitis and lichen.

Confirmation of the diagnosis is made by microscopy and cultural examination of a smear from the surface of the foreskin and preputial sac.

It must be remembered that the presence of candida in a smear does not always confirm the fungal etiology of the disease, since colonization may be secondary and possible against the background of persistent STDs (European clinical guidelines 2013).

10. Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of urogenital candidiasis in men is based on medical history, examination, as well as the results of laboratory diagnostics (smear microscopy, culture on nutrient media, PCR of discharge from the urethra, scrapings from the preputial sac and erosions).

The examination should include tests for major sexually transmitted infections: genital herpes, HPV, HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, syphilis.

In case of relapses of candidal balanoposthitis, it is necessary to exclude carbohydrate metabolism disorders, sexually transmitted infections and immunodeficiency states.

For long-term and often recurrent genital candidiasis, a biopsy from the affected area is indicated.

11. Features of treatment

Treatment of new-onset genital candidiasis in men, as a rule, does not present any particular difficulties and is aimed at:

1. 1 complete destruction of the pathogen;
2. 2 identification and elimination of predisposing factors;
3. 3 restoration of the local and general immune system.

To select medications and monitor the effectiveness of therapy, you must contact a urologist or dermatologist.

For the treatment of candidal balanitis and balanoposthitis, one of the following drugs is used (European recommendations):

1. 1 Clotrimazole 1% cream 2 times a day. locally to the affected area. Preparations - cream and ointment Clotrimazole 1%, Canesten, Candide, Candibene;
2. 2 Miconazole 2% cream 2 times a day. locally to the affected area. Preparations - Dactanol, Mycozon.

The use of local antifungal agents is carried out until the symptoms disappear completely. The main mechanism of action of these drugs is a change in the permeability of the cell membrane of the fungal cell, which leads to its death.

Alternative modes:

1. 1Fluconazole 150 mg orally once, in combination with local antifungal agents. The regimen is prescribed for severe tissue damage.
2. 2 Clotrimazole 1%, Miconazole 2% or Nystatin ointment 10,000 2 times a day. locally. Ointments based on nystatin are prescribed for intolerance to imidazoles.
3. 3 Antifungal ointments with 1% hydrocortisone are prescribed for severe swelling and inflammatory reaction. Hydrocortisone helps relieve signs of inflammation. Preparations - Pimafucort (hydrocortisone + natamycin + neomycin), Candide B (clotrimazole + beclomethasone), Kanizon plus, Candiderm, hydrocortisone ointment 1%.

Treatment of the sexual partner is desirable, as this will reduce the circulation of candida in the couple. Chronic thrush with frequent relapses requires more careful attention:

1. 1It is important to clarify the presence of chronic diseases, STDs, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and immunodeficiency states. If predisposing factors are identified, therapy should be adjusted.
2. 2Cultivation of discharge from the preputial sac and discharge from the posterior vaginal fornix of the female partner to determine the type of candida and their sensitivity. Infections caused by Candida non-albicans are often chronic and difficult to treat; standard treatment regimens may not be effective.
3. 3Correction of lifestyle and diet are the most important step in the treatment of chronic genital candidiasis.

12. Preventive measures

One of the main ways to prevent candidiasis in men is sufficient and timely hygiene of the external genitalia.

In men who have not been circumcised, poor hygiene can create a favorable breeding ground for the development of candida and pathogenic bacteria.

Practical advice on intimate hygiene for men:

1. 1Shower is preferable.
2. 2It is important to thoroughly wash the area under the foreskin.
3. 3Avoid using perfumed shower gels and soaps as they may cause irritation.
4. 4After washing, the penis must be thoroughly dried.
5. 5It is important to wear loose cotton underwear.

Lifestyle, diet and the presence of concomitant diseases are of great importance, therefore important preventive measures are:

1. 1Timely detection and treatment of chronic diseases that can affect the state of the immune system.
2. 2Take antibacterial drugs only as prescribed by a doctor, avoid self-medication and self-diagnosis.
3. 3Control your diet, limiting easily digestible carbohydrates. Protein starvation should not be allowed; it is important to consume enough cereals and vegetables. The diet should be balanced.
4. 4Annual medical examination of both sexual partners, timely treatment of STIs, refusal of unprotected oral and anal sex with a regular partner.

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Candidiasis

Yeast or candida fungi cause the development of an infectious disease - candidiasis. Depending on the location of the lesion, there are the following types of candidiasis:

• skin or superficial;
• fingers and interdigital;
• intestinal mucous membranes;
• oral cavity;
• nail plates.
• vulvovaginal candidiasis in women, colpitis and balanoposthitis in men.

Different types of illness caused by different pathogens. The most famous are:

• candida albicans;
• candida tropicalis;
• candida parapsilosis;
• candida gillermondi;
• candida glabrata;
• candida crouzei.

Causes

While in the body, yeast may not manifest itself for a long time. There are a number of factors that contribute to their growth and development. The most common are:

• long-term treatment with antibiotics, they destroy beneficial bacteria in the body;
• poor diet, frequent consumption of foods containing sugar and yeast;
• hormonal changes during pregnancy, breastfeeding and puberty;
• long-term use of contraceptives;
• sexual intercourse not protected by contraceptives;
• lack of vitamins;
• the presence of cancer, diabetes, blood diseases;
• a sharp decrease in immunity;
• work that involves skin contact with chemicals;
• surgical intervention.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of the manifestation of various symptoms of the disease depends on the location of the lesion.

Surface

Skin lesions occur in hard-to-reach places where large folds form. These are the axillary and groin areas, as well as in women the area under the breasts.

The first sign of the disease is the appearance of small blisters that burst and wounds appear in their place. Over time, nearby erosions can join together, thereby increasing the affected area. As a result, the skin peels and the damaged areas become red. Manifestations of the disease on the hands begin with the appearance of dark spots and microcracks between the fingers, which begin to itch.

Stomatitis

This is an inflammation of the oral cavity, accompanied by the appearance of a white coating that looks like curd grains. Over time, plaque, like a film, covers the entire oral cavity, under which an inflammatory process begins to occur. The corners of the lips begin to crack, peel, and the color changes from scarlet to bluish. In addition, the disease can become chronic, which can result in sores in the mouth.

Intestines

Occurs due to long-term use of medications. They negatively affect the microflora, disrupting its performance. Ulcers appear on the walls, in which yeast fungi actively settle, and do not provide the opportunity for complete healing. Pain, heaviness, bloating appear in the stomach, and bleeding may occur.

Nails

The disease can also affect the nails, the nail plate peels off, its color changes, and the skin around it begins to become inflamed and roughened.

In the groin

Very often the location of the lesion is the female and male genital organs. In women, this is vulvovaginitis or thrush. The presence of thrush in a woman’s body is indicated by abundant discharge of white flakes. In addition, there are a number of other symptoms:

• itching in the genital area and groin;
• pain during sexual intercourse;
• unpleasant odor;
• violation of the urinary system.

Yeast fungus in men provokes the appearance of colpitis and balanoposthitis, the symptoms of which are:

• redness and swelling of the male genital organ;
• the appearance of white discharge from the penis;
• itching in the organ area;
• pain when urinating;
• short duration of sexual intercourse;
• the appearance of wounds and erosions on the foreskin;
• Purulent discharge may appear.

Diagnostics

If any symptom appears, you should immediately consult a doctor to avoid worsening the disease and prevent it from becoming chronic. Only an experienced doctor can correctly diagnose and prescribe effective treatment.

For this purpose, a number of clinical examinations will be assigned:

• taking a smear from the site of the lesion for microscopic examination;
• cultural diagnostics - with its help you can determine what type of fungus belongs to, as well as sensitivity to medications;
• enzyme immunoassay - makes it possible to find out the presence of antibodies that can overcome the infectious agent;
• polymerase chain reaction - used to accurately confirm the presence of candida fungus in the body;
• blood and urine tests.

If the cause of the disease in the patient being treated has not been identified, the sexual partner must be examined, since he may be the carrier of the virus, and then both of them need to be treated.

Treatment

The walls of the fungus have a specific structure that protects it from the effects of medications. Therefore, for treatment you need to choose the right drugs that they cannot resist. There are special groups of medications that can quickly suppress the disease:

• imidazoles;
• triazoles;
• polyenes;
• allylamines;
• echinocandins.

Medications are prescribed in two ways:

• locally - these are creams, ointments, suppositories, vaginal tablets;
• orally - taking tablets and capsules orally.

The most common drugs for treating fungus are:

• clotrimazole;
• fluconazole;
• nystatin;
• lamisil;
• caspofungin .

Clotrimazole- a potent antifungal agent with a wide range of effects. Release form:

• ointment;
• solution or vaginal tablets;
• liquid for spraying.

The ointment should be applied several times to the affected areas of the body in a thin layer, and then rubbed in well. The full course of cream treatment is about four weeks.
To treat candidiasis in women, vaginal tablets are used, which are inserted into the perineum at night, and cream is applied to the outer labia to enhance the effect.

Liquid is also used to treat the skin; it is sprayed onto wounds three times a day. The use of the drug practically does not cause side effects, only the observation of an allergic reaction is possible.

Fluconazole- a medicine that blocks the spread of fungi in the body. The medicine is produced in the form of capsules and solution.

Nystatin- an antifungal agent is used for the treatment and prevention of intestinal candidiasis. Long-term use may cause side effects such as:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• dizziness;
• various allergic reactions.

Folk

In addition to the use of medications, you can also use traditional methods of treatment.

Chamomile bath

Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. You can buy dried chamomile at any pharmacy. Before bathing, you need to prepare a decoction of the herbs. To do this, pour 200 grams of leaves with a liter of boiling water and leave for 1.5 hours. The resulting mixture is filtered and poured into a bath of warm water, and taken for 15-20 minutes, several times a week.

Baths with soda and iodine

In one liter of water, dilute one teaspoon of baking soda and iodine. Pour the resulting mixture into the bath and take it for 20 minutes. For oral candidiasis, use a soda solution for rinsing. The manipulation is performed after each meal.

Salt rinses

To prepare the mixture, dissolve two tablespoons of salt in a liter of boiled water and add the yolk of a chicken egg. Mix the resulting mixture well and rinse your mouth three times a day. After several procedures, immediate relief occurs.

Eucalyptus compresses

Take three tablespoons of crushed eucalyptus and pour boiling water over it, let it brew for a while. Moisten the folded bandage generously with the solution several times and apply it to the affected area.

Herbal decoction

Buy Collection No. 255 at the pharmacy, it includes many different herbs. Take two tablespoons of the mixture and pour boiling water, let it brew and take 100 milliliters half an hour before meals. You can also rinse your mouth and douche with the solution.

Artemisia root

Pour twenty grams of dry wormwood root into a glass of boiling water, take one spoon three times a day.

Douching

Heat two liters of water in a saucepan and add three tablespoons of St. John's wort and cook for 20 minutes. The solution is used for douching in the treatment of candidiasis in women; garlic douching is also used and medicinal tampons are administered. To prepare the solution, chop a few cloves of garlic and pour boiling water over it. After cooling, strain the mixture through a glass of water, and you can douche.

Take the garlic and squeeze out the juice. Take a sanitary swab and moisten it with the resulting liquid. Insert into the vagina overnight. Take it out in the morning and repeat this for ten days in a row. For the first procedures, the juice can be diluted with water.

The same manipulation can be carried out with the juice of a house plant - Kalanchoe.

To achieve the fastest possible results, complex treatment is used:

• B vitamins are prescribed;
• proper nutrition, which involves limiting the intake of carbohydrate and sweet foods, and increasing protein and fermented milk products, as well as pickled vegetables.

Prevention

• observe the rules of personal hygiene;
• follow a healthy diet that will not cause excess weight;
• wear underwear made from natural fabrics;
• use contraceptives during sexual intercourse.

A proper lifestyle will help avoid not only candidiasis, but also other serious pathologies.

nogi.guru

Candidiasis

Candidiasis- opportunistic mycosis, occurring with lesions of the mucous membranes and skin; in patients with severe immunodeficiency, disseminated forms are possible, most often affecting the lungs and gastrointestinal tract.

Etiology.

Pathogens- yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. 90% of lesions are caused by Candida albicans (which also includes Candida stellatoidea). Other pathogens - Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida kefyr (formerly Candida pseudotropicalis), Candida guillermondii, Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata and very rarely - Candida rugosa, Candida utilis, Candida lipolytica, Candida zeylanoides.

Risk factors

Epidemiology.

Candida is widespread in nature, mainly on plant substrates, various household items, especially children's toys. Candida albicans is normally present in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, vagina and sometimes on the skin. Candidiasis is registered only in humans. The incidence increased significantly with the introduction of antibiotics and is currently progressing. Candida is one of the most common pathogens of opportunistic mycoses. Any immunodeficiency state and disruption of normal microbial cenosis lead to the onset of the disease. The possibility of transmission of the pathogen through household contacts has not been determined, but babies become infected when passing through the birth canal or during breastfeeding. Urogenital candidiasis is transmitted sexually. Pathogenesis. With disseminated lesions, the formation of foci of necrosis and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltration is noted. The development of caididosis is promoted by damage to the skin, increased sweating, and maceration. Dry, intact skin is resistant to Candida albicans. Excessive growth of Candida albicans is facilitated by disturbances in the microbial cenosis of the body caused by inadequate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or changes in the microenvironment. The development of candidiasis is facilitated by metabolic and hormonal disorders (for example, diabetes, pregnancy, and the use of oral contraceptives). Immunodeficiency states and the use of immunosuppressants (for example, glucocorticoids) can cause fulminant forms and chronic candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes. Genetic aspects. Candidiasis is a companion to numerous inherited immunodeficiencies.
Examples:

Thrush: can you get rid of it yourself?

Clinical picture

Research methods

Differential diagnosis

Treatment:

Mode

Alternative Products

Contraindications

Drug interactions

Complications

Synonyms

The human body is inhabited by a huge number of bacteria that help it function properly. When there are no health problems, they are all in balance. Candida albicans - one of these microorganisms - lives in the normal intestinal microflora, on the mucous membrane of the vagina, and oral cavity. This is what he looks like in the photo. These pathogenic microorganisms:

• round shape;
• about 10 microns in size;
• live at temperatures up to 37 degrees;
• are resistant to adverse conditions.

When, for some reason, a decrease in immunity occurs in the body, rapid growth of yeast fungi begins. The normal microflora is disrupted. This situation causes:

• development of candidiasis - thrush;
• nail damage;
• spread of infection in the oral cavity;
• inflammation of the intestinal mucous membranes;
• disease of the respiratory system and nervous system.

How is it transmitted?

The main danger of candidiasis is that the infection spreads at high speed. Candida quickly affects the mucous membranes of the entire body. The fungal disease is sexually transmitted through unprotected sex. Possible infection through:

• Food;
• bed sheets;
• Houseware;
• poorly washed fruits and vegetables;
• kisses;
• toys;
• gaskets;
• personal hygiene items.

A yeast-like fungus can enter the body during medical intervention during a gynecological or dental examination with a poorly processed instrument. Candida albicans is transmitted by:

• from a woman to a child during childbirth;
• by airborne droplets;
• newborns through poorly washed diapers;
• when using other people's objects, clothes.

For the complex treatment of fungal infections, folk recipes are used. It is important that the use is agreed with the doctor and takes place after diagnosis. It is recommended to drink a spoonful of wormwood root decoction a day - 20 g of leaves per glass of boiling water. Baking soda is widely used - the alkaline environment destroys the fungus. Add one spoon per liter of boiled water. Apply:

• in the form of baths daily for candidiasis on the penis;
• as a lotion several times a day - for fungus in the mouth;
• for thrush in women - for douching every other day.

Treatment with folk remedies can be carried out not only in case of damage to the skin or nails, but also in case of dysbacteriosis, which is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida.

Folk remedy therapy for Candida fungus consists of preparing and cleaning the intestines from excessive fungal colonization.

1. Day 1-2.
   Prepare a broth consisting of onions, garlic, celery and cabbage.
   – Chop the vegetables finely, season with sea salt and cook in clean water until the vegetables are softened.
   – Drink broth throughout the day, do not take other food.
   – Drink a lot of clean water – up to 4 liters. per day, this will help launch the lymphatic cleansing of the body system.
2. Day 3-9.
   – Eliminate from the diet – radishes, potatoes, beets, carrots, bread, sweets, grains, starchy foods, alcohol.
   – Drink a lot of water 3-4 liters. per day.
   – Once a day, eat a salad made from lettuce leaves and seasoned with apple cider vinegar.

Allowed:

• buckwheat porridge;
• cabbage;
• oatmeal;
• boiled eggs;
• Steamed fish;
• boiled white poultry meat.

As a result, a diet for thrush will help improve intestinal function, reducing the amount of opportunistic fungus. The method is short-lived, but effective, which can be repeated without risk to the body.

Hand skin fungus is a common problem. Children, adults and elderly patients encounter it.

Men are more often affected by dermatophytes, women – by yeast fungi of the genus Candida. People whose hands are exposed to liquids intended for cooking, cleaning, and construction activities for a long time are susceptible to mycosis.

During operation, the leather loses its protective layer and turns into a hard, but brittle substance prone to cracking. The resulting microcracks become gateways for fungal infection.

Candida belongs to the genus of yeast. Most of their species are completely harmless, they live in the body of kombucha, kefir, and other fermented milk products, as well as in the human gastrointestinal tract, being part of the microflora of a healthy intestine. Fungi of the genus Candida are aerobes, that is, they lead an active life in the presence of oxygen. They can exist in two forms - yeast and micellar.

Yeast fungi are round or oval blastospores and reproduce by budding. In the micellar form, fungal cells elongate, turning into pseudomycelium. Unlike the real one, there are no partitions, but there are constrictions. They contain blastospores, and the terminal extensions contain double-walled chlamydiospores. In micellar form, mushrooms are able to mate.

Fungi of the genus Candida differ from other dimorphic creatures in that they can be in the body of their host in two of their forms at once, and do not change them depending on the temperature of the environment.

An important property of candida is that they can ferment maltose and glucose.

The disease candidiasis, according to recent research, is caused by approximately 20 species of these fungi, and the most dangerous are C.Albicans (60%) and C.Tropicalis (20%). The remaining 18 species are less widespread and do not have a significant impact on the incidence of candidiasis.

Pregnancy;

Various infections;

Exacerbation of chronic diseases;

Hypo- or vitamin deficiency;

Long-term treatment with antibiotics;

Taking corticosteroids;

Hormonal disorders.

The main cause of candidiasis is low immunity. This condition can appear in many situations, including poor nutrition, unfavorable living conditions, and frequent stress.

AIDS (or HIV infection);

Diabetes;

Tuberculosis;

Gastrointestinal diseases;

Diseases of the genitourinary system;

Hypothyroidism;

Some blood diseases;

Vaginosis.

A swab from the mouth or vagina;

Additionally, the doctor may prescribe urine and blood tests.

If you plan to take a smear from the vagina and/or urethra, you are not allowed to wash yourself beforehand, and you can urinate only 2 hours before taking the smear, no later. If you plan to take a swab from your mouth, do not brush your teeth before doing so.

To carry out sowing, feces, sputum, urine, and scrapings from affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes are used. After three days, they receive an answer whether the material contains Candida mushrooms or not. The norm is a negative result. If tests confirm the presence of a fungus, its type and sensitivity to medications are determined.

The ELISA test is called enzyme immunoassay. It helps to identify antibodies to the fungus and track the dynamics of the process. The research material for ELISA is blood from a vein. As a rule, it is carried out in conjunction with bacterial culture.

The most accurate analysis is considered to be PCR, which means a polymer chain reaction of fungal DNA molecules. It detects the presence of a pathogen even at the very initial stage of the disease. The materials for PCR are sputum, secretions, and blood.

The Candida genus of mushrooms has many varieties. Let's look at the most common of them.

Candida Cruzei

This type of microorganism usually affects the esophagus, tongue, throat, and oral cavity. Less common in the genital area. It is considered a fairly contagious disease. It is difficult to treat because there are few medications available that are effective against this type of fungus. Not often diagnosed.

Candida Glabrata

This type of fungus provokes the development of urogenital candidiasis. The disease can be virtually asymptomatic. If severe, the disease can be fatal for the patient. People with very weakened immune systems and cancer are at risk.

It is the causative agent of endocarditis and a very aggressive infection. It is resistant to treatment and can provoke the development of thrush. If this type of fungus is diagnosed in a woman during this period, it is recommended to postpone pregnancy.

Candida albicans

It is considered the most common. A large number of people are carriers of these bacteria. Very often, the disease manifests itself with reduced immunity, after antibiotic therapy, or during pregnancy. The fungus causes damage to the skin and intestinal mucosa.

In addition, the following types of fungal microorganisms are found:

• Robusta. Not often diagnosed, affects the skin;
• Tropicalis. Occurs rarely and mainly in animals;
• Stellatoidea. Diagnosed very rarely.

As stated earlier, fungal microorganisms of the genus Candida live in every human body. Their numbers are insignificant and are controlled by beneficial microflora (bifidobacteria, E. coli, lactobacilli, enterococci). When immunity decreases, active reproduction of Candida begins and the fungus occupies different parts of the intestine.

Symptoms

Candida fungus in the intestines manifests itself in various symptoms.

This form of the disease develops when the fungus actively multiplies in the intestinal lumen without penetrating into the tissue. In this case, the patient experiences digestive disorders.

Signs of non-invasive intestinal candidiasis:

• disturbance of well-being;
• discomfort in the abdomen;
• diarrhea;
• itching in the anus.

In addition, patients may experience bloating, a feeling of heaviness, fatigue, and problems with appetite.

This type of candidiasis is considered the most common.

This type of disease is considered a rare form, but with a more severe course.

The main symptoms of intestinal candidiasis in men and women are:

• painful sensations in the abdomen;
• thrush;
• diarrhea with blood.

In addition, the patient may suffer from flatulence.

In the case of the development of a focal form, the patient experiences the following concomitant pathologies:

• colitis;
• proctitis;
• duodenal ulcer.

This form of the disease also occurs with anal itching and a fraudulent urge to defecate, causing pain.

Signs of intestinal candidiasis are similar to the manifestations of many diseases. If any manifestations of the disease are detected, the patient should immediately consult a doctor to undergo an examination and begin treatment in a timely manner.

What is candidiasis? This is an infectious disease caused by the rapid proliferation of yeast-like fungi. The pathology is accompanied by symptoms depending on the location of the lesion. Patients with candidiasis experience:

• nail fungus;
• skin lesions;
• muscle pain;
• diarrhea;
• increased gas formation;
• nasal congestion;
• rashes on the lining of the oral cavity;
• redness of the genitals;
• headache.

The fungal disease candidiasis often has symptoms similar to other ailments:

• candida in the intestines provokes a deterioration in appetite, heaviness in the abdomen, inclusions in the stool, similar to cottage cheese;
• the growth of candida on the surface of the skin causes redness, papules, blisters, erosions;
• with oral candidiasis, there is a whitish coating on the surfaces of the gums, cheeks, tongue, and cracks on the lips.

Among women

Pathogenic microorganisms of the genus Candida affect the vaginal mucosa, causing a dangerous and serious disease. What is thrush in women? This is an infection of the external and internal genital organs caused by pathogenic microflora and the activity of a fungus. Factors that contribute to candida overgrowth:

• lack of normal immunity;
• allergic diseases;
• taking contraceptives;
• eating foods containing yeast, sugar;
• antibiotic treatment of viruses;
• chronic gastrointestinal diseases;
• diabetes.

When thrush develops, a woman experiences the following signs of candida infection:

• pain and burning during sex;
• menstruation disorders;
• curdled vaginal discharge;
• pain when urinating;
• the appearance of a specific kefir odor;
• decreased sexual desire;
• genital irritation;
• pain in the pelvic area;
• infertility.

In men

Men also suffer from fungal activity. This is facilitated by toxins formed as waste products of bacteria. Candida affects the skin and affects the genitals. Men experience symptoms of thrush similar to women's symptoms:

• pain when urinating;
• the appearance of a rash, a whitish coating on the genitals;
• formation of papules.

A fungus of the genus Candida affects the skin in the groin area. The presence of an infectious disease in men is indicated by:

• inflammation, redness of the head of the penis;
• the appearance of a rash;
• bubble formation;
• pain during sexual intercourse;
• unbearable itching;
• burning sensation;
• development of prostatitis;
• the appearance of impotence;
• decreased sex drive.

Candida fungus, having increased in number, leads to candidiasis - fungal infection of different parts of the body. Sometimes the symptoms of the disease can be erased, and the person does not understand that he has candidiasis.

Here are some symptoms typical of Candida fungus.

1. Skin and nail infections.
   – Continued damage to the nail plates on the legs and arms, which is erased, without improvement or worsening of symptoms, may indicate that there is systemic candidiasis.
2. Intestinal disorders.
   – Frequent diarrhea, bloating or flatulence indicate that there is not enough healthy bacteria in the intestines. This means that there is a risk of candidiasis.
3. Respiratory tract infections.
   – If you have recurring infections, sinus inflammation, general flu symptoms, or seasonal allergies, you should be tested for a fungal infection.
4. Infections of the vagina and genitourinary system.
   – Recurrent inflammation of the appendages, thrush or problems with the urinary system may indicate the presence of candidiasis.
5. Hormonal imbalance.
   – If there are no endocrine diseases, PMS and menopause, then the development of hormonal imbalance may begin due to the growth of candida outside the intestinal tract.

One of some byproducts of the fungus mimics estrogen, causing:

• mood swings;
• fluid retention in the body;
• inability to lose excess weight;
• migraine;
• early menopause;
• loss of libido;
• depression;
• chronic fatigue syndrome.

This leads to serious consequences, affecting the quality of life.

Brief description of pathogenic species

The most widely found fungus is the genus Candida, called C. Albicans. About 8 out of 10 people are their carriers. Basically, these fungi enter the baby’s body at birth and live, without causing any discomfort, in the mouth, esophagus and intestines. In women, they are also part of the vaginal microflora. It is this type of candida that is most often to blame for the occurrence of candidiasis.

The second dangerous species is called C. Tropicalis. These fungi are able to penetrate the blood and, with its help, colonize peripheral organs. Recent studies have revealed the ability of Candida C. Tropicalis to work in tandem with Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli, and lead to Crohn's disease.

Not very common, but considered the most dangerous are yeasts of the genus Candida species C.Krusei. They are resistant to the drug Fluconazole, which is used in the treatment of fungal infections, so it is important to correctly differentiate the type of pathogenic fungus that has affected the patient.

Candida fungi of the species C.Glabrata were considered non-pathogenic. They exist only in yeast form and reproduce only by budding. Most often, Candida Glabrata is found on urinary catheters, where it forms thin biofilms. This fungus causes urogenital candidiasis.

Candida species C. Parapsilosis often causes sepsis. It can infect wounds, especially if foreign objects get into them.

Classification of the disease

Intestinal candidiasis is classified into the following types:

1. Non-invasive candidiasis. Characterized by the growth of Candida fungi in the intestinal lumen.
2. Invasive candidiasis. It is distinguished by the penetration of the fungus into the intestinal walls. Candida enters the human body through the digestive system.

Most often, the invasive type of the disease is complicated by pathologies of internal organs. This happens as a result of fungi entering the blood and their further movement through the bloodstream.

When pseudomycelia are detected in tests, depending on the rate of fungal reproduction and the severity of the disease, the types of candidiasis are distinguished:

• superficial – initial stage – treatable, pathogenic bacteria act on skin tissue, nails, mucous membranes;
• systemic type - penetrates the epithelium, can affect the respiratory system, digestive organs;
• sepsis is a condition in which candida is detected in the blood, poisons the entire body, and death is possible.

There is a classification of candidiasis according to the form of the fungal disease:

• Acute - has pronounced symptoms, with timely diagnosis it is quickly cured. When neglected, it is called terry and infects epithelial tissues.
• Chronic – appears due to improper treatment, lack of sensitivity to drugs.
• Candida-bearing - tests show the presence of a huge amount of candida without external manifestations of the disease. A person is a carrier of the fungus and can infect others.

Types of fungi

How is it transmitted?

Parapsilosis infects wounds when foreign objects penetrate into them, including unsterilized medical instruments, and C.Glabrata fungi with urinary or intravenous catheters. Most often, infection occurs with fungi of the species C. Albicans, and from the first minutes of a baby’s life. This happens during childbirth if the mother's vagina is colonized with these microbes.

There is also an assumption that C. Albicans penetrates the baby’s body at the embryonic stage, since the fungi have been repeatedly found in amniotic fluid. If a woman giving birth is one of the small percentage of people who are not carriers of fungi, her baby can become infected with them through a pacifier, toys, and so on during the first years of life. There is no need to panic about this, since candida, once in the body of its owner, behaves quietly, even helping him by controlling the growth of other pathogens.

Pregnancy;

Diabetes;

Tuberculosis;

Gastrointestinal diseases;

Hypothyroidism;

Vaginosis.

Candida Glabrata

Consequences and complications of the disease

If the disease is not ignored, intestinal candidiasis becomes a chronic pathology. The latter is dangerous due to its consequences, for example, the development of food intolerance.

In the absence of treatment, intestinal candidiasis in advanced forms can provoke the development of subsequent complications:

1. Ulcerative processes.
2. Perforation of intestinal tissue.
3. Sepsis.

If the disease is not treated, the fungus penetrates deeper into the intestinal tissue, disrupts its integrity and causes heavy bleeding. If the disease is not treated correctly during pregnancy, infection of the fetus can occur.

Intestinal candidiasis is considered one of the most common fungal diseases. Depending on the stage of the course, timeliness of diagnosis and prescribed treatment, the prognosis for this pathology is usually favorable.

If the infection is not treated promptly, yeast-like candida fungi grow deep into the body, affect blood vessels, and enter the blood. After this, pathogenic microorganisms spread throughout the body. In this case it is observed:

• the emergence of new foci of the disease;
• development of bleeding;
• sexual dysfunction;
• spread of infection to neighboring organs.

Fungal overgrowth if left untreated causes:

• abortion;
• infection of the fetus during childbirth;
• damage to the digestive organs;
• the occurrence of allergic reactions;
• kidney dysfunction;
• cystitis;
• infertility;
• the appearance of adhesions in the vagina;
• damage to the cervix that causes cancer;
• development of purulent infections;
• death.

Diagnosis of candidiasis

There are more than 150 varieties of Candida. Correct identification of the causative agent of the infection helps to quickly stop the growth of fungi. Diagnosis begins with interviewing the patient and external examination of the characteristic signs of candidiasis. To determine the infection, a microscopic examination method is used, in which the candida fungus is clearly visible. To do this take:

• smear from the site of the lesion;
• pieces of skin tissue;
• samples of material from mucous membranes.

The diagnosis is confirmed by performing a culture test. To perform the analysis:

• take biological material from the affected area;
• sown on a nutrient medium;
• by the nature of the growth of the fungal colony, the presence of pseudomycelium and the genus Candida are determined;
• special test systems reveal the sensitivity of the species to drugs.

Blood analysis

Blood tests play an important role in diagnosis. The main purpose of the analysis is to determine immunoglobulins. Their presence and appearance characterize the stage of the disease. If a blood test reveals:

• Immunoglobulin IgM is an acute disease that has appeared recently.
• The simultaneous presence of IgM and IgG means the duration of the disease is more than a week. The body has formed long-term immune cells that counteract further growth of fungi.
• The presence of only IgG is evidence of chronic pathology.

Pathogenicity factors

The size of one fungus of the genus Candida is only 2-5 microns, so they can only be seen under a microscope. Those white or yellowish-grayish films that grow on agar or plaque visible on the affected areas of the body are entire colonies of fungi, numbering hundreds of thousands of individual microorganisms. Once in the host’s body, how do fungi of the genus Candida behave?

Research by microbiologists has shown that each fungus strives to begin adhesion, that is, to adhere tightly, one might say, to grow into human epithelial cells. The easier it is for microbes to do this, the lower the immunity of their victim, and the higher his endocrine disorders. The most active fungus in terms of adhesion is the species C.Albicans. Once on the mucous membranes, it adheres in 100% of cases.

The most passive mushroom of the species C. Krusei. It may not take hold at all, meaning infection does not occur. Surface proteins, surface proteins and some molecules, for example, polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and saliva molecules in the mouth help fungi to penetrate. In general, Candida are glycogenophiles (they love glycogen), so they most often colonize tissues where there is a lot of it, for example, the mucous membranes of the vagina and oral cavity. When thrush occurs, Candida fungi are detected with a high probability in a smear taken from these organs, which makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis.

At the initial stage of adhesion, fungi are in the yeast form, but quickly rearrange themselves, forming long filaments (hyphae), which more easily penetrate damaged host cells and are less susceptible to phagocytosis of leukocytes.

Candidotoxin (a protein that acts on basophils and mast cells and causes a pseudo-allergic reaction);

6 types of low molecular weight toxins (increase vascular permeability, reduce blood pressure);

Lipid toxins (cause a local leukocyte reaction and lead to the appearance of granulation tissue).

Treatment of candida fungus with folk remedies

For additional therapy, traditional medicine methods are used.

It is effective to use decoctions from the following plants:

• St. John's wort;
• black currant leaves;
• chamomile;
• burnet roots.

In addition, drinking oatmeal jelly for a month is effective.

The following also receive positive reviews:

1. Grapefruit seed extract. The active components it contains (quercetin, narginine, hesperidin, etc.) have an antifungal effect.
2. Bearberry infusion. Used as a disinfectant.

Candidiasis in children

A white, cottage cheese-like coating on the tongue, on the inner surface of the gums and cheeks;

Moodiness;

Refusal of food.

Without treatment, the fungus continues to spread and soon appears on the baby’s lips.

Lethargy;

Temperature;

Weight loss.

Diarrhea in infants is dangerous because it leads to rapid dehydration, so the sick child must be hospitalized. Only in a hospital setting can he be given the necessary treatment (drips) to prevent fluid loss.

In addition to the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, thrush in babies can appear on the skin. In this case, not white, but red spots appear, similar to diaper rash. The child becomes very capricious, since any touch of erosion causes him suffering. Most often, cutaneous candidiasis in infants appears in the folds of the legs, buttocks and groin area. This is preceded by diaper rash, being in diapers for too long, poor hygiene and inappropriate (synthetic, too tight) clothing.

Prevention

To exclude fungal infection, preventive measures are necessary. This will help avoid relapse after successful healing. Rules to be followed:

• avoid sexual intercourse during treatment;
• follow hygiene rules;
• support immunity;
• treat chronic diseases in a timely manner;
• have sex with a regular partner;
• adhere to the correct diet;
• use natural linen;
• avoid hypothermia;
• stop smoking;
• avoid stress.

Treatment of childhood candidiasis

If fungi of the genus Candida have begun a pathogenic process in the child’s oral cavity, treatment is usually carried out locally. It consists of treating areas where white plaque is observed with special preparations. Previously, doctors prescribed lubricating the child’s mouth with brilliant green. This medicine helps well, but dries out the mucous membranes. Nowadays they use Akriderm, Fukortsin, and solutions of borax in glycerin.

For preventative purposes, it is necessary to boil nipples and bottles and wash rattles in the first months of a baby’s life. The mother should treat the nipples with antifungal drugs before feeding.

If there are symptoms of dysbacteriosis, the baby's feces are submitted for bacterial culture. It is believed that fungi of the genus Candida can be present in the stool of children under 12 months of age in quantities of no more than 103 CFU/g, and in children older than 12 months in quantities of 104 CFU/g. If the indicator is exceeded, drugs are prescribed that restore microflora and strengthen the immune system.

For skin candidiasis, the affected areas are lubricated with antifungal ointments - nystatin, levorin. It is very useful to bathe a child with a decoction of string, calendula, and chamomile added to the water. All linen and diapers must be ironed, and diapers must be changed quite often, without waiting for them to be completely filled.

If the above treatment methods do not help, the child is subject to additional examination and prescribed antifungal therapy.

How do you know which type of Candida is causing you trouble?

Today it is the most widely known and accounts for about 50% of disease cases worldwide.

It causes diseases in 15 - 20% of cases. But not as aggressive as Candida Albicans.

The number of diseases is 15–20% of cases.

The number of diseases is 15 – 20% of cases, especially in Europe.

5. Candida Krusei.

A very rare subspecies, usually occurring only in about 1% of cases.

A very rare subspecies, as a rule, is involved in septicemia (blood poisoning) and pyelonephritis.

Many factors influence whether Candida causes problems for a person. I wrote about this in the article “Candida Fungus.” If you are interested in this topic and you missed it or did not read this article, then I recommend that you read it.

If you are not healthy, if your immune system is weakened, then Candida begins to “thrive” in your body.

Maintaining a healthy immune system is key to keeping any opportunistic infection at bay, and this is true in the case of Candida too.

The best way to determine which subspecies of Candida is causing your symptoms is to do a test.

A thorough analysis allows you to identify pathogenic bacteria.

Candida Albicans is by far the most common variant of Candida.

1.Geographical location is one example.

In fact, Candida parapsilosis is found much more frequently in Europe.

2. How strong is your immune system and other conditions that you may have.

For example, Candida glabrata most likely affects those battling AIDS and is therefore responsible for a higher mortality rate than any other Candida species.

In patients treated with Diflucan for long periods of time, they may be susceptible to resistant strains of Candida like krusei.

Do you understand why long-term treatment with Diflucan is not always successful?

Treatment must be under the supervision of a doctor and under the control of tests.

Finally, Candida parapsilosis is also common in immunocompromised individuals and is highly resistant to antimicrobials.

Preparations and ointments for the treatment of thrush in men

White (like sour milk) vaginal discharge;

Itching that does not go away, but, on the contrary, intensifies after washing and in the morning;

Unpleasant smell of underwear;

Pain during sexual intercourse.

The most indicative symptom is Candida fungi in a smear taken from the vagina.

Without treatment, the symptoms of the disease worsen. Pain appears not only during sexual intercourse, but also with every urination, the vaginal mucosa swells, ulcerates, and the discharge becomes thicker.

A curd-like discharge from the genitals;

Itching, pain when urinating;

Painful intercourse.

Candidiasis in men is rare due to the characteristics of the body. The fungus is removed from the genitourinary system along with urine. But there are times when a man still gets thrush. This should immediately alert him, since the disease indicates that not everything is in order with his body. It should be remembered that thrush is not a harmless disease.

Most people have this type of fungus. Thrush begins to form if there is too much fungus as a result of rapid reproduction in favorable conditions. Usually the disease occurs with complications only in women, especially during pregnancy. But despite this, the male half of the population also encounters a similar problem.

According to statistics, this disease develops in men much less frequently than in women. The significant difference is explained by the fact that men and women have different genitourinary systems. Another reason is that men with thrush neglect its symptoms and medical help.

Causes of thrush

The circumstances of the development of male candidiasis differ from female ones. A man becomes infected with it during sex with a partner who has thrush.

The chances of contracting thrush in men increase if a person has been diagnosed with HIV, diabetes, and has undergone chemotherapy to treat cancer. Thrush in men has another important feature: it is almost in no way associated with dysbacteriosis.

It is possible to understand that a man is infected only by such signs as itching and rash on the penis. This sign of the disease is not characteristic, so at first it is not alarming. If the disease is neglected, it will lead to the development of complications, for example, chronic inflammation of the genital organ.

In case of further spread, the disease is complicated by urethritis. Reddened or erythematous lesions appear on the penis.

The infection begins to spread throughout the urethra. There is a possibility of fungal cystitis and prostatitis. If you get thrush, the likelihood of developing male infertility increases.

An asymptomatic form of male thrush is often found. In this case, signs of the disease appear only after the action of provoking factors, for example, after drinking alcohol. In this situation, thrush can be mistaken for an allergy to alcohol-containing drinks.

It is not uncommon for men to develop such infections during their partner's pregnancy. This is explained by the fact that the changes that occur in a woman’s body during pregnancy reduce immunity. The fungus begins to grow and multiply and is transmitted from woman to man during sexual intercourse.

What are the basic principles of treating male thrush? To get rid of fungus permanently, men should use antifungal agents. It can be a cream, solution, ointment. These include triderm, pimafucin, clotrimazole and others. These drugs are used 3 times a day. Treatment lasts 7 days.

In case of a protracted course of the disease with complications, antifungal medications for oral administration should be added to the above drugs: flucostat, diflucan and others. Before you begin treatment for candidiasis in men, you must visit a doctor.

There are cases when treatment of thrush in men is delayed. In such a situation, a man needs not just an ointment, but also a competent approach from a qualified specialist. In order for recovery to occur as soon as possible, along with thrush, you should begin to treat those diseases that provoked the disease and complicated its course. Candida fungus should not be allowed to grow and develop.

What is intestinal candidiasis?

Intestinal candidiasis is damage to the digestive tract by an infection caused by candidal fungi as a result of a significant weakening of the immune system. The disease can occur with diarrhea and unbearable pain in the intestinal area and is difficult to diagnose.

The following stages of infection with candida fungi are distinguished:

• intestinal dysbiosis with excessive fungal growth;
• candidiasis, observed in a large number of people;
• candidal colitis.

Reasons for the development of the disease

The following factors can provoke the formation of intestinal candidiasis:

1. Digestive disorders and obesity.
2. Taking antibiotics, which provoked an imbalance of intestinal microflora.
3. Chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
4. The presence of infectious diseases in a chronic form.
5. Taking glucocorticosteroids

Today, more than 500 species of various fungi are known that contribute to the development of diseases. One of the most common is a fungus of the genus Candida.

Candida fungus - refers to the yeast type of fungi, and are single-celled organisms with an oblong oval or round shape. They live in the environment; large numbers are found in the air and food. The most common places of localization in the human body are the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the walls of the stomach.

Yeast or candida fungi cause the development of an infectious disease - candidiasis. Depending on the location of the lesion, there are the following types of candidiasis:

• skin or superficial;
• fingers and interdigital;
• intestinal mucous membranes;
• oral cavity;
• vulvovaginal candidiasis in women, colpitis and balanoposthitis in men.

Different types of illness caused by different pathogens. The most famous are:

• candida albicans;
• candida tropicalis;
• candida parapsilosis;
• candida gillermondi;
• candida glabrata;
• candida crouzei.

Causes

While in the body, yeast may not manifest itself for a long time. There are a number of factors that contribute to their growth and development. The most common are:

• long-term treatment with antibiotics, they destroy beneficial bacteria in the body;
• poor diet, frequent consumption of foods containing sugar and yeast;
• hormonal changes during pregnancy, breastfeeding and puberty;
• long-term use of contraceptives;
• sexual intercourse not protected by contraceptives;
• the presence of cancer, diabetes, blood diseases;
• a sharp decrease in immunity;
• work that involves skin contact with chemicals;
• surgical intervention.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of the manifestation of various symptoms of the disease depends on the location of the lesion.

Surface

Skin lesions occur in hard-to-reach places where large folds form. These are the axillary and groin areas, as well as in women the area under the breasts.

The first sign of the disease is the appearance of small blisters that burst and wounds appear in their place. Over time, nearby erosions can join together, thereby increasing the affected area. As a result, the skin peels and the damaged areas become red. Manifestations of the disease on the hands begin with the appearance of dark spots and microcracks between the fingers, which begin to itch.

Stomatitis

This is an inflammation of the oral cavity, accompanied by the appearance of a white coating that looks like curd grains. Over time, plaque, like a film, covers the entire oral cavity, under which an inflammatory process begins to occur. The corners of the lips begin to crack, peel, and the color changes from scarlet to bluish. In addition, the disease can become chronic, which can result in sores in the mouth.

Intestines

Occurs due to long-term use of medications. They negatively affect the microflora, disrupting its performance. Ulcers appear on the walls, in which yeast fungi actively settle, and do not provide the opportunity for complete healing. Pain, heaviness, bloating appear in the stomach, and bleeding may occur.

Nails

The disease can also affect the nails, the nail plate peels off, its color changes, and the skin around it begins to become inflamed and roughened.

In the groin

Very often the location of the lesion is the female and male genital organs. In women, this is vulvovaginitis or thrush. The presence of thrush in a woman’s body is indicated by abundant discharge of white flakes. In addition, there are a number of other symptoms:

• itching in the genital area and groin;
• pain during sexual intercourse;
• unpleasant odor;
• violation of the urinary system.

Yeast fungus in men provokes the appearance of colpitis and balanoposthitis, the symptoms of which are:

• redness and swelling of the male genital organ;
• the appearance of white discharge from the penis;
• itching in the organ area;
• pain when urinating;
• short duration of sexual intercourse;
• Purulent discharge may appear.

Diagnostics

If any symptom appears, you should immediately consult a doctor to avoid worsening the disease and prevent it from becoming chronic. Only an experienced doctor can correctly diagnose and prescribe effective treatment.

For this purpose, a number of clinical examinations will be assigned:

• taking a smear from the site of the lesion for microscopic examination;
• cultural diagnostics - with its help you can determine what type of fungus belongs to, as well as sensitivity to medications;
• enzyme immunoassay - makes it possible to find out the presence of antibodies that can overcome the infectious agent;
• polymerase chain reaction - used to accurately confirm the presence of candida fungus in the body;
• blood and urine tests.

If the cause of the disease in the patient being treated has not been identified, the sexual partner must be examined, since he may be the carrier of the virus, and then both of them need to be treated.

Treatment

The walls of the fungus have a specific structure that protects it from the effects of medications. Therefore, for treatment you need to choose the right drugs that they cannot resist. There are special groups of medications that can quickly suppress the disease:

• imidazoles;
• triazoles;
• polyenes;
• allylamines;
• echinocandins.

Medications are prescribed in two ways:

• locally - these are creams, ointments, suppositories, vaginal tablets;
• orally - taking tablets and capsules orally.

The most common drugs for treating fungus are:

• fluconazole;
• caspofungin .

Clotrimazole- a potent antifungal agent with a wide range of effects. Release form:

• ointment;
• solution or vaginal tablets;
• liquid for spraying.

The ointment should be applied several times to the affected areas of the body in a thin layer, and then rubbed in well. The full course of cream treatment is about four weeks.
To treat candidiasis in women, vaginal tablets are used, which are inserted into the perineum at night, and cream is applied to the outer labia to enhance the effect.

Liquid is also used to treat the skin; it is sprayed onto wounds three times a day. The use of the drug practically does not cause side effects, only the observation of an allergic reaction is possible.

Fluconazole- a medicine that blocks the spread of fungi in the body. The medicine is produced in the form of capsules and solution.

Nystatin- an antifungal agent is used for the treatment and prevention of intestinal candidiasis. Long-term use may cause side effects such as:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• dizziness;
• various allergic reactions.

Folk

In addition to the use of medications, you can also use traditional methods of treatment.

Chamomile bath

Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. You can buy dried chamomile at any pharmacy. Before bathing, you need to prepare a decoction of the herbs. To do this, pour 200 grams of leaves with a liter of boiling water and leave for 1.5 hours. The resulting mixture is filtered and poured into a bath of warm water, and taken for 15-20 minutes, several times a week.

Baths with soda and iodine

In one liter of water, dilute one teaspoon each of baking soda and iodine. Pour the resulting mixture into the bath and take it for 20 minutes. For oral candidiasis, use a soda solution for rinsing. The manipulation is performed after each meal.

Salt rinses

To prepare the mixture, dissolve two tablespoons of salt in a liter of boiled water and add the yolk of a chicken egg. Mix the resulting mixture well and rinse your mouth three times a day. After several procedures, immediate relief occurs.

Eucalyptus compresses

Take three tablespoons of crushed eucalyptus and pour boiling water over it, let it brew for a while. Moisten the folded bandage generously with the solution several times and apply it to the affected area.

Herbal decoction

Buy Collection No. 255 at the pharmacy, it includes many different herbs. Take two tablespoons of the mixture and pour boiling water, let it brew and take 100 milliliters half an hour before meals. You can also rinse your mouth and douche with the solution.

Artemisia root

Pour twenty grams of dry wormwood root into a glass of boiling water, take one spoon three times a day.

Douching

Heat two liters of water in a saucepan and add three tablespoons of St. John's wort and cook for 20 minutes. The solution is used for douching in the treatment of candidiasis in women; garlic douching is also used and medicinal tampons are administered. To prepare the solution, chop a few cloves of garlic and pour boiling water over it. After cooling, strain the mixture through a glass of water, and you can douche.

Take the garlic and squeeze out the juice. Take a sanitary swab and moisten it with the resulting liquid. Insert into the vagina overnight. Take it out in the morning and repeat this for ten days in a row. For the first procedures, the juice can be diluted with water.

The same manipulation can be carried out with the juice of a house plant - Kalanchoe.

To achieve the fastest possible results, complex treatment is used:

• B vitamins are prescribed;
• proper nutrition, which involves limiting the intake of carbohydrate and sweet foods, and increasing protein and fermented milk products, as well as pickled vegetables.

Prevention

• observe the rules of personal hygiene;
• follow a healthy diet that will not cause excess weight;
• wear underwear made from natural fabrics;
• use contraceptives during sexual intercourse.

A proper lifestyle will help avoid not only candidiasis, but also other serious pathologies.

Intestinal candidiasis is a disease caused by opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida. They are called conditionally pathogenic because micromycetes are single-celled microorganisms that are found in the intestines of more than 50% (meaning people who have not gone to the doctor with symptoms of candidiasis) of healthy people.

Causes of development and clinical manifestations

The causative agents of intestinal candidiasis are Candida fungi. They may belong to different species (Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida lusitaniae, Candida dubliniensis, Candida krusei), but normally there are negligible amounts of them in the human body. The growth of colonies is prevented by bifidobacteria, E. coli, lactobacilli, enterococci, as well as mucin, a glycoprotein of the epithelial cell wall that covers the mucous membrane. The latter prevents the microbe from attaching to epithelial cells.

Candida does not have a significant effect on the host’s body, and only when the body’s defenses are suppressed and immunity is reduced, the fungus begins to actively multiply and invade various parts of the intestine. Both the normal intestinal microflora and barrier compounds contribute to antifungal resistance (resistance), and when the activity of one of these factors is suppressed or reduced, the body's defenses are weakened and yeast fungi penetrate into the internal environment.

What leads to a decrease in antifungal resistance? Various conditions and diseases:

• oncological diseases (antitumor therapy suppresses the immune system and inhibits the protective forces of the intestinal epithelium);
• physiological immunodeficiencies (age and conditions: early childhood and old age, stress conditions and pregnancy, immunodeficiency);
• endocrinological disorders (decompensated diabetes mellitus);
• acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;
• allergic and autoimmune diseases;
• any diseases that cause or against the background of which there is a violation of the absorption and digestion of food (these processes are accompanied by the active growth of colonies of microorganisms);
• organ transplantation

The most common causes are antibiotic therapy and unbalanced nutrition. The balance of the intestinal microbial biocenosis is easily disrupted by long-term use of antibacterial drugs. The activity of phagocytes and bacteria is similarly affected by an insufficient amount of protein entering the body.

Deterioration of appetite, increased fatigue, bloating and heaviness in the abdomen, white, cottage cheese-like spots in the stool, pain in the stomach, loose stools and a disturbing feeling of incomplete bowel movement - this is not a complete list of clinical manifestations of intestinal candidiasis. As you can see, they do not have absolute specificity, so it is worth visiting a doctor and undergoing a full clinical and laboratory examination, and then starting treatment for this rather unpleasant and dangerous disease.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that the causative agent of candidiasis can either exist passively in the intestine or participate in the pathological process.

Often, clinical laboratory testing includes:

• Endoscopic examination. It allows you to assess the condition of the mucosa, confirms the presence or absence of ulcerative defects and white plaque.
• X-ray of the intestines.
• Microbiological research. Allows you to determine the species of the pathogen and select the appropriate antimycotic for treatment. Stool culture also has diagnostic significance. Thus, the diagnosis is considered confirmed. If the number of detected colonies is more than 105–106 CFU per gram.
• Histological and cytological examination. Scraping from the intestinal mucosa, forceps biopsy, and brush biopsy can identify Candida pseudomycelium by staining the biomaterial or treating it with chromic acid.
• Invasive, focal and non-invasive intestinal candidiasis

Clinical manifestations of intestinal candidiasis depend on the mechanism of penetration of the Candida fungus into tissues. So, if the filamentous form of the fungus has not penetrated into the tissue, and Candida actively multiplies in the intestinal lumen, then candidiasis is considered non-invasive. In this form of candidiasis, only cavity and parietal digestion are disrupted.

The patient's feelings:

• Itching in the anus
• Unshaped chair
• Feeling of fullness in the intestines
• Flatulence
• Cramping abdominal pain
• Signs of moderate intoxication

Neither following a diet nor stopping antibiotic treatment brings relief. Positive dynamics can be seen only when treated with antifungal drugs.

The diagnosis of invasive intestinal candidiasis is made when the fungus invades the epithelial layer and basement membrane. It is characterized by a severe course and is accompanied by symptoms of peptic ulcer disease duodenum.

The patient's feelings:

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea with blood and mucus
• Flatulence
• Low-grade fever
• Phenomena of perianal candidodermatitis

If treatment for invasive intestinal candidiasis is not started in time, it is likely to transform into systemic candidiasis with damage to the mucous membranes of other organs.

Directions for drug treatment of intestinal candidiasis

There are several therapeutic directions according to which the treatment plan for intestinal candidiasis is based.

1. Selective intestinal decontamination, i.e. taking medications that will eliminate the causative agent of the disease – Candida fungi.
2. Treatment of underlying and concomitant diseases.
3. Prescribing a course of prebiotics and probiotics to restore the natural antimicrobial microflora of the intestinal mucosa.
4. Diet therapy.

All antifungal (antifungal) drugs inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol in the cell wall of fungi. However, some antifungal agents are absorbed in the upper parts of the intestine, and in the lumen of the colon and ileum they are not reached in sufficient concentration, and this is where the main colonies of fungi in intestinal candidiasis are concentrated. In this regard, taking such antifungal drugs as ketoconazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole will not have an effect. On the contrary, the development of toxic hepatitis and multiple side effects is possible.

Thus, non-absorbable antifungal drugs must be used for treatment.

Treatment with antifungal drugs is considered effective if the symptoms of the disease have disappeared and mycological examination data indicate normalization of the number of fungi. A positive culture result may indicate Candida carriage, which, in fact, is not a disease.

Concomitant diseases are treated in parallel. For example, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux diseases are treated with antisecretory drugs (Lanzap, Nexium) and histamine H2 receptor blockers. Anti-Helicobacter therapy is carried out with amoxicillin and omeprozole. Prebiotics (the so-called stimulants of intestinal growth of normal microflora) also need to be included in the diet. An excellent start would be pectin, lactulose, Eubicor - a preparation rich in dietary fiber, amino acids and vitamins. Dietary fiber, without undergoing changes, enters the large intestine and is metabolized by the microbiota. The latter stimulate the formation of mucus and cells, where bifidobacteria and lactobacilli feel comfortable.

During the treatment of intestinal candidiasis, experts recommend stopping consuming foods rich in simple carbohydrates: milk, berries, sugar, confectionery, kvass, beer, honey.

For those who, for whatever reason, do not accept drug treatment, we offer several traditional medicine recipes. As always, we remind you: self-medication is unsafe, consult your doctor.

Boil the oats (for 5 cups of cereal, 15 cups of water) for three hours, filter the resulting broth and take 100 grams orally 3 times a day. in a warm form. Duration of treatment is up to 4 months.

Add 3 tbsp to ¾ glass of cognac. salt, stir until the salt crystals dissolve. After half an hour, dilute the tincture with boiling water in a ratio of 1:3. The resulting drug is drunk once a day, adding to 2 tbsp. tinctures 6 tbsp. water, 1 hour before meals. The duration of treatment is 25 days.

If neither treatment with folk remedies nor treatment with medications produces results, then it makes sense to clarify the diagnosis and undergo examination in a specialized mycological clinic. Lack of treatment is fraught with damage to parenchymal organs and the development of intestinal perforation and fungal sepsis.

20 comments

I have been suffering from candidiasis in the gastrointestinal tract since childhood... I was tired (I just drank too much, what kind of medications and diets the last amphotericin was in, I couldn’t stand the system, I decided to drink it as a suspension, 10-12 bottles daily in two doses, and because I can’t get it it was hard, it was only 100 pieces and it was enough for 9 days (candida returned(... So I decided to try again, I ordered 250 pieces, 14 pieces/day... I hope to overcome this illness... If suddenly someone knows something from personal experience, write to me by email [email protected]… Thank you

• • Of course, I was tired of taking nystatin and pimafucin too... and amphotericin personally didn’t help... what should I do??? Please contact me... 89********* if you can help with anything.