What drugs are considered antihistamines? The mechanism of action of antihistamines for allergies. Active ingredient: Fexofenadine

The list of 4th generation antihistamines is quite large. They are modern means that have a gentle effect on any irritants and allergens in the body. The main difference is long-term therapy, minimal side effects.

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Antihistamines 4th generation, list of these drugs in tablets, drops

These drugs belong to metabolites - these are metabolic products of active substances.

These medications are prescribed to adults and children to treat hay fever, skin rashes, or bronchial asthma. Only a doctor can prescribe medications after a comprehensive diagnosis of the patient.

List of new generation antihistamines in the form of tablets and drops:

1. Fexofenadine. The drug is available in two dosage forms: tablets and suspension. An hour after taking this medication, patients begin to experience symptoms of allergic reactions. Fexofenadine is not prescribed to children under six years of age, patients with renal or hepatic pathology, pregnant or nursing mothers.
2. Levocetirizine. It is available in the form of tablets, drops, syrup. The maximum level of concentration of the active substance in the body is determined over two days. It passes into breast milk, so it should not be consumed during breastfeeding. Levocetirizine is taken for the effective treatment of various forms of allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergies, urticaria, and allergic dermatosis. You should not drink alcoholic beverages while you are taking this medicine. If patients have impaired kidney function, the daily dosage of the drug is determined after testing.
3. Cetirizine. This medicine is sold in the form of drops, syrup, and tablets. It copes well with any manifestations of allergies - skin rashes, severe itching. It is often prescribed for the treatment of itchy dermatosis and urticaria. The dosage is selected by the doctor depending on age and indications. During pregnancy, Cetirizine is prescribed only in rare cases.
4. Desloratadine. It can be purchased in the form of tablets and drops for oral administration. The substances included in the composition are quickly absorbed and begin to act an hour after consumption. This drug is prescribed to patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, skin rash, urticaria, hay fever.
5. Hifenadine. It shows high effectiveness for dermatosis, acute or chronic urticaria, food allergies, hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, angioedema.

Options in ointments, gels

Fourth generation drugs in the form of ointments and gels have a potent effect. They quickly relieve inflammatory processes on the skin and penetrate deeply into it.

There are several powerful drugs that are used in modern medicine:

1. Galcinonide. This medicine works great for eczema that appears due to a nervous or allergic reaction. Acute inflammatory processes in areas of the skin are in most cases accompanied by swelling and excessive itching. The ointment has a gentle effect on inflamed skin and quickly relieves all allergy symptoms.
2. Hydrocortisone ointment. This is a fairly effective antiallergic agent that relieves itching, swelling, irritation and other skin rashes. Prescribed to patients who have hypersensitivity to individual components of the drug.
3. Deperzolon is available as an ointment for external use. It helps relieve allergic reactions, constricts blood vessels, and relieves excessive itching. In most cases, this ointment is prescribed for the treatment of dermatitis, dermatosis, allergies to insect bites, and various skin reactions.
4. Beloderm. This is an effective and efficient ointment for external use. Within an hour after use, it relieves itching, constricts blood vessels, and relieves inflammation.
5. Sinaflan is an effective antiallergic drug that is intended to relieve inflammatory processes. It is prescribed to patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, lichen, allergic skin reactions and swelling.

Treatment with sprays is the most effective way to combat allergic rhinitis.

1. Flixonase. It relieves not only allergies, but also inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passage.
2. Avamis. The effect of the drug is achieved 7 hours after use. After consumption, unpleasant side effects may occur - excessive dryness of the mucous membrane, increased thirst, and nosebleeds may occur.
3. Nasonex. The drug belongs to the steroid group, so it is quite effective for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It is prescribed to adults and young children. The dosage is selected after a comprehensive examination of patients.

Differences from previous generations

Fourth generation antihistamines differ from previous medications in their high effectiveness in combating various allergy symptoms.

They have a minimal number of side effects, so in most cases they are prescribed even to pregnant patients.

The following pharmacological properties can be distinguished:

• prevention of bronchial spasms;
• elimination of severe itching;
• antispastic effect on the body;
• removal of puffiness;
• sedative effect.

When histamine goes from a bound state to a free one, a viral effect is created in the body. Therefore, many patients confuse allergies with the flu or a common runny nose.

In the presence of a pathogen in the body, the following negative processes are observed:

• spasm of the soft tissues of the intestines and bronchi occurs;
• increased levels of adrenaline, so people’s blood pressure increases and their heart rate increases;
• the production of digestive enzymes, mucus in the bronchi and nasal cavity increases;
• large blood vessels narrow, so the nasal mucosa increases significantly, redness on the skin, small rashes appear, and blood pressure drops;
• anaphylactic shock develops with convulsions, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.

Fourth generation antihistamines can be used while driving a vehicle or working on machines where a quick reaction is required. In most cases, they do not react with other medications - or antibiotics.

For this reason, many doctors prescribe them for the treatment of inflammatory processes and diseases.

Composition, therapeutic effect of new products

The presented drugs block H1 and H2 histamine receptors. Thanks to this effect, the body’s reaction to the presence of the mediator histamine is reduced, and the allergic reaction is relieved.

They quickly affect symptoms and retain their effect for a long time. These are safe drugs that do not harm the functioning of the heart or blood vessels.

They can be taken for a long time and do not cause drowsiness or worsening of the condition.

The composition of fourth generation antihistamines includes an active ingredient. This may be levocetirizine hydrochloride, the primary metabolite loratadine, cetirizine dihydrochloride and others.

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Indications for use

Taking 4th generation antihistamines is necessary for patients who are faced with the following problems:

• allergic rhinitis (it can manifest itself in a certain season or throughout the year);
• allergic form of conjunctivitis (this problem is seasonal or year-round);
• chronic urticaria;
• allergic contact dermatitis;
• atopic dermatitis.

Before taking it, it is important to consult with your doctor and undergo a comprehensive examination. The main task of an allergist is to find the pathogen that provokes a negative reaction in the body.

Contraindications for use and side effects

The main contraindication to the use of new generation antihistamines is considered to be individual intolerance to the active substance, hypersensitivity to individual components.

Medicines are taken under the strict supervision of the attending physician. Before prescribing the drug, allergists carefully study the medical history of each patient and prescribe a comprehensive examination.

In most cases, 4th generation antihistamines are well tolerated by patients. Isolated cases of adverse reactions have been recorded.


The following undesirable effects may occur while taking it:

• fatigue, decreased activity;
• headache;
• increased dry mouth, regular thirst;
• hallucinations;
• dizziness, drowsiness, sleep disturbance, agitation, irritation, convulsions;
• heartbeat, heart rate increases;
• pain in muscle tissue;
• skin rash, excessive itching, shortness of breath, angioedema, anaphylactic reaction.

Drugs that do not cause adverse reactions

List of 4th generation antihistamines that do not cause coughing or other side effects:

• fexofenadine;
• desloratadine;
• Levocetirizine.

There are several benefits of using these medications:

1. The highest level of impact on the patient’s body, the onset of a therapeutic effect. After consumption, a person feels relief after 20-30 minutes.
2. The effect lasts for two days. Therefore, patients do not need to take medications frequently.
3. There is no need to harm your health and take topical corticosteroids.
4. Lack of tachyphylaxis effect.
5. Long-term use does not have a negative effect on the functioning of the central nervous system and does not cause disturbances in the myocardium.
6. These medications can be used as allergy prevention.

Loratidine and Xizal are distinguished by their maximum therapeutic effect. They block the process of release of mediators in the inflammatory process. Patients will be able to get rid of the negative manifestations of an allergic reaction for a long time.

Features of use in children and the elderly

4th generation antihistamines are safe and have minimal side effects after use. They are manufactured using innovative developments from the best pharmaceutical companies. Such drugs act on H1 receptors, gently and quite effectively relieve the body’s high susceptibility to histamine.

After the first use in young children, any clinical manifestations of an allergic reaction disappear. Inflammatory processes are completely stopped two weeks after the start of treatment.

Newborns are not recommended to use antihistamines. But there are times when it is impossible to cure a child without them. Infants diagnosed with food allergies, urticaria, and drug-induced dermatitis should use the new drug Tavegil.

It effectively relieves puffiness, reduces itching, and restores the natural shade of the skin.

The safest and most harmless drugs:

• xysal;
• desloratidine;
• levocetirizine;
• fexofenadine.

These drugs may be prescribed for older people. New generation medications are less harmful to the body with long-term use and effectively eliminate any clinical manifestations.

Antihistamines of the 4th generation do not cause addiction to the body, so there is no need to increase the dosage if the effectiveness decreases. During treatment, older people need to drink more fluid so that the active substance is well absorbed into the body.

General opinion of those who have used them

4th generation antihistamines have recently appeared in pharmacies, but are already in high demand and popularity. Many patients were able to appreciate their rapid action and the absence of side effects. But there are those who are afraid to experience the effects of these new medications.

They are successfully used by people whose professions require increased attention. These are vehicle drivers, pilots, surgeons, seamstresses and others.

Currently, in the specialized literature, opinions differ regarding which antiallergic drugs should be classified as second and third generation. In this regard, the list of 2nd generation antihistamines will have its own characteristics depending on what point of view modern pharmacists adhere to.

By what criteria are antihistamines classified into the second group?

According to the first point of view, second-generation drugs are all those antiallergic drugs that do not have a sedative effect because they do not penetrate the brain through the blood-brain barrier.

The second and most common point of view is that the second generation of antihistamines should include only those that, although they do not affect the nervous system, are capable of causing changes in the heart muscle. Medicines that do not affect the heart and nervous system are classified as the third generation of antihistamines.

According to the third point of view, only one drug that has antihistamine properties belongs to the second generation - ketotifen, because it has a membrane-stabilizing effect. And all those drugs that stabilize the mast cell membrane, but do not cause a sedative effect, constitute the third generation of antihistamines.

Why did antihistamines get this name?

Histamine is an essential substance that is predominantly found in mast cells of connective tissue and basophils in the blood. Released from these cells under the influence of various factors, it binds to the H 1 and H 2 receptors:

• H1 receptors, when interacting with histamine, cause bronchospasm, contraction of smooth muscles, dilate capillaries and increase their permeability.
• H 2 receptors stimulate an increase in acidity in the stomach and affect heart rate.

Indirectly, histamine can cause severe itching by stimulating the release of catecholamines from adrenal cells, increasing the secretion of the salivary and lacrimal glands, and accelerating intestinal motility.

Antihistamines bind to H1 and H2 receptors and block the action of histamine.

List of drugs of the second group

According to the most common classification of antihistamines, the second generation includes:

• dimethindene,
• loratadine,
• ebastine,
• cyproheptadine,
• azelastine,
• acrivastine.

All these drugs do not penetrate the brain and therefore do not cause sedation. However, the possible development of cardiotoxicity limits the use of this group of drugs in older people and those who suffer from heart disease.

Myocardial damage increases during treatment with second-generation antihistamines when taken simultaneously with antifungals and certain antibiotics, for example, clarithromycin, erythromycin, itraconazole and ketoconazole. You should also avoid drinking grapefruit juice and antidepressants.

Dimetindene (fenistil)

Available in the form of drops, gel and capsules for oral administration. It is one of the few drugs that can be used in children of the first year of life, with the exception of the neonatal period.

Fenistil is well absorbed orally and has a pronounced antiallergic effect, lasting after 1 dose for about 6–11 hours.

The drug is effective for skin itching, eczema, drug and food allergies, insect bites, itchy dermatoses and exudative-catarrhal diathesis in children. Its other purpose is to relieve mild household and sunburns.

Features of application. It is one of the few second-generation drugs that does cross the blood-brain barrier, so it may slow down your reaction time while driving. In this connection, it should be prescribed with extreme caution to drivers, and especially not during work that requires a quick reaction.

When applying the gel to the skin, it is necessary to protect this area from exposure to direct sunlight.

Dimetindene is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy and in the neonatal period. It is used with caution in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, with prostate adenoma, and angle-closure glaucoma.

Loratadine (claritin, lomilan, lotharen)

Like other drugs in this group, it effectively treats all kinds of allergic diseases, especially allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, nasopharyngitis, angioedema, urticaria, and endogenous itching. The drug is available in the form of tablets and syrup for oral administration, and is also part of multicomponent antiallergic gels and ointments for local treatment.

Effective for pseudoallergic reactions, hay fever, urticaria, itchy dermatoses. It is prescribed as an adjuvant for bronchial asthma.

Features of application. May cause sedation in the elderly; not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Many drugs reduce the effectiveness of loratadine or increase its side effects, so be sure to consult your doctor before starting to take it.

Ebastine (kestin)

Also belongs to the group of second generation antihistamines. Its distinctive feature is the absence of interaction with ethanol, so it is not contraindicated when using medications containing alcohol. Concomitant use with ketoconazole increases the toxic effect on the heart, which can lead to fatal consequences.

Ebastine is prescribed for allergic rhinitis, urticaria and other diseases accompanied by excessive release of histamine.

Cyproheptadine (peritol)

This drug for the treatment of allergic reactions can be prescribed to children from 6 months. Like other drugs in this group, cyproheptadine has a strong and long-lasting effect, eliminating allergy symptoms. A distinctive feature of peritol is the relief of migraine headaches, a calming effect, and a reduction in excess secretion of somatotropin in acromegaly. Cyproheptadine is prescribed for toxicoderma, neurodermatitis, in the complex therapy of chronic pancreatitis, serum sickness.

Azelastine (allergodil)

This drug copes well with such types of allergies as allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Available in the form of a nasal spray and eye drops. In pediatrics, it is prescribed to children from 4 years of age (eye drops) and from 6 years of age (spray). The duration of treatment with azelastine, on the recommendation of a doctor, can last up to 6 months.

From the nasal mucosa, the drug is well absorbed into the general bloodstream and has a systemic effect on the body.

Acrivastine (Semprex)

The drug poorly penetrates the blood-brain barrier, so it does not have a sedative effect, however, vehicle drivers and those whose work requires quick and precise actions should refrain from taking it.

Acrivastine differs from other representatives of this group in that it begins to act within the first 30 minutes, and the maximum effect on the skin is observed within 1.5 hours after administration.

Drugs of the second group, about which there is controversy in scientific circles

Mebhydrolin (diazolin)

Most experts classify diazolin as a first generation of antihistamines, while others, due to its minimally pronounced sedative effect, classify this drug as a second generation. Be that as it may, diazolin is widely used not only in adults, but also in pediatric practice, being considered one of the most inexpensive and accessible medicines.

Desloratadine (Eden, Erius)

It is most often classified as a third generation antihistamine because it is an active metabolite of loratadine.

Cetirizine (Zodak, Cetrin, Parlazine)

Most researchers classify this medicine as a second generation of antihistamines, although some confidently classify it as a third because it is an active metabolite of hydroxyzine.

Zodak is well tolerated and rarely causes side effects. Available in the form of drops, tablets and syrup for oral administration. With a single dose of the drug, it has a therapeutic effect throughout the day, so it can be taken only once a day.

Cetirizine relieves allergy symptoms, does not cause sedation, and prevents the development of smooth muscle spasm and swelling of surrounding tissues. Effective for hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, urticaria, eczema, and relieves itching well.

Features of application. If the drug is prescribed in large doses, then you should refrain from driving vehicles, as well as work that requires quick reactions. When used together with alcohol, cetirizine can enhance its negative effects.

The duration of treatment with this drug can be from 1 to 6 weeks.

Fexofenadine (Telfast)

Most researchers also consider it to be a third generation of antihistamines, because it is an active metabolite of terfenadine. It can be used by those whose activities involve driving, as well as those suffering from heart disease.

Allergic reactions is a satellite of at least 80% of the human population of the Earth. For some, the presence of allergies becomes obvious even in childhood. Someone, being an adult, is not even aware of her presence. But the fact remains that no one is safe from it.

Just imagine, a person lives into the 3rd or 4th decade of his life, and does not realize that his body cannot tolerate a certain exotic fruit. As soon as he finds himself at a party and tastes a dish containing it, inexplicable things begin to happen to him.

It is not uncommon for a person suffering from allergies to know about his illness, but still allows one or another pathogen into his body. For example, if you are allergic to pepper, there is a high probability that it will be added to the dish, despite the request not to do so. After the first spoon, a person undergoes an allergic reaction, which can turn into anaphylactic shock.

There is no point in listing possible situations where an allergic person may, unwillingly, be exposed to a pathogen. The only thing that needs to be noted is that such a person must always have antiallergic medications with him. This will not only prevent an allergic reaction, but also eliminate it if it occurs.

What are antihistamines used for?

The presence of a medicine in this group is necessary for any person. It should be in every first aid kit, regardless of whether it is intended for storage in a car, at work, in an office or a training room.

To better understand what we are talking about, you need to answer the question “antihistamines - what are they?” In simple words, these are medications aimed at eliminating allergies. This group owes its name to the substance “histamine”, a mediator of inflammation. Its production provokes allergies.

What are antihistamines? Many people don’t know, but an allergy is the body’s response to a person’s interaction with a particular object. It could be an animal, a plant, house dust, food, etc. Antihistamines are necessary to stop this reaction in a timely manner. In addition to intervention during an attack, medications in this group are used for preventive purposes.

Every year, new names of drugs are released, suitable for a particular case. An antihistamine can be found in every family's medicine cabinet. Regardless of whether any of its members suffer from allergies or not.

Today, 4 generations of drugs are known, differing from each other in pharmacological characteristics and date of development. It is difficult for an inexperienced person to understand this variety of medicines. This indicates the need to become more familiar with the manifestations of allergies and various antihistamines.

What is an allergic reaction?

As already mentioned, an allergy is an inadequate reaction of the body to contact with something. In other words, this is some kind of failure, the nature of which is completely unknown to science. When a person interacts with an object, information about it is sent to his brain. Due to a failure, the information ends up in a place responsible for security and is regarded as information about a threat. In order to protect a person, the brain indicates danger to him through an allergic reaction.

Allergies occur in three stages:

1. Immunological

At this stage, the allergen enters the body, which causes the production of antibodies that contribute to the development of an allergic reaction. Antibodies are formed into entire complexes called “antigen-antibody”.

1. Pathochemical

The “antigen-antibody” begins to destroy tissue. This complex contains hormones such as serotonin, histamine, and bradykinin. Due to the introduced complex, they take on an active state, falling into.

1. Pathophysiological

The above hormones, entering the blood, become mediators of inflammation, due to which physical changes occur. The eyes swell, mucus forms, spasms occur in the muscle tissue, etc. In other words, physical signs of an allergy appear.

Allergies are divided into three stages of development:

1. Immediate

The allergic reaction appears within a few minutes. Acute immune inflammation appears.

1. Deferred

An allergic reaction may appear several hours after penetration of the pathogen.

1. Slow motion

Immune inflammation is chronic. Allergy symptoms appear 1-2 days after exposure to the pathogen.

Types of allergic reaction

Allergies can manifest themselves in different ways. There are five types of its occurrence:

1. Anaphylactic

The released mediators, which then enter the bloodstream, cause muscle spasms. In this case, tissue damage occurs, as reactions involving immunodepths G and E occur in the body.

Well-known diseases occur in the same type - bronchial asthma, rhinitis, etc. Anaphylactic shock may develop, lasting from a minute to several hours. Choking occurs as they appear in the area of ​​the larynx. A drop in pressure is not uncommon with this type of reaction.

1. Cytotoxic

Antibodies combine with the cells of the body, causing the latter to become damaged. This is why antibodies are sometimes called cell poisons.

1. Immune complex reaction

Antigen-antibody complexes are formed. They contribute to inflammation, as they settle in large quantities on the walls of blood vessels. Inflammatory reactions can sometimes lead to tissue necrosis. Thromboses are formed and thromboses appear in the vessels.

This type of allergic reaction is typical for allergic dermatitis, rheumatoid dermatitis, lupus erythematosus (systemic), atopic dermatitis (occurs in children).

1. Cell dependent

This type of allergy also has another name – delayed. The reaction can develop up to 2 days, regardless of the amount of antibodies that enter the body.

The process can be both localized and generalized. The main damage occurs to the skin. The gastrointestinal tract suffers, and shortness of breath occurs.

1. Reactions, the peculiarity of which is the stimulation of certain cell functions after they interact with an antigen

A bit like a cytotoxic type of allergy. Cell poison (antibodies) helps stimulate cells. Due to this similarity, many scientists deny the existence of a fifth type of allergy. But such a feature as hyperproduction of thyroxine is its distinctive feature, giving it individuality.

Mechanism of action of antihistamines

The only and most important task when an allergy occurs is to eliminate it as quickly as possible. This coincides with the main function of antihistamines - to prevent the production of histamine.

After production, histamine is deposited in mast cells, which, in turn, are concentrated in the human skin, mucous membrane, and also in close proximity to blood vessels. During an allergic reaction, histamine is released into the extracellular space, penetrating the blood and causing disorders in the nervous, integumentary and respiratory systems.

Antihistamines not only inhibit the production of histamine, but also prevent its penetration into nerve receptors. Medicines in this group fight itching and spasms, relieve swelling, thereby eliminating symptoms.

It should be noted that histamine ceases to be produced due to blocking of its receptors. Regardless of the causative agent of the allergy (food, animals, dust, etc.), antihistamines cope with their task equally.

Generations of drugs

Allergy medications are classified. Starting from the time of the first drugs aimed at stopping the production of histamine, and ending with the latest developments in medicine, generations of drugs have been formed.

It is worth noting that, among other differences, in these generations antihistamines for children and adults are not always of the same type. The differences between them are:

- validity;

— contraindications;

- reception features;

- efficiency.

For each case, a specific drug is selected. In order to determine its type, pay attention to the symptoms. In addition, the key point is the characteristics of the body.

1st generation drugs

Despite the fact that allergies appeared a long time ago, the first drug that could eliminate its symptoms appeared in 1937. Despite their age, 1st generation drugs are still used today. These antihistamines for skin allergies target H-1 receptors with which they react. In this case, cholinergic muscarinic receptors are additionally covered.

Medicines in this group relieve symptoms quickly, provide healing, and do not cause vomiting or motion sickness, but their duration of action does not exceed 8 hours. This indicates the need to take a drug from this group often and in large doses. Although medications in this group are considered effective, they have a significant list of disadvantages:

1. Sedative effect

The drugs penetrate into the brain itself, causing drowsiness, depression, and also cause muscle fatigue.

1. addictive

The more often you take these drugs, the faster you will become addicted to them. Because of this, the effect becomes worse, and the dosage increases.

1. Side effects

This phenomenon is typical for any drug, but the 1st generation has too long a list. Moreover, the consequences are too negative - urinary retention, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation and dry mouth. When taking medications from this group, you should avoid alcohol.

1. Prohibition of use by a certain group of people

Since 1st generation drugs cause drowsiness, they are strictly prohibited for people driving a vehicle, as well as for those whose field of activity directly depends on a high level of concentration and attention.

Allergy pills. List and prices of 1st generation drugs:

• Tavegil (about 120 rubles)
• (about 130-140 rubles)
• Fenkarol (about 200 rubles)
• Diphenhydramine (no more than 110 rubles)
• Diazolin (100-200 rubles)

The features of each of the listed drugs should be considered.

Diphenhydramine

A very effective drug, as it has high antihistamine activity. Eliminates cough and does not cause vomiting. It can be used for diseases:

- hay fever;

- vasomotor rhinitis;

- seasickness;

- urticaria.

Has an anesthetic effect. They are often replaced by drugs such as Didocaine.

As for the disadvantages of Diphenhydramine, it should be noted the sedative effect and disruption of the vestibular apparatus. Also, taking the drug can cause tachycardia.

Diazolin

The sedative effect of the drug is much weaker than that of Diphenhydramine. Indications for use are similar.

When taking it, some patients complain of impaired psychomotor function. Drowsiness often occurs. Dizziness, fluid retention in the body are possible, and the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract are also irritated.

Suprastin

It is most often used for urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Also indicated for use are rhinitis, itchy skin and allergic conjunctivitis. The drug is effective for complications. Able to prevent edema (including Quincke's edema).

Has high antihistamine properties. It works quickly. It is indispensable for acute allergic reactions. Unfortunately, the effect of Suprastin wears off very quickly. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness and lethargy.

Tavegil

Unlike many 1st generation drugs, Tavegil acts for about 8 hours. And it has virtually no sedative effect. However, dizziness and problems with mental alertness are quite possible.

Reception in the form of injections. It is best used for serious complications (anaphylactic shock).

Fenkarol

It is prescribed in cases where the previous antihistamine has ceased to provide relief and an addiction has developed to it. Less toxic. It retains weak sedative properties, however, it does not have a strong effect on the nervous system.

Despite their effectiveness, doctors try not to prescribe 1st generation drugs, citing many side effects. The greatest preference is given to 2-3 generations of medicinal antihistamines.

2nd generation drugs

After careful research, the developers came to the conclusion that the sedative effect on the body is unacceptable for antihistamines, which is why a new generation of drugs was born. When using them, a person no longer felt drowsiness, dizziness or loss of strength. The nervous system was not affected, and the blood-brain barrier was not crossed. Mental and physical activity did not decrease.

Taking 2nd generation antihistamines is possible once every 24 hours, since this period of time is their validity period. The effect of the drug lasts for 1 week after stopping taking it. And most importantly, 2nd generation antihistamines are not addictive.

However, drugs in this group also have disadvantages, such as cardiotoxic effects. At the time of administration, potassium channels of the heart muscle are blocked. This indicates the impossibility of using 2nd generation drugs by patients of retirement age, as well as those suffering from cardiovascular diseases. In other cases, admission is possible strictly under the supervision of the attending physician.

List of the most effective drugs and approximate cost:

• Semprex (about 150 rubles)
• Fenistil (200-300 rubles)
• Kestin (about 200 rubles)
• Claritin (from 50 to 200 rubles)

The above drugs are available without a prescription, but this does not replace the mandatory consultation with your doctor.

Semprex

Unlike other drugs on the list, Semprex provides relief for a short period of time. It is also able to have a minimal sedative effect.

Fenistil

Available in both gel and drop form. Has a high level of antihistamine activity. Has virtually no sedative effect.

Kestin

It is used not only in case of an allergic reaction, but also in the treatment of conjunctiva, allergic rhinitis and urticaria. There is no sedative effect. The therapeutic effect occurs quickly and lasts about 2 days. However, there are side effects such as dry mouth, abdominal pain and migraines.

Claritin

In its generation it is rightfully considered a “premium” drug. The therapeutic effect occurs quickly. There is no sedative effect. The medicine can be used in combination with other drugs.

Does not have a negative effect on the cardiovascular system. Not addictive. Claritin is prescribed even to people whose field of activity involves driving.

3rd generation drugs

These antihistamines are, in fact, an improved version of 2nd generation drugs. They have no sedative effect. They do not have a negative effect on the cardiovascular muscle. They are calmly prescribed to people whose work activity involves concentrating.

The absence of side effects makes it possible to prescribe 3rd generation drugs for seasonal use. They are great for both adults and children.

The therapeutic effect occurs quickly. Its duration is about 2 days. The effect occurs 10-15 minutes after administration.

In addition to eliminating the allergic reaction, antihistamines of this group are prescribed for seasonal rhinitis, conjunctiva, bronchial asthma, urticaria and dermatitis.

The most effective drugs and their cost:

• Cetirizine (about 70 rubles)
• Tsetrin (about 200 rubles)
• Zyrtec (200-250 rubles)
• Zodak (about 200 rubles)

Tsetrin

It is used to eliminate attacks of bronchial asthma, as well as in cases of allergic reactions. Prescribed for both adults and children. Relief occurs within 15 minutes after administration. The validity period is about 24 hours.

Zyrtec

The drug is used not only to eliminate an allergic reaction, but to prevent it. Ideal for bronchial asthma attacks. You must adhere to the dosage recommended by your doctor. If the dose is exceeded, headache and dizziness may occur.

4th generation drugs

There has not yet been a cure for allergies that is more effective than the new generation of antihistamines. The list of side effects characteristic of the three previous groups is excluded in this case. Modern medicines do not have a negative effect on the body.

Antihistamines are a pharmacological group of drugs that inhibit the action of free histamine. First, let's look at what it is from a medical point of view in professional language, this will help you understand what applies to such medications. Then we will see a simple explanation and examples.

Histamine is a mediator in the development of allergic reactions. It exerts its effect through its influence on H1, H2, H3 receptors located in the smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. The level of development of histamine actions is directly proportional to the amount of the released mediator, which means that the more histamine is released, the more pronounced the allergic reaction.

The effect of medications in the body of patients

H1 receptors are found in the muscles of the respiratory system and blood vessels. The mechanism of action of histamine on H1 receptors is mediated through a cascade of reactions associated with the stimulating effect of extracellular calcium, which, when entering the cell, causes contraction of smooth muscles.

Affects the lungs, causing contraction of the bronchial muscles. This leads to a narrowing of the airway lumen up to its complete obstruction. The situation is aggravated by inflammation of the mucous membrane, which further closes the lumen of the bronchus. By influencing mucus-secreting cells, histamine causes increased secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the bronchial lumen. This process provokes the development of pulmonary edema, which can be fatal.

According to a similar scheme, the effect of histamine on the trachea and uterus is realized, provoking contractions of its muscles and swelling.

The effect on blood vessels is characterized by a dilating (expanding) direction, mediated through the activation of phospholipase A2. The enzyme increases the capillary permeability of the walls of blood vessels and causes the release of fluid from the microvasculature into the interstitial (intertissue) space with the development of edema. The arachidonic acid cascade is also activated. As this process develops, the connective tissue loses its density, and interstitial edema intensifies even more.

Consequently, the binding of histamine to H1 receptors causes in most cases the development of allergies.

The mechanism of action of antihistamines is associated with blocking H1 receptors instead of histamine. This process is possible due to the biochemical similarity of histamine molecules and drugs of this group. Drugs bind to histamine-tropic receptors, and the released endogenous histamine remains unbound. Thus, the influence of the mediator is blocked, and the caused processes do not develop.

Thus, pharmacological actions can be distinguished. These include:

• antipruritic (tissue swelling causes irritation of nerve endings, which is eliminated under the influence of drugs);
• decongestant;
• bronchodilator (implemented due to anticholinergic effects);
• sedative;
• local anesthetic;
• antiallergic.

Of course, most people want to know antihistamines - what they are in simple words, what they mean for patients.

Simply put, these are products that are aimed at combating allergies. They eliminate allergy symptoms and alleviate the human condition.

Generations of drugs for allergic insidiousness

The classification of antihistamines divides them by generation. Knowing this helps you understand what allergy medications are and which of them are the most effective.

1st generation medications are the very first medications in this group. They selectively bind to H1 receptors, blocking the action of free histamine. Due to their lipophilic structure, they also block serotonin and m-cholinergic receptors. This causes their undesirable effects associated with a sedative effect on the body.

List of 1st generation drugs that are used most often:

• Suprastin;
• Diphenhydramine;
• Tavegil.

Their benefit occurs within 30 minutes after administration, but the effect is quite short-lived, ranging from 4 to 12 hours. This is due to their rapid excretion from the body in urine.

Due to good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, many of them are available in tablet form. Also, medications have the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and can be excreted in breast milk.

This generation is usually called sedative due to a side symptom. Given their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, antihistamines are able to influence serotonin receptors in the brain. Blockade of central serotonin receptors leads to inhibition processes in the central nervous system, which determines the calming effect of drugs. Depending on the strength of the drug, this effect may be dominant. Doxylamine, a member of the antihistamine group, is used as a sedative.

Due to the severity of central nervous system inhibition, medications in this group should not be used in a state of alcoholic intoxication or together with sedatives and sedatives, as the effect may be potentiated.

2nd generation drugs are newer and more advanced. They block H1 receptors more specifically and do not have m-cholinergic and serotonin effects. Therefore, they are free from side effects associated with CNS inhibition. This makes it possible to prescribe drugs from group 2 to patients without limiting their ability to work. They also have a low degree of cardiotoxicity.

The prolonged effect of drugs is associated with their longer accumulation in the body. The effect is achieved after 1-2 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. Excretion of metabolic products occurs through the kidneys. Due to prolonged accumulation, the substance can accumulate in the body. Terfenadine is completely eliminated only 12 days after the last dose. This property is used in the outpatient treatment of urticaria, hay fever, and rhinitis.

The list of the most popular means from group 2 are:

• Claritin;
• Fenistil;
• Histimet;
• Allergodil.

One of the disadvantages of second-generation antihistamines is the lack of parenteral forms. Most are sold as enteral tablets and some as topical ointments.

The official classification indicates two groups of antihistamines. The third group of pharmacologically active metabolites in pharmaceuticals is presented as the 3rd generation of H1` histamine blockers.

For those who are interested in the best drugs of the 3rd and 4th generations, as well as new drugs of the unique 5th generation, it is important to remember that this is an advertising ploy designed to attract more buyers. There are no 4th and 5th generation antihistamines. Here is a short list of drugs of group 3, which can represent both the fourth and fifth generation:

• Levocetirizine;
• Desloratadine;
• Fexofenadine.

The main thing to know is that medications beyond the first two generations are the best modern allergy medications. The high bioavailability of drugs contributes to the rapid development of the therapeutic effect (within 30 minutes). The selectivity of action completely eliminates the effect of cardiotoxicity, which is extremely important for patients with cardiac disorders. The absence of drowsiness allows patients taking medications to remain functional. The list of drugs of the latest generation is wider, but they must also be prescribed by a doctor.

Forms of drugs with the desired result

Antihistamines exist in the main pharmacological forms:

• pills;
• locally acting agents (and gels);
• parenteral agents for intravenous administration.

Application depends on the form. Tablets (Loratadine, Suprastin, Diphenhydramine) are prescribed to patients with allergic diseases to prevent relapses and treat chronic processes. They are prescribed in a certain dose at regular intervals to maintain the antiallergic effect.

Parenteral antiallergic drugs are more often used in emergency situations in a hospital with the development of anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema. Due to the rapid onset of benefits (instant blockade of histamine receptors), antihistamines in ampoules are the primary drugs of choice.

Ointments and gels (Fenistil, Dermadrin) are prescribed to relieve local inflammatory processes. Most of them are used for their antipruritic effect. The effect is achieved by rubbing into the skin. The effect occurs within an hour and lasts 3-5 hours.

Other forms are also used in pediatrics. They are designed for ease of administration to children:

• rectal suppositories;
• eye drops (Fenistil, Zyrtec);
• syrups (Claritin);
• nasal drops.

Medicines for children for painful passions

Prescriptions for children are made by a pediatrician. You should not give your child medications yourself. This is due to a large number of side symptoms caused by the high concentration of conventional (adult) medications.

Suprastin and Diphenhydramine are prescribed:

• injection for children under 1 year of age only for health reasons, the concentration of the drug is chosen by the pediatrician;
• 1-6 years - a quarter of a tablet 3 times a day;
• 6-10 years - half a tablet 3 times a day;
• 10+ - prescribed 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Claritin:

• children weighing less than 30 kg - 1 scoop;
• more than 30 kg - 2 measuring spoons;
• tablets are allowed from 4 years of age.

• one of the safest drugs for treating allergies;
• children under one year old - 2.5 ml;
• from 5 to 10 years - 5 ml;
• 10+ years - 10 ml.

If any side effects occur, be sure to consult your doctor.

Choosing products for pregnant women in advance

During pregnancy, the medicine affects not only the mother, but also the fetus. This is especially true for antihistamines of the first two generations, since they are able to penetrate the placenta, affecting the baby in the womb. In addition, histamines of the first groups have a wide range of side effects. Therefore, they are prescribed only for health reasons.

New generation antiallergic drugs are less embryotoxic due to their peripheral specific effects and they do not have a hypnotic effect. You should be especially wary of antihistamines prescribed in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. This is due to the greatest impact on the fetus in this period. The last two trimesters are more favorable in relation to appointments. A few examples:

1. Cetirizine. Belongs to the third group. Pregnancy is not a contraindication for prescribing the drug. Numerous tests have proven the absence of teratogenic effects on the fetus.
2. Telfast(second generation). The drug is prescribed by the attending physician under his supervision. Use in the 1st trimester of pregnancy is highly undesirable due to side symptoms.
3. Suprastin(first group). It is prescribed only for health reasons when assessing the harm and benefits of the drug in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

Proper use is the key to successful treatment

Even the best antihistamine will not bring the expected effect if it is used incorrectly. Antihistamines are in most cases sold in pharmacies without a prescription. It is important to note that self-treatment may lead to the development of undesirable effects. To prevent them, you must follow some rules:

1. Before starting use, you should consult your doctor. He will prescribe the most correct and successful treatment.
2. You should not take medications of the first groups for more than 7 days unless your doctor advises using them longer, as they begin to accumulate in the body, which can lead to the development of side symptoms. Medicines of the latter group should not be used for more than a year.
3. During treatment, if side effects occur or worsen, you should consult your doctor.

Examples of effective antihistamines

The table shows a list of the names of popular drugs for adults.

Comparing popular means

For those who are interested in which is better – Erius or Kestin, it is important to remember that they belong to the 2nd group of antihistamines. The active ingredient of Erius is loratadine, and Kestina is ebastine. The main difference is that the antihistamine effect of Erius is many times stronger. It can also be given to infants, and the effect occurs within 10 minutes after administration. Erius is available in the form of syrup and tablets, while Kestin is available only in tablets.

Now let’s figure out which is better – Fenkarol or Loratadine. Fenkarol belongs to the initial generation. Due to its lipophilic structure, it does not penetrate the BBB, like its generation brothers. Because of this, the sedative effect is not pronounced. A significant advantage over Loratadine and other drugs is its antiarrhythmogenic effect, while 2nd generation drugs can cause arrhythmic changes in the heart.

It's time to find out whether Tavegil or Zyrtec is better for allergies. Tavegil has a pronounced sedative effect, so its use is sharply limited. After taking it, there may be a decrease in performance, lethargy, and drowsiness. An advantage is the possibility of parenteral administration for acute allergies. Zyrtec does not have this disadvantage. It also has a longer action and no weakening of the anti-inflammatory effect over time.

Regarding which medicine is better - Fenkarol or Suprastin, it is worth clarifying that they are from the same group - the first. However, due to differences in chemical composition, their effects differ. Suprastin has a whole range of side effects, including a pronounced sedative effect. Fenkarol does not have these disadvantages due to its inability to penetrate the BBB. It also does not have a pronounced cardiotoxic effect, but has an antiarrhythmic effect.

To find the most powerful allergy remedy for a specific patient, you need to consult a doctor. He will tell you not only which drugs are antihistamines, but which ones are best for eliminating the observed symptoms.

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It is a rare child who does not experience allergies to various pathogens; some already react painfully to certain products from birth, others to cosmetics or flowering plants, but thanks to new generation medications - antihistamines for children, serious complications can be avoided. If you take timely measures to eliminate childhood allergies, then acute processes will not turn into a state of chronic illnesses.

What are antihistamines

A group of modern medications that suppress the action of histamine (a neurotransmitter) are called antihistamines. When the body is exposed to an allergen, a mediator or an organic compound, histamine begins to be released from connective tissue cells that are part of the immune system. When a neurotransmitter interacts with specific receptors? Swelling, itching, rash and other manifestations of allergies often occur. Antihistamines are responsible for blocking these receptors. Today there are four generations of these drugs.

Antiallergic drugs do not completely cure the disease. They do not particularly affect the cause of allergies, but only help to cope with unpleasant symptoms. Such medications can be prescribed to patients of any age, even one-year-olds and infants. Antihistamines are prodrugs. This means that when they enter the body, they begin to be converted into active metabolites. An important property of these drugs is the complete absence of cardiotoxic effect.

Indications for use

When teething, before vaccination, special antiallergic medications can be used to neutralize a possible allergic reaction. Besides, indications for the use of such drugs are:

• hay fever (hay fever);
• Quincke's edema;
• year-round, seasonal allergic reactions (conjunctivitis, rhinitis);
• skin itching in infectious chronic diseases;
• previously observed complex manifestations of allergies or symptoms of anaphylactic shock;
• atopic dermatitis, eczema, dermatosis, urticaria and other skin rashes;
• individual predisposition to allergies;
• deterioration of the child’s condition due to chronic respiratory tract diseases (laryngitis, laryngeal stenosis, allergic cough);
• high level of eosinophils in the blood;
• insect bites;
• swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and oral cavity;
• acute manifestations of allergies to drugs.

Classification

Antiallergic drugs, depending on the characteristics of the chemical composition, can be divided into groups:

• piperidine derivatives;
• alkylamines;
• alphacarboline derivatives;
• ethylenediamines;
• phenothiazine derivatives;
• piperazine derivatives;
• ethanolamines;
• quinuclidine derivatives.

Modern medicine offers a huge number of classifications of antiallergic drugs, but none of them is generally accepted. The classification of medications according to the time of their creation or according to generations, which are currently divided into 4: 1 - sedatives, 2nd generation - non-sedative, 3rd and 4th - metabolites, has become more widely used in clinical practice.

Generations of antihistamines

The very first antiallergic drugs appeared back in the 30s of the 20th century - these were 1st generation drugs. Science is constantly moving forward, so over time, similar 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation products have been developed. With the advent of each new drug, the strength and number of side effects decrease, and the duration of exposure increases. Below is a table of 4 generations of antiallergic drugs:

Antiallergic drugs for children

The choice of antihistamines should be made by a doctor. Self-medication will only aggravate the emerging allergic reaction and cause undesirable consequences. Parents often use creams to provide first aid. They can be smeared when a reaction to the vaccine occurs. Other forms: drops, tablets, syrup, suspension should be used after consulting a specialist. The pediatrician will select the dosage taking into account the severity of the allergy and the age of the baby.

Up to a year

Usually, Pediatricians prescribe new generation medications for infants, since the second and first can cause side effects: headache, drowsiness, suppression of activity, respiratory depression. Doctors often do not recommend taking antihistamines for children, but sometimes in acute situations they are simply necessary. The best remedies for young patients are:

• Suprastin solution. Used to treat runny nose, urticaria, acute allergic dermatitis. It relieves itching well and speeds up the process of getting rid of skin rashes. Approved for the treatment of infants (from the age of 30 days). The pediatric dose is one fourth of an ampoule 2 times a day. Rarely, the medicine can cause nausea, bowel dysfunction, and dyspepsia. Suprastin is dangerous when taking more than one ampoule.
• Fenistil drops. A popular allergy remedy for children is used to treat rubella and chickenpox. In addition, it is often drunk for contact dermatitis, sunburn, and insect bites. Antihistamine drops for children Fenistil can cause drowsiness at the very beginning of treatment, but after a few days this effect disappears. The medicine has side effects: dizziness, muscle spasms, swelling of the oral mucosa. Children under one year of age are prescribed 10 drops per day once, but not more than 30.

From 2 to 5 years

As the child grows up, the range of medications expands, although many well-known drugs are still contraindicated, for example, Suprastin and Claritin tablets, Azelastine drops. The most popular medications used from 2 to 5 years are:

• Cetrin drops. Used for food allergies, for the treatment of conjunctivitis and rhinitis. The advantage of using the medicine is its long-lasting effect. The drops need to be taken only once a day. Side effects: anticholinergic effects, drowsiness, headache.
• Erius. This allergy syrup for children is one of the most popular. It belongs to the 3rd generation drugs. Helps relieve allergic symptoms and alleviate the patient's general condition. Not addictive. Erius syrup is useful for rhinitis, hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Side effects: nausea, headache, diathesis, diarrhea.

From 6 years and older

As a rule, starting from the age of 6, a specialist can prescribe 2nd generation antihistamines for children. A child at this age is already able to take the tablet form, so allergists often prescribe Suprastin in tablets. For allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Allergodil drops are used. Besides, Patients over 6 years of age can take:

• Tavegil. Recommended for hay fever, dermatitis, allergic insect bites. Among antiallergic drugs, Tavegil is considered the safest. Therapy for children from 6 to 12 years old involves the following administration of the drug - half a capsule in the morning and evening. The tablets should be taken regularly before meals, preferably at the same time. They should be taken with caution by patients with glaucoma, because... Tavegil causes deterioration in the clarity of perception of visual images.
• Zyrtec. These non-hormonal tablets have anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative effects. The advantage of using the drug is its use as part of the combination treatment of bronchial asthma. Children over 6 years old can take half a tablet 2 times a day. Side effects: itching, rash, malaise, asthenia.

Which antihistamines are best for a child?

Unstable children's immunity often contributes to the occurrence of allergic reactions. Modern antihistamines for children help cope with negative symptoms. Many pharmaceutical companies produce antiallergic drugs in pediatric dosages in the form of syrup, drops, and suspension. This makes it easier to take and does not cause the baby to have an aversion to treatment. Often, to eliminate local inflammation, the doctor may prescribe an antihistamine in the form of a gel or cream. They are used externally for allergic skin reactions to insect bites.

Usually, antihistamines for newborns are allowed to be given in the form of syrup or oral drops, and they should not use old generation (1st) products due to sedation and high toxicity. The dosage of medications also depends on the severity of symptoms and the patient’s body weight. For children over one year of age, 3rd generation antiallergic drugs are recommended. For older children, tablets are more suitable. It is also possible to use anti-allergenic local products: nasal sprays, eye drops, gels, creams, ointments.

Pills

The most common form of antiallergenic drugs is tablets. A child can take them only from the age of 3, but often at this age the child is not yet able to swallow the medicine. Therefore, you can give crushed tablets, diluting them with water. Popular tablet drugs are:

• Loratadine. Second generation medicine. Helps quickly eliminate unpleasant symptoms of allergic rhinitis, reactions to pollen and plant flowering. Used in the treatment of urticaria and bronchial asthma. Children over two years of age are recommended to take a single dose of 5 mg. Teenagers – 10 mg. Side effects: fever, blurred vision, chills.
• Diazolin. Helps with allergic seasonal runny nose and cough. It can be prescribed during chickenpox, urticaria, and conjunctivitis caused by pollen. The maximum daily dose of Diazolin for patients aged 2 to 5 years is 150 mg. It is not recommended to take pills if you have heart problems.

Drops

This form is convenient for use in small children; it is easily dosed using a special bottle. As a rule, doctors try to prescribe antihistamines in drops for newborns. The most famous means are:

• Zodak. The product has an antiexudative, antipruritic, antiallergic effect, and prevents the further development of the disease. The effect of the medicine begins within 20 minutes after administration and lasts throughout the day. Dosage for children over one year of age: 2 times a day, 5 drops. Rarely, when using drops, nausea and dry mouth occur. Patients with liver diseases should drink them with caution.
• Fenkarol. The drug relieves spasms, reduces suffocation, and quickly extinguishes the negative manifestations of allergies. It is recommended to give 5 drops 2 times a day to patients under three years of age. Fenkarol is prescribed for chronic and acute hay fever, urticaria, dermatosis (psoriasis, eczema). Side effects: headache, nausea, dry mouth.

Syrups

Most antihistamines for children come in tablets, but some have alternatives in the form of syrups. Most of them have age restrictions of up to two years. The most popular antihistamine syrups are:

• Claritin. Has a long-lasting antiallergic effect. The remedy is suitable for eliminating acute symptoms and preventing severe relapses. After oral administration, the medicine will begin to act within 30 minutes. Claritin is prescribed for seasonal or year-round rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Rarely, drowsiness and headache may occur while taking the medicine.
• Gismanal. The drug is prescribed for allergic skin reactions, for the treatment and prevention of angioedema. Doses of the drug: patients over 6 years old - 5 mg once a day, younger than this age - 2 mg per 10 kg. Rarely, the medication may cause nausea, headache and dry mouth.

Ointments

Antiallergic children's ointments are a large group of medicines intended for topical use. Antihistamine ointments are applied to the affected area of ​​skin manifestations of allergies. The most famous are:

• Bepanten. An ointment that stimulates tissue regeneration. Used to care for babies, for skin irritations, diaper dermatitis, and to relieve dry skin. Rarely, Bepanten causes itching and urticaria during long-term treatment.
• Gistan. Non-hormonal antihistamine cream. It contains components such as string extract, violets, and calendula. This topical medication is used for allergic skin reactions and as a topical anti-inflammatory agent for atopic dermatitis. Contraindications: the ointment should not be used by children under one year of age.

Overdose of antihistamines in children

Abuse, improper use or long-term therapy with antiallergic drugs can lead to their overdose, which often manifests itself in the form of increased side effects. They are only temporary and disappear after the patient stops taking the medicine or is prescribed an acceptable dose. Usually, Children with an overdose may experience:

• severe drowsiness;
• excessive stimulation of the central nervous system;
• dizziness;
• hallucinations;
• tachycardia;
• excited state;
• fever;
• convulsions;
• renal dysfunction;
• dry mucous membranes;
• pupil dilation.

Price of antihistamines for children

Any antiallergic medications and their analogues can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription or ordered online. Their cost depends on the manufacturer, dosage, release form, pricing policy of the pharmacy and region of sale. Approximate prices for antiallergic medications in Moscow are presented in the table: