What mistake was made when applying traffic tires? Rules for applying transport splints for various injuries. Why do you put a splint on a fracture?

December, 02 2017 Comments to the post Some mistakes when applying a splint disabled

Let's imagine that you are going on a hike. Everything is planned and well, you were lucky with the weather, and the company is excellent.

And suddenly, an accident happened. It could be anything:

You stumbled.
A tree fell on you.
There was a collapse or you slipped.
Other troubles.

As a result of an accident, one of your colleagues suffered a broken arm or leg, or you only suspect that this happened.

What to do?

Of course, we have all read and know that we need to provide rest to the injured limb and try to apply a splint. Maybe someone takes on a hike, in addition to medicines, also trauma equipment, for example, a Beller splint or a Glisson loop, but as a rule, simple clamps are made from scrap materials.

This is what many of us do, but at the same time we make a lot of mistakes that only worsen the patient’s condition.

In this article we will try to talk about some of the inaccuracies that are possible when applying a splint.

1. Do not apply a splint to a naked body; it is advisable that there be some kind of soft pad between the skin and the splint: fabric, cotton wool, scraps of a shirt, etc.

2. The splint is applied not only to the fracture site, but also to healthy areas located above and below the injured area, trying to “capture” several joints.

3. If you have never done this before first aid, then it’s better not to do this. It is imperative to understand and know everything. Not knowing how to lift or rotate a broken limb, or lower it, can only aggravate the consequences, plus it is unnecessary trauma for the patient. Therefore, it is better to leave everything as it is, call an ambulance or rescue team.

4. If the fingers are injured, they are fixed by first placing some kind of bundle in the palm so that the fingers are in a semi-bent state.

5. For fractures of the foot, fingers, and forearm, the turns of the bandage or fabric should begin from the distal (lower) areas.

6. If your leg is broken and you don’t have a splint at hand, you can bandage one leg to the other, trying to avoid mixing bone fragments.

7. The splint must be bandaged firmly enough, but not tightly. After application, there should be no spontaneous movements of the limb.

First aid for a broken limb is to give the victim a position in which he will not feel painful sensations, and bone fragments will not further injure soft fabrics. Proper application of a splint by a specialist increases the victim’s chances of a complete recovery without consequences.

Exist different types tires, but it is customary to distinguish four types depending on the nature of the fracture:

Universal, or staircase, Kramer splint. This medical splint is a combination of individual parts, thanks to which you can assemble structures of different heights and shapes.
Dieterichs tire. It consists of sliding parts, its functional purpose is traction. Used mainly for hip fractures.
Pneumatic medical splint. One of modern species, is a thick zippered cover equipped with a pump for inflating air. It is used to immobilize the hand, forearm, leg, foot, lower leg, knee joint.
An improvised tire made from scrap materials. These could be: a straight branch or stick, wire, scarf, sheet. It is worth paying attention to the search for such objects so that there are no sharp ends.

There are other varieties based on cotton-gauze bandages for fixing the head, cervical vertebrae, shoulder joint.

Dieterichs splint and its application technique

This type is used for hip fractures to avoid movements in the pelvic area. The splinting technique is simple and does not require special knowledge. The design itself consists of two planks, as well as a sole plate. The plates are adjusted to the size of the person: the end of the outer one is inserted into the armpit, the end of the inner one rests on the groin. Cotton pads are placed in the ankle area. The ends of both plates should protrude slightly beyond the sole. A plate is also firmly tied to the sole itself. The human torso together with the structure is tied with belts. The belt pitch is 25-30 cm.

Cramer tire and its correct position

This therapeutic splint is used for fractures of the upper and lower limbs. First, the doctor models the form on himself, then it is applied to the patient’s injured limb, and the voids are filled with cotton wool. The structure is wrapped in bandages. The Kramer splint is also suitable for damaged ligaments and tendons. The application is the same as for a bone injury.

Basic rules for applying splints

If the fracture has open wounds, then before applying any splint, you need to treat the wound with an antiseptic. If the injury is closed, then the structure can be applied to clothing.

The damaged joint is often fixed together with two adjacent ones. For example, fixation of a shoulder fracture starts from the fingertips to the shoulder. If the tibia is fractured, a plate is applied to the knee and ankle joints. This application algorithm is also used for other limb injuries. The rules for applying transport splints are applied when immobilizing the hip joint and spine. Fixation of a hip fracture covers the entire leg. A spinal fracture is accompanied by immobilization of the entire human body.

If bleeding is observed, then do not rush to apply a tourniquet; you must wait for the doctor’s instructions. If it is not possible to obtain information from a specialist, then the patient is given a note indicating the exact time of application of the tourniquet.

Applying a splint made from improvised material is fraught with the risk that the sharp ends can cut into the victim’s body and squeeze nerve endings and those passing nearby blood vessels. The bandage is not applied at the fracture site so that pressure does not cause pain.

If a person has an attack of hysteria, then it is necessary to get him out of this state as quickly as possible, since the victim may develop traumatic shock. It is advisable to apply ice to the fracture site and give the person pain relief.

The above rules are the basis for any fractures.

Splinting for various fractures

Upper limbs

When the forearm is fractured, the bone is fixed with a Kramer splint on both sides: the back and the front. A scarf is placed over the neck and secures the arm in a bent position. The fracture of the shoulder joint is immobilized by fixing two adjacent joints. When a finger is fractured, the affected phalanges are fixed to the adjacent healthy fingers.

Lower limbs

In the absence of handy materials, the most in a simple way It is considered to tie the sore leg to the healthy one. The rules for applying a splint are as follows: a broken leg is covered with plates on three sides, the back one starts from the sole and ends under the shoulder blade, the size of the outer side plate is from the sole to the armpit, the inner side one covers the distance from the perineum to the end of the leg. Transport tires are secured with belts. Transportation occurs in a supine position.

Shoulder girdle

If the collarbone is fractured, it is enough to place a cotton ball in the armpit and put a scarf on your arm, thrown over your neck. The scapula fracture is immobilized with an abduction splint with skeletal traction. If there is no displacement of the processes, then the fracture is fixed with a Deso bandage. This is a self-contained design that can be worn for a month.

Ribs

For fractured ribs, splinting is to immobilize them during breathing. In the best way It is considered to tie a sheet around the chest, allowing the abdominal muscles to perform the respiratory function. The victim should not talk or take a lying position, so as not to damage the internal organs with fragments of the ribs.

Spine

If the spine is damaged, a splint made of hard material is applied to the height of a person. In this case, the peculiarity is that the victim cannot move. It is carefully transferred to the place where the structure is laid, and the body is secured with belts. Belt pitch is up to 30 cm.

Pelvic bones

This type of injury, especially a fracture of the coccyx, is often accompanied by severe painful sensations. The patient is immobilized in a lying position with a cushion placed under the hips. Fixation of a femoral neck fracture occurs according to the principle of injury to the lower extremities. Such injuries are dangerous due to damage to blood vessels.

Neck

Neck injuries are fixed with a Chance collar, which prevents the head from moving. This is a voluminous dense cotton-gauze bandage with different sizes- from baby to adult. It can be worn for several weeks, depending on the doctor's indications, and removed at night.

When applying splints, you should fix not only the fracture site, but also the joints located above and below the fracture. Splints must be applied carefully, without causing additional injury to the victim. Before applying splints, it is necessary to place a layer of cotton wool or soft tissue on the bony protrusions located under the skin.

In case of injuries to the wrist joint or hand, the forearm and hand are placed on a splint, with the hand turned with the palm facing the body. The fingers must be kept bent with the thumb in opposition. To do this, place a cotton-gauze roll under the palm.

It is better to bandage starting from the forearm. The bends of the bandage are made over the splint to eliminate pressure on the soft tissues. On the hand, circular rounds of the bandage pass between the large and index fingers. Typically, only injured fingers are bandaged to the bolster on the splint. Immobilization is completed by hanging the forearm on a scarf.

If only the fingers are damaged, you can limit yourself to bandaging them to a cotton-gauze ball or roller and hanging the forearm and hand on a scarf. Damaged thumb should be fixed on the roller in a position opposed to the other fingers, which is best done on a cylindrical roller.

For fractures of the forearm bones, the splint should be applied from the fingers along the dorsum of the hand, bent in elbow joint at an angle of 90° and fixed with a bandage or scarf.

For fractures humerus it is necessary to fix the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints. The splint is applied along the back surface of the forearm and shoulder on the arm bent at an angle of 90° at the elbow joint from the fingers to the opposite shoulder joint. If there is no splint, the arm is placed in a scarf, and the second scarf is used to fix it to the body. In extreme cases, immobilization is possible upper limb using a bandage or jacket hem.

For fractures of the bones of the foot, ankles and lower third of the leg, the splint should be applied along the plantar surface of the foot and back surface shins from the tips of the fingers to the upper third of the shin, the foot to the shin should be at an angle of 90°.

For fractures of the tibia bones in the middle and upper third and for fractures femur it is necessary to fix the ankle, knee and hip joints. Fixation is carried out using three tires. One is applied along the plantar surface of the foot, the back surface of the leg and thigh from the ends of the toes to the upper third of the thigh, the second - along the inner surface of the foot, lower leg and thigh, the third - along the outer surface of the leg and torso from the foot to the armpit. In the absence of splints, the injured leg is bandaged to the straightened healthy leg, which in this case serves as a splint. You can also fix it using a soft blanket splint.

It is possible to use improvised splints for fractures of the femur and tibia. If the femur is fractured, such a splint is not sufficient to transport the victim over long distances.

When sprained ankle joint The splint is applied along the plantar surface of the shin from the tips of the fingers to the upper third of the shin. The foot should be at an angle of 90° to the shin. If the ligaments of the knee joint are sprained, a splint is placed along the back of the leg from the ankle joint to the buttock.

When splinting, the following mistakes are often made:

1) a soft pad is not placed under the splint, which leads to pressure on the bone protrusions and causes pain; bedsores may form.

2) the tire is short, and the hand or foot hangs down.

3) there is no cotton-gauze roll on which the brush is fixed.

4) the tire is not firmly fixed.

5) immobilization of the arm is not completed by hanging it on a scarf.

Prevention of fractures consists of strict adherence to safety rules in production, agriculture, transport, and when playing sports.

The preparatory stage of repair is extremely important, but often falls out of the attention of the craftsmen. The success of the entire repair depends on how the repair surface is prepared.

When stripping rubber with an abrasive stone, the speed of the pneumatic drill should not exceed 2500–5000 per minute. Tools with a high number of revolutions can only be used for processing steel cord with special carbide drills. Using a high-speed pneumatic drill with an abrasive stone can cause the top layer of rubber to melt, and with further use of the tire, the burnt rubber will begin to behave like plasticine: the more the tire heats up, the softer and weaker the damaged area becomes. A sign of irreversible changes in the rubber is the appearance of smoke during stripping.
Do not allow condensation and oil to come into contact with the cleaned surface. When working with pneumatic tools, especially in the cold season and in conditions of high humidity, formation occurs. large quantity condensate mixed with oil. To protect the cleaned surface, it is necessary to put a piece of a bicycle inner tube on the sander to remove exhaust air outside the working area.
Use carbide cutters in the shape of a hemisphere for final stripping under the patch. They allow you to process rubber faster and much more evenly than disc cutters. Using disc cutters, you constantly run the risk of leaving irregularities in which air will remain under the patch.
It is necessary to clean the repair area at an angle of at least 120° in the side area of the tire and 90° on the treadmill. The edges of the cut should be processed as carefully as possible, without leaving kinks or areas of stress concentration. Never leave gaps with raw edges under the patch. It is in such places that problems arise first. First the decorative rubber will burst, and then the patch will wear out.
Always allow raw rubber used to redecorate the outside of a tire to get inside the cut and bond with the chemical layer of the patch.
When repairing tires that have previously been filled with puncture sealant, or tires that have been inflated by igniting gasoline, you must complete removal containment layer in the repair area.

2. Mistakes when degreasing

Always degrease the repair surface before starting cleaning.

Do not use compounds as a degreaser that could potentially deteriorate the properties of the adhesive (for example, motor gasoline).

The repair area should be degreased only with a special buffer cleaner that is compatible with the adhesive. In addition to its direct function, the buffer cleaner performs another, auxiliary one: it softens the top, dirty layer of rubber and makes it easier to work with a scraper.

3. Incorrect use of glue

Peeling of the patch along the adhesive layer is the most common cause of defects. This defect most often appears due to violation of the rules for working with glue:

Do not use thickened glue.

Thickening of the glue occurs when the solvent evaporates, which loosens the top layer of rubber and facilitates the penetration of the glue inside. Thus, when you use a thickened adhesive, you should understand that there are not enough active components in it to effectively stitch the patch to the surface of the tire. Therefore, it is better to store quick-drying glue in the refrigerator and add it to the supply jar as needed. The supply jar should be wide and low, with a narrow neck.

Be careful with "old" glue.

If the glue storage conditions are not observed (temperature not higher than +23°C, dark room) and if foreign substances get into the jar, it will curl. This glue cannot be used for “cold” vulcanization, but it is suitable for “hot” one-stage repairs, when the residual chemical activity of the glue increases sharply under the influence of temperature and pressure.

You can avoid aging and curdling of the glue if you do not use the brush from the jar to coat the patches before installation, since their chemical layer contains substances that cause the glue to thicken.

The glue is too dry.

It often happens that the master puts the tire coated with glue aside to dry and forgets about it, and at this time the glue has time to dry out.

In this case, during installation, the patch will not adhere tightly to the glue and chemical vulcanization will proceed slowly and not over the entire area. If the repair is carried out using a two-stage “cold” method, then the overdried repair surface must be re-coated with glue. With the one-step method, this measure is not required, since when the patch is heated under pressure, the dried glue is activated and the quality of the repair is not reduced.

The glue is not dry enough.

If the patch is installed on wet glue, it may slide away from the center of the damage and, as a result, a bulge may appear on the tire after repair.

There may be several reasons for uneven drying of the glue:

thick glue
low temperature air
cold tire
too thick layer of glue
rough cleaning of the repair surface
uneven application of glue due to a hard/worn brush.*

* Our company tests ROSSVIK materials for compatibility with adhesives from leading manufacturers represented in Russia. Based on the results of many years of observations, we recommend using Maruni and Tip-top adhesives with ROSSVIK repair materials.

To repair all types of tires, leading manufacturers of consumables recommend using heavy adhesives made from more active solvents. ROSSVIK, Maruni, Tip-Top adhesives are heavy non-flammable adhesives. Heavy adhesives are not afraid of overheating during tire operation; they are thicker and more durable.

You can distinguish light and flammable glue from heavy and heat-resistant glue by weight, packaging material (heavy glue is bottled only in metal cans) and the “flammable” symbol on the label.

It should be remembered that when switching to glue from another manufacturer, it is necessary to find the correct drying mode.

4. Using old patches

Be careful when installing patches that show signs of aging and handling. In places where the chemical layer of the patch touches with your hands, a sweat-fat film is formed, which reduces the stickiness of the adhesive. To remove this film and “refresh” the chemical layer, it is enough to coat the patch with glue and dry it before installation.

5. Use of patches with a pre-vulcanized chemical layer.

All Consumables for “cold” vulcanization they should be stored in a dark place at a temperature not exceeding 23°C.

If the recommended storage conditions are not followed, the chemical layer will quickly age and self-vulcanize. To check the condition of the chemical layer, the consumable must be bent in half. The chemical layer should stick together slightly, and after unbending, slightly “wiggle” at the bend. If there is any doubt about the suitability of the chemical layer, then such patches should be installed only in a one-step method on the interlayer rubber, having previously cleaned the vulcanized chemical layer with a texture brush.

6. Stitching a cut with thread

Often you have to listen to tire repairmen's arguments in favor of stitching a cut with threads. Some of them are confident in the benefits of sewing, since it does not cause swelling on the tire after repair. We offer them to find the root cause of the hernia after installing the patch.

In 90% of cases, swelling occurs when repairs are performed on a C-shaped vulcanizer. The heating elements of the C-shaped vulcanizer have a flat and hard surface and weakly press the tire in the repair area, so when the vulcanizer is clamped, raw rubber penetrates into the cut and pushes its weakly compressed edges apart. As a result, the cut vulcanizes in the expanded state and after repair, a bulging hernia forms in this place.

In an effort to avoid swelling, repairmen apply less raw rubber or reduce the pressure of the vulcanizer. As a result of vulcanization with insufficient pressure, the rubber becomes porous and fragile, and the work has to be redone.

We recommend carrying out repairs on a two-column Thermopress vulcanizer, which does not have this problem, since the cut is already fixed with adhesive before vulcanization, and the repair site is crimped evenly over the entire area of the profile pattern without deforming the tire frame.

Conclusion

The listed mistakes can be made by any tire repairman, but the ability to neutralize their consequences will only be available to someone who, at the last stage of repair, vulcanizes the damage simultaneously with the plaster, that is, uses a one-stage repair technology. And vice versa, with “cold” two-stage vulcanization, all of the listed errors will directly reduce the quality of the repair and lead to defects.

Typical errors that occur when repairing tires.

Unfortunately, not all tire repair shops can guarantee truly high-quality repairs. And, even if your workshop uses the highest quality tire repair materials and chemicals, any repair risks ending unsuccessfully if the technician does not comply simple rules repairs, following which you can maximize the quality of repairs.

Errors that occur when cleaning the surface of a tire or tube being repaired.

The preparatory stage of repair is extremely important, but often falls outside the scope special attention masters The success or failure of the entire repair depends on how the surface to be repaired is prepared.

Do not use a high-speed air drill. Many novice tire repairers, out of ignorance and for lack of anything better, clean the surface being repaired with abrasive stones and high-speed pneumatic tools (about 18,000-22,000 rpm). Using a high-speed pneumatic drill can cause the top layer of rubber to melt, and with further use of the tire, the burnt rubber will begin to behave like plasticine: the more the tire heats up. The softer and weaker the damaged area becomes. A sign of irreversible changes in the rubber is the appearance of smoke during stripping. Pneumatic tools with a high number of revolutions can only be used for processing steel cord with special carbide drills, for example carbide ones.

Do not allow condensation and oil to come into contact with the cleaned surface. When working with pneumatic tools, especially in the cold season and in conditions of high humidity, a large amount of condensate mixed with oil is formed. To prevent condensate-oil suspension from getting onto the cleaned surface, it is necessary to put a piece of a bicycle tube on the grinder to remove exhaust air outside the working area. This will avoid splashing condensate and blowing up rubber dust, and will help keep the repair surface clean.

Use carbide cutters in the shape of a hemisphere for final stripping under the patch. If the repair area is cleaned with narrow disk cutters, the surface will be uneven and air will always remain under the patch, and when coated with glue, the layer will dry unevenly. To eliminate this drawback, it is better to clean the inside of the tire with a carbide cutter in the form of a hemisphere. When using hemispherical cutters, the surface is cleaned faster and much more evenly.

Cleaning the repair site must be done at an angle of at least 120 degrees in the side area of the tire and 90 degrees on the treadmill. The edges of the cut should be cleaned as smoothly as possible, without leaving kinks or areas of stress concentration. Always allow raw rubber used for external cosmetic repairs to flow into the cut and bond with the patch. Never leave narrow gaps with raw edges under the patch! In such places, problems will arise first - first the decorative rubber will burst, and then the plaster will wear out.

Completely remove the containment layer in the repair area. When repairing tires that were previously filled with so-called puncture sealant, or were inflated by igniting gasoline inside the tire, it is necessary to completely remove the sealant in the repair area due to negative changes in its properties.

Errors that occur when degreasing the surface.

Do not use compounds as a degreaser that could potentially degrade the properties of the adhesive. The reason for the defect may be the use as a degreaser of compounds containing additives that worsen the properties of the adhesive (for example, motor gasoline). The repair area should be degreased with a special buffer cleaner that is well compatible with the glue. In addition to the well-known function of degreasing the surface, the buffer cleaner performs another auxiliary function - it softens the top dirty layer of rubber, making it easier to remove with a scraper.

Always pre-degrease the repair surface before starting roughening! This will keep the cutters clean and eliminate the need to re-degrease the surface after cleaning, thereby maintaining the micro texture of the surface.

Incorrect use of glue.

Peeling of the patch along the adhesive layer is the most common cause of defects. This defect occurs most often due to violations of the rules for working with glue.

Do not use thickened glue. The thickening of the glue occurs when the solvent evaporates, which, when applied to the surface of the tire, should cause the top layer of rubber to loosen, facilitating the penetration of the glue into the depth. The deeper the glue penetrates into the repair surface, the stronger the connection. When using thickened glue, in which there is not enough active solvent, the micro components of the glue do not have time to penetrate deeply and remain on the surface. There is no formation of a transition buffer layer, in which the patch is cross-linked to the surface of the tire at the molecular level. It is better to store quick-drying glue in the refrigerator and add it to the supply jar as needed. The supply jar should be wide and low, with a narrow neck.

Be careful with "old" glue. If the glue storage conditions are not observed (+18°C, dark room) and if foreign substances get into the jar, it will curdle. This glue is not suitable for cold installation of plasters, but it can be used for one-stage repairs, when the residual chemical activity of the glue increases sharply under the influence of temperature and pressure. You can avoid aging and curdling of the glue if you do not use a brush from a can to coat adhesive rubber containing substances that cause vulcanization of the glue.

The glue is too dry. It often happens that the master puts aside the tire coated with glue and forgets about it, and at this time the glue has time to dry. In this case, when installing the patch, there is no tight connection with the glue and chemical vulcanization proceeds slowly and not over the entire area. If the repair is carried out using a two-stage “cold” method, then the overdried repair surface must be re-coated with glue. With the one-step method, this preventive measure is not required, since when the patch is heated under pressure, the dried glue is activated and the quality of the repair is not reduced.

The glue is not completely dry. If the patch is installed on wet glue, it may be displaced from the center of the damage, and as a result, swelling may appear on the tire after repair. There may be several reasons for uneven drying of the glue:

thick glue
low air temperature
cold tire
too much glue
rough cleaning of the repair surface
hard brush that does not ensure uniform application of glue

Use heavy adhesives. To repair tires, leading manufacturers of consumables recommend using heavy adhesives made on the basis of more active solvents and therefore thicker and more durable, and are not afraid of overheating during use. ROSSVIK, Tip-Top and Maruni adhesives are heavy non-flammable adhesives with a specific gravity of 1.4. You can distinguish light flammable glue from heavy and heat-resistant glue by weight, packaging material (heavy glue is bottled only in metal cans) and the “flammable” symbol on the label. You should also remember that when switching to glue from another manufacturer, you need to find the correct drying mode.

Using old and dirty patches.

Be careful when installing patches that show signs of aging and handling. In places where your hands touch the chemical layer of the patch, a light film of sweat and grease is formed, which reduces the stickiness of the adhesive. To remove this film and “refresh” the chemical layer, you just need to coat the patch itself with glue before installation.

Using patches with a vulcanized chemical layer underneath.

All consumables for cold vulcanization should be stored in a dark place and at a temperature not exceeding 18°C. If the recommended temperature regime rapid aging and vulcanization of the chemical layer are possible. To check the condition of the adhesive layer, the product must be bent in half. The adhesive should stick together slightly and, after unbending, slightly “wiggle” at the bend. If there is any doubt about the suitability of the chemical layer, then such patches should be installed in only one step on the interlayer rubber, having previously been cleaned under the vulcanized chemical layer with a texture brush.

Stitching a cut with thread.

Often you have to listen to tire repairmen's arguments in favor of stitching a cut with threads. Some of them are really confident in the benefits of sewing, since it does not cause swelling on the tire after repair. We explain to them the root cause of the defect.

It should be noted that in 90% of cases, swelling appears when repairs are performed on a C-shaped vulcanizer. The heating elements of such a vulcanizer have a flat surface and weakly press the tire in the repair area, so when the vulcanizer is clamped, raw rubber penetrates through the cut and pushes its weakly compressed edges apart. As a result, the cut vulcanizes in the expanded state and after repair, a bulge forms in this place.

As a way out, we recommend carrying out repairs on a two-point Thermopress vulcanizer, which simply does not have such a problem, since the cut is already secured with adhesive before vulcanization, and the repair site is crimped evenly over the entire area of the profile pattern without deforming the tire frame.

Also, the quality of repair depends on the materials used. The Rossvik company occupies a well-deserved place in the Russian market of tire repair materials. The company was created in 1996 as a result of the merger of a tire welding enterprise and a network of tire repair shops. Since then, Rossvik specialists have been developing technologies and repair materials that meet difficult conditions Russian roads. Thousands of tire repair shops use Rossvik products every day.