How to treat the gastrointestinal tract: types of diseases and features of therapy. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT): diseases, symptoms and treatment Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract treatment

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are quite common health problems. We are talking about parts of the system, starting from the pharynx and pumping into the anus. The increase in the number of cases is explained by poor nutrition, unfavorable environmental conditions, and consumption of products containing unnatural ingredients. The older a person is, the higher the likelihood of developing any pathology of the digestive tract. After thirty years, every fourth person notices disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and experts say that pathologies of the digestive system occupy a leading place among general morbidity. Let's try to figure out what gastrointestinal diseases there are, symptoms and treatment of disorders.

Digestive tract and everything about it

From food we get the necessary components for an active and fulfilling life. The mineral and vitamin complex, proteins, fats and carbohydrates allow the entire body to fully exist and work harmoniously. The digestive system performs a number of important functions:

• in the digestive organs, food products are broken down, they are promoted and removed from the body - a motor-mechanical function;
• the production of the necessary chemical elements for the breakdown of incoming food occurs - secretory function;
• Nutrients and useful components are absorbed through the walls of the digestive organs - the suction function.

The digestive organs perform a very important job, so any failure in their functioning leads to disruption of the proper functioning of the entire body.

Causes of disturbances in the functioning of the digestive organs

Why do malfunctions occur in the functioning of one or another organ of the digestive tract?

There are several reasons that act as provoking factors:

If incomprehensible alarming symptoms occur, you should visit a specialist and undergo adequate treatment. If you ignore signs of trouble, severe and serious pathology may develop.

Symptoms of disorders in the digestive tract

The general symptoms of digestive disorders have been sufficiently studied. In each particular case, some symptoms appear more clearly, others are almost invisible. It all depends on the organ that is affected and the complexity of the disease. The most common symptoms of disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are the following:

1. Pain in the abdomen is the most common symptom of the disease; it manifests itself in gastric ulcers and colic. The localization of pain and the degree of its manifestation depends on the stage of the pathological process. If there is a perforated ulcer, the pain is very pronounced.
2. Belching is another specific symptom that indicates a problem in the digestive organs. Belching can be varied, with or without odor; a specialist can determine by the characteristics of the belched air which organ is suffering.
3. Heartburn occurs when stomach contents back up into the esophagus. This may be a manifestation of organic damage to the organ or excessive secretion activity.
4. Nausea and vomiting are a clear symptom of digestive pathology. Constant, mild nausea indicates gastritis, and vomiting may be a manifestation of an ulcer or stomach cancer.
5. Increased gas formation may be the result of a predominance in the diet of foods that include a large amount of fiber (beans, cabbage). If there are no errors in nutrition, we can assume insufficient coherence in the functioning of the pancreas, intestinal obstruction and dysbiosis.

The listed symptoms indicate pathology of the digestive organs, but there are some manifestations that can also be the result of problems in the digestive tract:

• feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
• aversion to certain foods or food in general;
• bitter taste in the mouth;
• the appearance of a white coating on the tongue;
• feeling of thirst;
• excessive salivation;
• systematic manifestation of diarrhea and constipation;
• causeless weight loss;
• weakness, loss of strength;
• pallor of the skin.

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The entire range of pathological symptoms is very dangerous to health and worsens a person’s quality of life. Failure to seek qualified help in a timely manner can provoke a worsening of the condition and the transition of the disease from the category of acute to chronic.

A little about pain in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Since pain is considered the most characteristic feature of gastrointestinal disease, the specialist will try to thoroughly find out all the information about its nature:

• nature of the pain - dull, sharp, pulling, burning, etc.;
• localization;
• intensity – whether there are periods of relief or continuous pain;
• duration - depends on the type of disease and can last from several minutes to several hours, disturbing for weeks;
• irradiation – where and how the pain radiates.

Specialists can identify the problematic organ by analyzing the nature of the painful manifestations:

• upper epigastrium – lower esophagus, stomach;
• on the right under the ribs - disease of the gallbladder, pancreas;
• on the left under the ribs – the stomach, pancreas;
• area of ​​the left scapula – gallbladder;
• between the shovels - the esophagus;
• pain radiates to the shoulder - spleen, stomach ulcer;
• groin - kidneys.

Classification of gastrointestinal problems

Numerous dysfunctions of the digestive tract organs can be divided into the following subtypes:

• infectious diseases;
• non-infectious diseases.

Based on the fact that it is in the gastrointestinal tract that suffers, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

• stomach;
• esophagus;
• all parts of the intestine;
• liver.

Pathological changes in the digestive system can be acquired or hereditary, and the course of the disease can be acute or chronic.

Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. The most common bacteria are:

• staphylococcus;
• salmonellosis;
• typhoid fever;
• cholera;
• botulism.

Such diseases are characterized by an acute onset and poor tolerance. The disease progresses very quickly, it is necessary to begin treatment immediately.

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The most popular pathologies of the digestive system

The most common diseases are the following health disorders:

1. Gastritis is a pathology that ranks first in terms of frequency of occurrence. This health disorder involves damage to the gastric mucosa. The Helicobacter bacterium causes this disease, and drinking alcohol, smoking and poor nutrition provoke the development of pathology.
2. Colitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Pathology may appear against the background of a bacterial infection. Ulcers of various sizes on the walls of the organ provoke intestinal bleeding, inflammation of the peritoneum, intestinal blockage, and malignant neoplasms.
3. Viral hepatitis is damage to the liver by various types of viruses.
4. Liver cirrhosis is a degeneration of organ cells that cannot be corrected and can cause the death of the patient.
5. Gastric and duodenal ulcers occur for many reasons. Damage to the integrity of the walls of an organ can cause conditions that are dangerous to health and vital functions.
6. Dysbacteriosis is the proliferation of pathogenic flora, as a result of which the amount of beneficial flora decreases.
7. Cholecystitis is an inflammatory process in the gallbladder that causes severe symptoms: nausea, pain, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth.
8. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas against the background of a large number of pathological symptoms.

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is much longer; only the most common ones are described.

Treatment of pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract

Only a doctor can tell you exactly how to influence the disease. You cannot ignore the disease or prescribe treatment on your own. Features of therapy depend on the specific organ being affected.

As a rule, there are a number of remedies that can have a positive effect on the course of the disease:

1. Dietary nutrition for diseases of the digestive system is the main requirement and allows you to normalize the condition. It is recommended to eat rationally, combining properly prepared and nutritious foods. Dishes should be prepared with minimal use of oil; steamed, boiled, and stewed foods should predominate. Some diseases have diametrically opposite conditions for treatment: for diarrhea, rice decoctions are recommended, and for constipation, rice is contraindicated. Fatty, spicy foods, fast food and processed foods are removed from the diet. Sweets, alcohol, coffee and strong tea are prohibited.
2. The specialist prescribes herbal preparations taking into account the disease.
3. Treatment with medications or alternative medicine prescriptions.
4. If necessary, surgical or physiotherapeutic treatment.

Regardless of the disease, you should eat small, fractional portions, ideally at the same time. You should carefully observe the drinking regime, excluding carbonated drinks. Best to use:

• steam dishes;
• low-fat broths;
• vegetable stew;
• porridge;
• puree.

Refusal of seasonings, sauces, mayonnaise, canned food and semi-finished products is mandatory.

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases

A person has the power to influence the situation and stabilize the condition. If the cause of the pathological condition is a violation of nutrition and general regime, you need to reconsider your lifestyle:

It is easier to avoid a serious illness than to waste time, effort and money on treatment. Do not be ill!

The human body is very dependent on the supply of essential substances from the external environment with food. The work of organs and systems has a good reserve, is capable of providing increased load for a long time, but is interrupted if the energy balance is not maintained. And calories are formed only as a result of complex biochemical processes.

Humans obtain “reagents” for synthesis from food products. The best medicines cannot replace the natural process of nutrition through the stomach and deliver the substances necessary for life.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are one of the first areas of therapy in ancient medical manuscripts, along with help for injuries. How to treat individual symptoms was taught even under Hippocrates and Avicenna.

Terms and classifications

The term “gastrointestinal tract” is very old, taken from anatomy. It implies and justifies its name - the stomach and intestines. More precisely, let's say - from the place of attachment of the esophagus to the anus. This means that only the pathology of these organs should be considered diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Modern knowledge about the digestive system has accumulated many facts about the inextricable connections between the work of the stomach, the causes of intestinal pathology and the functioning of other organs - the liver, gallbladder and ducts, and pancreas. Today's medical professionals more often use the term “diseases of the digestive system”; the old name refers to its expanded concept.

The International Statistical Classification has identified a separate class of diseases and calls it “Diseases of the digestive organs.” However, let us explain the features of statistical accounting. Gastrointestinal diseases in this group exclude the pathology that we are accustomed to attributing to digestive problems:

The list of diseases would be incomplete without congenital anomalies and defects (for example, achalasia of the esophagus)

Therefore, when territories report a stable state of gastrointestinal morbidity, they separately take into account the growth of viral hepatitis, outbreaks of intestinal infections, the danger of cancerous degeneration and identified new cases of neoplasms.

According to statistics published by the Ministry of Health, the number of gastrointestinal diseases has been trending downward in recent years. It firmly holds 4th–6th place in the total number after diseases of the respiratory system, genitourinary system, and skin (excluding injuries).

However, targeted studies and visits to medical institutions allow us to conclude that:

• up to 60% of the adult population suffer from digestive system disorders, and in large cities and metropolitan areas - up to 95%;
• among visits to therapists, gastrointestinal problems account for 37%;
• Men under 50 years of age suffer from peptic ulcers 3 times more often than women:
• ulcerative changes in the duodenum exceed those in the stomach by 8–10 times;
• the population remains insufficiently informed about the possibilities of early detection and timely diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the stomach and intestines.

Data from attending physicians indicate that 4.5–5% of people in the Russian Federation die annually from diseases of the digestive system. In the structure of cancer mortality, colorectal cancer ranks second, and stomach cancer ranks third.

Doctors of various specialties treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: therapists, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, infectious disease specialists, oncologists, surgeons.

What happens in the human digestive tract

The main functions of the digestive system are:

• motor-mechanical - allows you to crush, mix and move the food bolus along parts of the tract, remove toxins from the body;
• secretory - responsible for the chemical processing of food particles with the connection of various enzymes found in the juices of interested organs;
• suction - ensures the selection and assimilation of only the substances and liquids needed by the body from the contents.

In recent years, another importance of the digestive organs has been proven - participation in the synthesis of certain hormones and elements of the immune system. Diseases of the stomach and intestines are caused by a malfunction of one or more areas.

Of particular importance is the sufficient functioning of the duodenum, liver, and pancreas. According to their anatomical structure, these organs are very closely related to the gastrointestinal tract. Disruption of their work leads to dysfunction of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

The most important causes of gastrointestinal disorders

An important cause of diseases of the digestive system is poor nutrition. Main mistakes:

• long breaks in food intake - disrupt the reflex mechanism for the production of digestive juices, allowing significant concentrations of enzymes to accumulate in the stomach and intestines without food intake, which causes dangerous damage to one’s own mucous membrane;
• the predominance of fatty meat foods, fried and smoked dishes, hot seasonings and sauces - contributes to the failure of the formation and flow of bile into the intestines, congestion in the bladder and increases the risk of stone formation;
• excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages - has a direct toxic effect on liver cells, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, leads to increased consumption of enzymes, atrophic processes, contributes to atherosclerotic damage to blood vessels and impaired nutrition of the walls;
• consuming foods of contrasting temperatures is an excessive irritant to the stomach; the habit of very hot drinks plays a role in the occurrence of gastritis.

Passion for vegetarianism damages the supply of essential amino acids obtained only from animal proteins, and therefore the construction of the cell membranes of the digestive organs themselves

Toxic substances with a damaging effect on the gastrointestinal tract include:

• industrial contact with pesticides, alkalis, salts of heavy metals, concentrated acids, household and suicidal poisoning;
• medications of the antibiotic class, some antifungals, cytostatics, hormonal drugs;
• nicotine and drugs.

After treating the gastrointestinal tract with antibacterial agents, it is necessary to use additional agents that restore beneficial microflora. Infectious diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract are caused by: different strains of Escherichia coli, staphylo- and streptococci, enterococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, salmonella, shigella, hepatitis viruses, herpes, helminths (ascariasis), amoebas, echinococci, lamblia.

High infection of the population with Helicobacter is considered one of the factors in the spread of chronic inflammation of the stomach (gastritis).

The penetration of infection through the stomach and intestines, the creation of a comfortable environment for living and reproduction, is accompanied by damage to the entire body, a toxic effect on the brain, and cells of the hematopoietic system. As a rule, it is possible to cure such diseases only with specific agents that can specifically destroy the infectious agent.

Abdominal injuries and wounds disrupt the blood supply to internal organs, stomach, and intestines. Ischemia is accompanied by vascular thrombosis, necrotic manifestations with rupture of sections of the intestine. The negative effects of ecology and ionizing radiation are among the first to disrupt the functioning of the secreting cells of the glandular epithelium. During treatment with chemotherapy and irradiation of tumors of various locations, the liver, intestines and stomach suffer.

Heredity among members of the same family is expressed in a predisposition to gene mutations when encountering risk factors, which is expressed in structural anomalies, functional underdevelopment, and high sensitivity to other causes.

Ecological troubles in nature affect the stomach and intestines through low quality drinking water, increased intake of pesticides and nitrates from vegetables, and antibiotics, hormones, and harmful preservatives from meat products.

An irresistible stress load on a person can lead to digestive disorders. The spread of pathology of the endocrine organs due to diabetes mellitus, diseases of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands disrupts the regulation of the secretion of juices and enzymes.

Great importance is attached to violations of hygienic skills, sanitary illiteracy of children and adults, non-compliance with the rules of culinary processing and storage of food

What gastrointestinal diseases do people encounter most often?

Of the diseases caused by pathology of the stomach and intestines, the following pathologies should be noted as the most common diseases of inflammatory origin.

Gastritis

inflammation proceeds from a more favorable superficial one, to the formation of erosions and atrophy of the inner membrane, very different with high and low acidity, and dyspepsia is sure to occur.

Impaired motor function of the muscular layer of the stomach and sphincters

When the upper cardiac sphincter is weakened, the formation of gastroesophageal reflux disease with reverse reflux of acidic contents and damage to the esophagus is possible. If the contractility of the pyloric part changes, then pylorospasm or reflux of bile from the duodenum appears. This is how biliary reflux gastritis is formed.

Duodenitis

Duodenums, usually a complement and continuation of gastritis, somewhat change the nature of the symptoms. The pain becomes “late”, 1.5–2 hours after eating, and there is an admixture of bile in the vomit.

Gastroenteritis

The general name for diseases of the stomach and intestines, most often caused by infectious genesis, poisoning with low-quality products. They occur acutely with high fever, nausea and vomiting, pain of various localizations, and diarrhea. Children experience a dangerous symptom - dehydration.

Enterocolitis

Infectious and non-infectious lesions of the intestinal mucosa, possible manifestations of dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera. Patients are bothered by spastic pain in the left or right half of the abdomen, false urge to go to the toilet (tenesmus), and fever. The whole body suffers from intoxication.

Appendicitis

Local inflammation of the appendix has its own symptoms, but always requires differential diagnosis due to the anatomical features of the location.

Haemorrhoids

A disease of the rectal veins that affects the majority of the adult population. In origin, a tendency to constipation, sedentary work, and difficult childbirth in women are important. It manifests itself as severe pain in the anus, itching of the skin, and bleeding during bowel movements. Lack of treatment leads to the transfer of inflammation from dilated veins to nearby tissues, pinching of venous nodes, formation of cracks in the rectal mucosa, and cancer.

Dysbacteriosis

It is not considered an independent disease, but due to the nature of digestive disorders, the condition requires correction, additional therapy and special examination of stool for intestinal flora. It can be caused either by inflammation or by medications.

A decrease in the proportion of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli contributes to disruption of food digestion and activates opportunistic bacteria. Prolonged diarrhea is especially difficult for young children.

Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

Persistent painful symptoms, seasonality and damage to the mucous membrane up to the muscular layer; signs of bleeding are found in the stool. Severe complications are possible in the form of perforation of the ulcer into the abdominal cavity or neighboring organs. They manifest themselves as dagger pains and the patient’s state of shock.

Neoplasms of different localization

This includes polypous growths and cancer. Tumors form under the influence and against the background of various gastroenterological diseases. It is known that colorectal cancer is transformed from colon polyps, stomach cancer from atrophic gastritis.

If the tumor grows inward, then manifestations are detected by a mechanical obstruction to the movement of feces (constipation). With external growth (exophytic), symptoms are not detected for a long time or have general intestinal manifestations (vague pain, unstable stool).

Quite rare gastrointestinal diseases include:

• Crohn's disease is a severe lesion of the entire digestive “tube” from the oral cavity to the rectum, in half of the cases - the ileum and rectum, and is classified as a hereditary autoimmune pathology in origin. The exact reason is unknown. Granulomatous growths grow throughout the entire thickness of the intestinal wall. The clinical manifestations are characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and prolonged fever. It occurs as inflammation, spasm or perforation with the formation of fistula tracts.
• Whipple's disease- affects mainly men, is considered an infectious disease (the causative bacterium has been isolated), but researchers emphasize the role of an excessive perverted reaction of the immune system. It manifests itself as prolonged diarrhea, fever and general symptoms (joint pain, damage to the skin, heart, eyes, hearing, neurological signs).

In a hiatal hernia, a protrusion into the chest cavity forms the esophagus and the upper edge of the stomach

The role of esophageal pathology

On the one hand, the esophagus is considered in the gastrointestinal tract simply as a connecting tube from the mouth to the stomach, so the condition of the muscle base for “pushing” food matters. But on the other hand, the connection with the stomach causes changes in the mucous membrane in the lower sections and leads to local disease. The most frequently identified pathologies are those described below.

Esophagitis - inflammation with painful swallowing of liquid and solid food, a burning sensation in the epigastric region, heartburn, belching. The culprit is reflux of acid from the stomach. In severe cases, the disease is called gastroesophageal reflux.

Hiatal hernia - pathology caused by a violation of the localization of the esophagus, displacement of the lower border, protrusion of the diaphragm from the esophageal opening. The disease can be inherited or formed as a result of long-term inflammatory processes in the esophagus and stomach. The main manifestation is reflux of food into the esophagus with heartburn, belching, pain, bloody vomiting, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment is surgical only.

Barrett's esophagus is the leading cause of esophageal ademocarcinoma. It is detected by fibrogastroscopy after examining a biopsy specimen. A sign such as prolonged heartburn is the reason for mandatory examination. Typical detection is the growth of squamous epithelial tissue in place of the esophagus.

If detected, the affected areas are removed using a laser beam. It is still possible to prevent cancerous transformation.

Ulcerative non-infectious colitis of autoimmune etiology is attracting increasing attention due to its spread among children and adults

Serious secondary disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by:

• viral and non-infectious hepatitis;
• cirrhosis with liver and kidney failure;
• diseases of the pancreas from functional disorders to pancreatitis and cancer;
• cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases

Therapy of digestive diseases requires taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms of the occurrence of disorders. It is most correct to treat the gastrointestinal tract according to clinical syndromes.

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia syndrome includes subjective symptoms. It is customary to distinguish between the gastric and intestinal types. Most stomach diseases are characterized by:

• pain in the epigastric region of varying intensity, but always associated in time with food intake;
• feeling of fullness in the stomach;
• heartburn;
• nausea and vomiting;
• belching;
• loss of appetite.

The combination of these symptoms depends on the nature of the disease, the stage of the process and the degree of functional impairment

So, according to the set of symptoms, dyspepsia is divided:

• for reflux - manifested by a burning sensation behind the sternum, belching, heartburn, difficulty swallowing;
• ulcer-like - the patient experiences intermittent “hungry” pain, worsening may occur at night (late pain);
• dyskinetic - patients complain of heaviness in the epigastrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting;
• systemic - characterized by bloating, rumbling in the intestines, stool disorders, possible painful spasms.

Dyspepsia of the human intestinal tract is accompanied by: flatulence, transfusion and rumbling in the intestines, spastic or bursting pain in the abdomen without constant localization, unstable stool. Symptoms occur when the function of the stomach and intestines is impaired. Observed in hypoacid gastritis, enterocolitis, tumors, adhesions, chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis.

Signs of intestinal dyspepsia are constant, not related to feeding, more intense in the afternoon, and usually subside by night. They intensify when consuming dairy products and vegetables high in fiber (cabbage, beets). Patients attribute improvement in their condition to defecation and release of gases.

Hyperacid syndrome

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease with increased acidity of gastric juice appear with gastritis, duodenitis, peptic ulcers, and are typical for heavy smokers. An increased concentration of hydrochloric acid is associated with increased secretion, insufficient neutralization, and delayed evacuation of stomach contents into the duodenum.

Hyperacidity of the stomach is distinguished by the following symptoms:

• heartburn on an empty stomach, after eating, at night;
• belching sour;
• increased appetite;
• vomiting of sour contents;
• pain in the epigastrium and right hypochondrium, “hungry”, late at night;
• tendency to constipation due to spasm of the pylorus and slower evacuation of food masses.

Hypoacid syndrome

Occurs when the acidity of gastric juice decreases. It is observed with stomach ulcers, atrophic gastritis, cancer, gastrointestinal infections, chronic cholecystitis, anemia, and general exhaustion. Signs of hypoacidity:

• poor appetite (in severe cases, weight loss);
• intolerance to certain foods;
• nausea;
• flatulence;
• “hungry” pain in the stomach;
• diarrhea (the pyloric opening is constantly gaping, so the intestinal mucosa is irritated by undigested food).

The nature of the pain is different (spastic or bursting)

Enteral and colitic insufficiency syndrome

Manifested by intestinal and general symptoms. Intestinal symptoms include: pain around the navel 3-4 hours after eating, dyspepsia and dysbacteriosis. The stool is loose, foamy, foul-smelling several times a day, or constipation with atony in old age.

Common symptoms include:

• weight loss due to increased appetite;
• fatigue, insomnia, irritability;
• skin manifestations (dryness, peeling, brittle nails, hair loss);
• iron deficiency conditions, anemia;
• hypovitaminosis with bleeding gums, stomatitis, blurred vision, petechial rash (lack of vitamins C, B2, PP, K).

General principles of treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

Treatment of the stomach and intestines cannot be done without following a single regimen, which necessarily includes diet, exercise therapy and physiotherapy outside the acute stage, if the symptoms and examination results do not raise concerns about cancerous degeneration.

Basic menu requirements:

• Regardless of the nature of the pathology of the stomach or intestines, meals should be taken in small portions 5–6 times a day;
• all irritants to the mucous membrane are excluded (alcohol, carbonated water, strong tea and coffee, fried and fatty foods, canned food, smoked foods and pickles);
• the selection of a diet is carried out taking into account the type of gastric secretion of a particular patient; in an anacid state, stimulating dishes are allowed, in a hyperacid state they are prohibited;
• in the first week of exacerbation, crushed, pureed food, liquid porridge with water are recommended;
• expansion of the diet depends on the results of treatment of the stomach and intestines, and the patient’s well-being;
• the possibility of consuming dairy products is decided individually;
• It is necessary to prepare food in stewed, boiled and steamed form.

Dyskinesia and functional disorders of the stomach and intestines can be effectively relieved by physical therapy

Drug treatment

Upon receipt of a conclusion about the presence of Helicobacter in the stomach, a course of eradication with antibiotics and bismuth preparations is recommended. Its effectiveness is monitored by repeated studies.
To support the secretory function of the stomach, drugs such as Pepsin, gastric juice, and Plantaglucid are used.

With increased acidity, gastric secretion blockers (proton pump inhibitors) and enveloping agents (Almagel, Denol, Hefal) are needed. To relieve pain, antispasmodics (No-Shpa, Platyfillin) are prescribed. Cerucal helps with hypotonic damage to the stomach and intestines, relieves nausea, vomiting, and activates peristalsis.

To stimulate healing for stomach ulcers, Riboxin, Gastrofarm, Solcoseryl, and anabolic hormones are used. In case of chronic damage to the intestines and stomach with symptoms of vitamin deficiency and anemia, injections of vitamins and iron supplements are prescribed.

Moderate signs of bleeding indicate the involvement of a small-diameter vessel in the process; general anti-inflammatory therapy helps in eliminating it. In case of bloody vomiting and black stools with symptoms of blood loss and signs of obstruction, surgery with resection of the damaged part of the stomach or intestine is necessary.

Cancerous changes are treated with courses of chemotherapy and radiation. The extent of surgical intervention depends on the stage. Physiotherapeutic procedures can improve the regeneration of the epithelium of the stomach and intestines, relieve hypertension, and normalize motility.

For this we use:

• electrophoresis with the introduction of the necessary drug from the active electrode;
• diadynamic currents;
• phonophoresis.

Spa treatment with water and mud applications from natural sources helps to achieve long-term remission.

Phytotherapy

Treatment with herbal remedies should be used after the acute symptoms of inflammation of the intestines and stomach have been eliminated. Decoctions of chamomile, yarrow, calendula, oak bark, and plantain have anti-inflammatory properties.

The enveloping effect on the stomach of oatmeal jelly and flaxseed decoction is beneficial

Diseases of the stomach and intestines are treated by specialists from clinics. Oncologists consider it necessary, for the purpose of early diagnosis of cancer, to conduct ultrasound examination and esophagogastroduodenoscopy for all persons over 40 years of age, even if there are no symptoms.

And if there are complaints about bowel function, try to examine the patient using colorectoscopy. This study is still less accessible and is carried out in specialized hospitals or private clinics. But a timely diagnosis is worth the cost.

Gastrointestinal diseases are very common. Every adult has more than once encountered such manifestations as heaviness in the stomach, pain, and indigestion. Most often, doctors diagnose gastritis, esophagitis, enteritis, and less often - hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Contents [Show]

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process localized on the gastric mucosa that occurs against a background of poor nutrition, smoking, drug and alcohol abuse. All these factors contribute to the thinning of the upper layer of cells in the walls of the stomach; as a result, small erosions and ulcers form on them under the influence of hydrochloric acid contained in the gastric juice. It is known that another common cause of gastritis is the entry of a microorganism into the human stomach - Helicobacter pylori. However, its role in the development of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer has not been fully established.

Acute gastritis is manifested by pain and heaviness in the epigastric region, nausea, sometimes vomiting and dizziness. In some cases, gastritis occurs without the presence of pronounced symptoms. A person may experience minor abdominal pain, heaviness and bloating a few minutes after eating. Sometimes heartburn and belching with an unpleasant odor appear. The mucous membrane of the stomach remains inflamed, erosions on it grow and can involve its deeper layers, which gradually leads to the appearance of ulcers. Chronic gastritis occurs without any symptoms, reminiscent of periods of exacerbation associated with deteriorating nutrition, frequent stress, etc. The basis of treatment in this case is diet. If, upon diagnosis of the disease, it is determined that the cause of its occurrence is bacteria, the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics. For severe pain in the stomach, the use of drugs that relieve spasms and eliminate pain is also indicated.

Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the walls of the esophagus that occurs as a result of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, reflux of stomach contents into it, or physical damage (for example, in the case of an FGDS procedure). In some cases, the disease occurs without any noticeable symptoms. Their manifestation in a particular case depends on the degree of damage to the organ. A severe form of esophagitis occurs with impaired swallowing function, increased salivation, frequent burning pain in the chest, heartburn and belching. The extreme state of the disease is vomiting with blood. If it appears, you should immediately call an ambulance. The chronic form of esophagitis is accompanied by frequent heartburn, which worsens after eating and drinking carbonated water, sour belching, and moderate pain in the chest area. In the acute form of the disease, treatment with antacids and drugs that coat the mucous membrane of the esophagus is prescribed. Fast healing of damage to the esophagus is facilitated by a two-day refusal to eat. These days it is recommended to consume only low-fat light broths, liquid cereals, and dairy products. Chronic esophagitis is treated with drugs that increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce gastric acidity. In each individual case, a therapeutic diet is prescribed.

Enteritis

Enteritis is an inflammatory process localized in the walls of the small intestine. The cause of such inflammation can be: intoxication of the body, entry into the intestines of protozoa, viruses, bacteria and helminths, irritation of its walls with various chemicals. The risk group includes people with bad habits, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the digestive system, and those who have undergone surgical interventions on the epigastric region. Symptoms of acute enteritis are: sudden pain in the lower abdomen, upset stool, vomiting, pale skin, bloating and rumbling. Some patients experience an increase in temperature. In the case of a chronic course of the disease, the following may be observed: flatulence, minor abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea. Stool in chronic enteritis is usually constantly disturbed. It may contain remnants of undigested food. Disruption of the intestines leads to exhaustion of the body, lack of nutrients, minerals, and proteins. Against this background, there is a sharp loss of body weight, and dystrophy may develop. In case of acute enteritis, the patient is placed in a hospital setting, he is prescribed a diet, plenty of fluids, vitamins and anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal walls also requires following a diet, avoiding all fatty, spicy and fried foods. To prevent exacerbations of the disease, enveloping, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic drugs can be prescribed.

Hiatal hernia

Hiatal hernia is a chronic pathology expressed by displacement of the lower esophagus into the chest area through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. This disease can be inherited, and also occur during life against the background of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, certain operations on this area, weakening of the muscles of the esophagus, or aging. Hiatal hernia in almost all cases is accompanied by reflux - the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. This is associated with the appearance of symptoms such as belching, heartburn, cramps, abdominal pain, bloating, and increased gas formation. The appearance of some signs (vomiting blood, difficulty breathing and swallowing food, severe pain in the center of the abdomen) indicates the development of complications and requires seeking medical help. Complete relief from the disease is only possible through surgical removal of the hernia. This treatment is indicated in case of frequent pain, heartburn, and also in the presence of complications. In other cases, the specialist prescribes a special diet; minor rare pains can be relieved with painkillers.

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus refers to the replacement of healthy esophageal tissue with squamous epithelium. This pathology occurs against the background of the development of gastroesophageal reflux and can become the main cause of the formation of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Its main symptom, heartburn, is characteristic of all diseases of the digestive system. You can find out about the presence of this particular disease by undergoing a complete examination of the esophagus. In most cases, a tissue biopsy will be required. The goal of treatment is to prevent the development of pathology and its transformation into cancer. Medicines prescribed for the presence of Barrett's esophagus include: proton pump inhibitors, antacids. Significant changes in organ cells require surgical intervention. Precancerous tissue can be removed using a surgeon's scalpel or laser. Timely treatment of gastroesophageal reflux allows you to avoid such complications as Barrett's esophagus, and, accordingly, its transformation into a life-threatening disease.

Ulcer

An ulcer is a chronic disease in which defects of various sizes appear on the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum, gradually progress and invade the deep tissues of the organ. Peptic ulcer disease often develops against the background of existing gastritis, poor diet, stress, drug treatment, etc. The disease is in some cases asymptomatic, in some cases with periods of exacerbation from one to three times a year. The main symptom of a peptic ulcer is prolonged dull pain in the stomach, frequent heartburn, and intolerance to fatty foods. The pain may last for several years. In the absence of proper attention to this symptom, the ulcer perforates, that is, it ruptures. This condition requires immediate surgery. The goal of treating the disease is to eliminate existing defects in the mucous membrane. This is achieved with the help of antibiotics, enveloping, anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs that reduce stomach acidity. People who often experience symptoms of peptic ulcer disease are advised to be careful about their diet and stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

Medical statistics note that in recent decades, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract have taken a leading place in the list of diseases. Experts confirm that the majority of city residents suffer from eating disorders to one degree or another.

The modern rhythm of life, full of constant stress, poor ecology, unhealthy and irrational nutrition lead to the fact that by the age of 30, every fourth person has a history of one of the gastrointestinal diseases. Which of them are the most common, what is the cause of pathological conditions and how to deal with diseases of the digestive tract?

More about the human digestive tract

Everyone knows that a person cannot live without food; with it, he receives the proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and microelements necessary for the life of the body. They are a source of energy and the main building material for new cells. And the human gastrointestinal tract helps to obtain this energy from incoming products.

1. The main function of the digestive system is motor-mechanical, ensuring the breakdown of food, its movement through the intestines and removal from the body.
2. The secretory function is responsible for the production of enzymes, bile and gastric juices necessary for proper and complete digestion.
3. The suction function helps the body absorb fluids and essential nutrients.

The digestive system itself consists of the following main sections: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. Next come the lower sections: small and large intestines, rectum. Each of these departments performs a specific function in processing and assimilating incoming food.

Under the influence of unfavorable factors, disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract occur, leading to various diseases. What causes most often become the trigger of diseases?

Causes of intestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system can be caused by the following factors:

The list of unfavorable factors is quite extensive and the risk of developing pathology of the digestive system is high for every person. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the slightest signs of trouble in order to avoid the development of serious and dangerous diseases. What symptoms should you look out for?

Symptoms of intestinal diseases

The main symptoms of intestinal diseases are known to many. But the nature of the manifestations in each case is individual, and the severity of the symptoms depends on the affected organ and the stage of the disease.

• Stomach ache– the most common symptom of diseases of the digestive tract. They can occur with a stomach ulcer, intestinal or hepatic colic, be aching or cramping in nature and radiate to various parts of the body. With a perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, when the peritoneum and its nerve endings are involved in the pathological process, constant sharp pain with a clear localization appears. Severe pain syndrome accompanies acute appendicitis, strangulated hernia and other pathologies.
• Belching. The appearance of repeated belching indicates functional disorders of the stomach and is most often associated with a decrease in the tone of the cardiac sphincter or gas entering the esophagus. Belching with the smell of rotten eggs indicates a pathological retention of food masses in the stomach, and belching with air or sour stomach contents indicates a disruption in the digestion process.
• Heartburn. It is felt as a burning sensation in the lower part of the esophagus, and is associated with the reflux of stomach contents into it. Typically, the appearance of this symptom does not depend on the level of acidity of the stomach, but indicates its organic damage and excessive secretion. With a peptic ulcer, heartburn may be accompanied by painful sensations, and its intensification in the supine position indicates the formation of a diaphragmatic hernia.
• Nausea and vomiting. Most often, these manifestations occur in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Constant moderate nausea may be a sign of chronic gastritis with low acidity. The appearance of such a formidable symptom as bloody vomiting will indicate an ulcer or stomach cancer.
• Flatulence, bloating. It develops in cases where the diet is dominated by foods containing coarse fiber (cabbage, legumes, black bread) and forming a large amount of gases during digestion. In addition, flatulence is accompanied by pathological conditions such as pancreatic secretory insufficiency, dysbacteriosis, and intestinal obstruction.

In addition to these main symptoms, there are a number of characteristic signs indicating damage to the digestive system:

• Discomfort, feeling of fullness and heaviness in the abdomen for a long time
• Bitterness in the mouth, lack of appetite or aversion to food (especially meat)
• Bad breath, white coating on the tongue
• Increased salivation or constant thirst
• Prolonged stool disorder with alternating diarrhea and constipation
• The appearance of bloody discharge from the rectum
• Sharp loss of body weight
• Manifestations of anemia (weakness, pallor, dizziness)

Most of these symptoms do not pose a great danger, but significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life and affect his ability to work. If you ignore the symptoms and seek medical help late, diseases of the digestive system become chronic, and their exacerbation can have serious consequences for the patient.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

All diseases of the digestive tract, according to the nature of their origin, are divided into two large groups:

1. Infectious
2. Non-infectious

Based on the localization of the pathological process, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

• Stomach
• Esophagus
• Intestines (small and large)
• Biliary tract
• Liver

In addition, gastrointestinal diseases can be acquired and hereditary, acute and chronic.

Acute intestinal diseases They are mainly of a bacterial-infectious nature and develop against the background of poisoning, allergic reactions or certain pathological conditions (viral hepatitis, esophagitis).

Chronic inflammatory processes, such as gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, develop against the background of prolonged dietary disturbances and consumption of low-quality and harmful products. Moreover, such chronic diseases rarely occur in isolation; in most cases, the entire digestive tract is involved in the inflammatory process. Let's take a closer look at the most common pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.

A short list of the most common gastrointestinal diseases:

• Gastritis of various etiologies. The most common pathology in which the mucous membrane of the stomach walls is damaged. It occurs as a result of exposure to a specific bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Along with this, provoking factors are alcoholism, smoking, stress, and dietary errors.
• Colitis. The disease is inflammatory in nature and is localized in the mucous membrane of the large intestine. It occurs against the background of a bacterial infection; the disease can be triggered by pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci). Nonspecific ulcerative colitis (UC) affects the intestines and is manifested by characteristic ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the organ. Such ulcerative lesions can cause serious complications: intestinal bleeding and obstruction, peritonitis, and malignant formations.
• Viral hepatitis. A group of dangerous infectious diseases caused by various viruses and affecting the liver.
• Cirrhosis of the liver. A deadly chronic disease characterized by widespread damage to liver cells.
• Stomach and duodenal ulcers. When organs are damaged, tissue integrity is damaged, an ulcer is formed, and life-threatening complications can develop as a result of the pathological process.
• Dysbacteriosis. A condition in which a change in the normal composition of the intestinal microflora occurs, resulting in disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system.
• Cholecystitis. An inflammatory disease in which the gallbladder is affected, and characteristic symptoms occur: pain, nausea, bitterness in the mouth, defecation disorders, dyspepsia.
• Pancreatitis. An inflammatory disease of the pancreas, accompanied by pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and other characteristic manifestations.
• Cystitis. A common disease resulting from inflammation of the bladder mucosa. This pathology mainly affects representatives of the weaker sex.
• Haemorrhoids. An inflammatory disease associated with pathological dilation of the rectal veins and the formation of painful hemorrhoids.
• Appendicitis. An inflammatory process affecting the vermiform appendix of the cecum. Symptoms of the disease depend on the form in which the pathology manifests itself: acute or chronic.

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is quite extensive and the above ailments make up only a small part of them. Treatment of intestinal diseases requires a competent approach, correct and timely diagnosis and timely consultation with a doctor if unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases

To diagnose diseases of the digestive system, physical and instrumental examination methods are used.

Physical examination

To begin with, the doctor will interview the patient, collect anamnesis, and ask about complaints, well-being, diet, heredity, and the presence of chronic diseases. Then he will begin to examine the patient using diagnostic methods such as palpation, auscultation and percussion.

1. Palpation involves palpating internal organs through the abdominal cavity. The method is based on tactile sensations and allows your fingers to explore the position of organs, their shape, consistency, mobility and pain.
2. Auscultation- This is listening to internal organs using a phonendoscope or stethoscope.
3. Percussion– a method that allows, by tapping on various parts of the body, to determine the physical condition and topography of internal organs.

Instrumental examination

The basis of many gastrointestinal diseases is a violation of the secretion and motor activity of various parts of the digestive tract. Therefore, in the first place are methods for studying the acidity of gastric juice, such as intragastric, daily and endoscopic pH-metry.

To study gastrointestinal motility, manometry and gastrography methods are used. In order to visually examine the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, endoscopic methods are used.

If it is necessary to examine the internal organ as a whole to identify pathological defects, fluoroscopy, laparoscopy, and MRI methods are used ( magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) and ultrasound (ultrasound). In some cases, diagnostics are carried out using radioactive substances (scintigraphy).

In addition, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, histological examination of tissue samples taken by biopsy is carried out, and cytological and microbiological studies are carried out.

Treatment of intestinal diseases

Therapy for intestinal diseases begins after a thorough examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The course of treatment will depend on the specific disease, the stage of its development, the general condition and well-being of the patient. In most cases, conservative drug therapy methods are used. In some acute cases, there is a need for surgical intervention.

The treatment of gastrointestinal diseases is carried out by a therapist or gastroenterologist. If any adverse symptoms associated with the digestive system occur, it is important to promptly seek medical help and establish a diagnosis. It is unacceptable to self-medicate and postpone a visit to the doctor; this can result in serious complications or conditions that threaten the patient’s life.

Treatment tactics in each specific case will be selected individually, based on the examination results. In combination with drug therapy, many people use folk remedies: decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants. They provide a good therapeutic effect, but they can only be used after consultation with the attending physician and under his supervision.

Gastrointestinal diseases in children

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of diseases of the digestive system in children. Many factors contribute to this:

1. bad ecology,
2. unbalanced diet,
3. heredity.

Much-loved sweets and confectionery with a high content of preservatives and artificial colors, fast food, and carbonated drinks cause great harm to children's bodies. The role of allergic reactions, neuropsychic factors, and neuroses is increasing. Doctors note that intestinal diseases in children have two age peaks: at 5-6 years and at 9-11 years. The main pathological conditions are:

• Constipation, diarrhea
• Chronic and acute gastritis and gastroenteritis
• Chronic duodenitis
• Chronic enterocolitis
• Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
• Chronic cholecystitis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Diseases of the biliary tract
• Chronic and acute hepatitis

The insufficient ability of the child’s body to resist infections plays a great role in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal diseases, since the child’s immunity is still weak. The formation of immunity is greatly influenced by proper feeding in the first months of life.

The best option is breast milk, which transfers protective bodies from mother to child, increasing the ability to resist various infections. Children fed with artificial formula are more often susceptible to various diseases and have weakened immunity. The cause of disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system can be irregular feeding or overfeeding of the child, early introduction of complementary foods, and failure to comply with hygiene standards.

A separate group consists of acute intestinal diseases in children (dysentery, salmonellosis). Their main clinical manifestations are dyspeptic disorders, dehydration (dehydration) of the body and symptoms of intoxication. Such manifestations are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization of the sick child.

Intestinal infections are especially often diagnosed in childhood, this is due to the imperfection of protective mechanisms, the physiological characteristics of the digestive organs and the lack of sanitary and hygienic skills in children. Acute intestinal infections have a particularly negative effect on young children and can lead to a significant decrease in immunity, delayed physical development, and complications.

Their onset is accompanied by characteristic symptoms: a sharp increase in temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite. The child becomes restless, or, on the contrary, lethargic and inhibited. The clinical picture largely depends on which parts of the intestine are affected. In any case, the child needs emergency medical care and antibacterial therapy.

The treatment of diseases of the digestive system in children is carried out by a pediatric gastroenterologist; it is he who should be contacted if unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diet and nutritional habits for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal diseases are so different that it is impossible to give any specific recommendations suitable for all patients without exception. The diet is adjusted in each specific case by the doctor individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the patient and his diagnosis. We can only consider the principles of a healthy diet, which all patients suffering from pathologies of the digestive system must follow.

Diet for intestinal diseases involves split meals, in small portions, this allows you not to overload the stomach and prevent overeating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day, preferably at the same time. Compliance with the drinking regime is mandatory. The patient should drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid per day in the form of water, juices, compotes, weak tea (preferably herbal or green). Carbonated drinks are excluded.

Food should be as gentle as possible, not irritating the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. It is preferable to use:

• porridge cooked in water,
• low-fat meat and fish broths,
• omelettes,
• puree,
• souffle.

It is better to cook meat in the form of cutlets, meatballs, and quenelles. It is better to boil, bake or steam all foods; fried foods should be avoided. The temperature regime should be observed when serving ready-made dishes. Don't eat too hot or cold food. Dishes must be served warm.

It is better to boil or puree vegetables; fruits can be grated or baked (baked apples). Vegetables with coarse fiber, which cause fermentation processes in the stomach and excessive gas formation, are not recommended to be consumed. These are cabbage, all types of legumes, radishes, corn, radishes, turnips.

You should limit or minimize the consumption of flour and confectionery products, sweets, strong coffee, tea, and avoid fast food. It is strictly forbidden to consume alcohol, fatty, fried, salty, spicy, pickled foods. It is better to exclude from the diet:

• seasonings,
• sauces,
• semi-finished products
• canned food and all other products containing artificial colors and preservatives.

Food should be fresh, easily digestible and contribute to the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract. The less refined food there is in the diet, and the more products containing fiber and dietary fiber, the better the functioning of the digestive system will be.

Prevention

Prevention of intestinal diseases primarily includes measures to ensure a balanced and healthy diet. Observe personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when preparing food. This will protect you from foodborne infections.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose the right methods of heat treatment of foods (cooking, stewing). Eat small meals, do not overeat, give up on-the-go snacks and fast food. Nutrition should be balanced and varied, with the correct ratio of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins).

Try to move more, lead an active lifestyle, play sports, walk more, do feasible physical exercises, run, swim.

Fight stress and psychological tension, for this you can take natural sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

If any adverse symptoms associated with the functioning of the digestive tract occur, promptly seek medical help and do not self-medicate. This is the only way to avoid the disease becoming chronic and achieve recovery.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) are among the most common human diseases. They occur in all age groups, in both men and women. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be acute or chronic. The wide spread of such diseases is associated with nutritional disorders of modern man, frequent stress, and poor environmental conditions.

Symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are varied and depend on the location of the pathological process. Analysis of the symptoms accompanying the disease allows the doctor to diagnose the disease and determine the nature of treatment.

Main symptoms

Let's look at the most common symptoms of digestive diseases.

Vomit

Rejection of stomach contents is usually a protective reaction of the body, which is trying to cleanse itself of the destructive effects of toxins. Among the main causes of vomiting in gastrointestinal diseases are:

• poisoning;
• acute gastritis - vomiting occurs immediately after eating;
• peptic ulcers - there may be blood and mucus in the vomit;
• hemorrhages of the vessels of the stomach or esophagus - the presence of blood in the vomit;
• intestinal obstruction - vomiting is fetid and accompanied by pain in the abdomen;
• pancreatitis - vomiting occurs after eating, accompanied by cramps.

Nausea and vomiting are frequent companions of toxicosis in early pregnancy. Unlike poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy is not accompanied by diarrhea, cramps and abdominal pain.

Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Most often, diarrhea occurs with intestinal dysbiosis, acute intestinal infections, and chronic diseases of the digestive system. With dysentery and salmonellosis, an admixture of blood and mucus is observed in the stool. Diarrhea can become a permanent symptom of inflammation of the small and large intestines, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea leads to severe dehydration, which is especially dangerous for older people and children.

Pain

Pain in gastrointestinal pathologies can be of varying degrees of intensity and of a different nature. Constant aching pain in the stomach area is characteristic of chronic gastritis. With an ulcer, the pain is more intense and usually occurs as a reaction to eating. Intense sharp and stabbing pain may indicate gallstone disease.

Important! When diagnosing, pay attention to the location of the pain. Discomfort in the navel area is a signal of intestinal dysfunction, hepatitis causes pain in the right side, and inflammation of the large intestine in the left.

Diseases of the pancreas are characterized by acute pain in the left hypochondrium. Kidney pathologies cause acute paroxysmal pain. Very severe pain radiating to the right arm, shoulder and right collarbone is one of the main symptoms of inflammation of the gallbladder wall.

Pain in the liver area may not be strong, but aching in nature. Often patients ignore such pain for a long time, considering it a manifestation of fatigue or tension. Liver diseases cause jaundice, itchy skin, and an increase in the size of the abdomen.

Constipation

Constipation is the absence of bowel movements for more than three days. It can occur with the following diseases:

• irritable bowel syndrome;
• Hirschsprung's disease;
• paraproctitis;
• dysbacteriosis;
• peptic ulcers;
• chronic pancreatitis.

Nausea

An unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region is accompanied by weakness, increased salivation, pale skin and often precedes vomiting. This is one of the most common signs of gastrointestinal diseases.

The symptom is typical for:

• intestinal obstruction;
• gastritis, peptic ulcer;
• intestinal inflammation;
• infectious diseases (for example, helminthiasis);
• hepatitis, liver cirrhosis;
• the presence of a foreign body in the stomach or intestines;
• food poisoning.

Nausea and vomiting can be side effects of certain medications.

Colic

Flatulence

Bloating occurs as a result of impaired motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. A feeling of heaviness occurs with pancreatitis, colitis, peritonitis, adhesions and tumors, Crohn's disease, liver cirrhosis, dysbiosis, cholecystitis.

Flatulence in infants often indicates intolerance to certain nutrients (lactose, maltose).

Belching

Belching air occurs when you swallow air intensively while eating. The sour, bitter and even putrid taste of belching is a signal of increased production of pancreatic juice, excess bile and stagnation in the stomach. Belching indicates dysfunction of the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, small and large intestines.

Heartburn

A feeling of discomfort and burning in the pit of the stomach that occurs after eating spicy and rich food. Heartburn and sour belching are symptoms of gastritis, gastric ulcer, inflammation of the duodenum, cholecystitis.

Heartburn is common in obese people because the pressure of excess fat in the abdominal cavity pushes stomach contents into the stomach.

Heat

An increase in body temperature, not accompanied by other signs of a cold, may indicate intestinal infections, liver and kidney tumors, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis.

In addition to the main symptoms, there are also other characteristic signs of damage to the digestive system:

• unpleasant taste in the mouth;
• bowel disorders (alternating diarrhea and constipation);
• prolonged lack of appetite;
• sudden weight loss;
• constant thirst;
• white coating on the tongue;
• itching of the anus;
• painful urge to defecate;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• swallowing disorders;
• dizziness, general weakness.

Each of these symptoms, while not critically dangerous, leads to a constant feeling of discomfort and the inability to lead a full life.

If you ignore the disease, the disease can worsen or become chronic.

Treatment

For diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, you should consult a therapist or gastroenterologist. Patients are always recommended to strictly follow a diet, eat small portions 5-6 times a day, and give up bad habits. Drug treatment is prescribed depending on the symptoms of the disease. To relieve pain, antispasmodics (Papaverine, Drotaverine) are prescribed. To normalize stool, laxatives (Duphalac, Guttalax) are indicated. Motilium and Cerucal will help eliminate nausea and vomiting, and antibacterial drugs will help relieve signs of inflammation.

If the disease is complicated by diarrhea, adsorbents (Dysmectite, activated carbon) are used. The drugs Linex and Espumisan will relieve excessive gas formation and belching.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies are a good alternative to drug treatment. They are mainly effective in the early stages of the disease.

To relieve cramping pain, flatulence, and nausea, drink decoctions of chamomile inflorescences, mint leaves, fennel fruits, calamus rhizomes, and valerian.

A well-known folk method for treating constipation is the aloe plant. Aloe leaves older than 2 years are crushed and mixed with heated honey. After infusion, take several times a day before meals. For chronic constipation, a mixture of dried fruits helps: dried apricots, figs, prunes.

Vegetable juices (cabbage, potato) relieve pain and heartburn due to gastritis and stomach ulcers. Decoctions of peppermint, dill seeds, and lemon balm will help eliminate nausea and vomiting. You can get rid of vomiting using viburnum or blueberry juice.

For abdominal pain, rice water is an effective remedy. If desired, you can add honey to it. Rice decoction acts as a soothing agent for inflamed mucous membranes. If pain is accompanied by increased gas formation, drink ginger or mint tea.

To get rid of diarrhea, plants that have an astringent effect are used. For this purpose, decoctions are prepared from oak bark, St. John's wort and immortelle. Infusions of wormwood, sorrel root, and rose hips are effective.

Surgical intervention

In some cases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract require surgical intervention.

It is produced when:

• severe cases of damage to the esophageal mucosa;
• acute appendicitis;
• elimination of intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease;
• complications of stomach ulcers;
• malignant neoplasms;
• secondary peritonitis;
• gastric bleeding with gastritis.

Disease prevention plays an important role. A healthy lifestyle based on a balanced diet, psychological comfort, giving up bad habits, and fighting excess weight will help prevent the appearance of many diseases.

Note!

The presence of symptoms such as:

• smell from the mouth
• stomach ache
• heartburn
• diarrhea
• constipation
• nausea, vomiting
• belching
• increased gas formation (flatulence)

If you have at least 2 of these symptoms, then this indicates a developing

gastritis or ulcer. These diseases are dangerous due to the development of serious complications (penetration, gastric bleeding, etc.), many of which can lead to

LETHAL

outcome. Treatment needs to start now.

Read the article about how a woman got rid of these symptoms by defeating their main cause. Read the material...

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - main characteristics

The term "gastrointestinal diseases" covers a very wide range of diseases of the stomach and intestines due to the size and complexity of the system such as the intestinal tract.

This article provides information regarding the most pressing issues, such as:

• gastrointestinal diseases symptoms and treatment,
• What gastrointestinal disorder may indicate the presence of a serious disease?
• What symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases should you pay special attention to?

Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, diseases of which can be functional or organic, can be a reflection of many primary ailments affecting, first of all, other systems.

The digestive system begins in the mouth, where saliva begins the digestion process. Continues with the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and rectum. The digestive system includes some exocrine glands (pancreas, liver).

The digestive system is influenced nervously (sympathetic, parasympathetic) and hormonally by many substances, some of which are produced in the endocrine glands, and some of which are created by the cells of the digestive system themselves.

The stomach is affected by various diseases relatively often, but, as a rule, in most cases there is no serious disorder, so treating such disorders is also not difficult.

The functions of the digestive system are to process food into absorbable substances and absorb them, maintain water and mineral levels, and eliminate waste and indigestible substances from the body. The liver and pancreas also have other very specific and complex functions in controlling the body.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular the esophagus, most often represent gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastrointestinal diseases also include the following common disorders:

1. Inflammation (non-infectious and infectious - most often in people with impaired immunity).
2. Diaphragmatic hernia.
3. Ulcer.
4. Motor dysfunction is functional or organic (blockage or narrowing of the passage by a foreign body, tumors, scars and inflammation).
5. Achalasia.
6. Benign neoplasm in the esophagus.

Division of gastrointestinal disease

Stomach diseases

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia and motor deficits. Abdominal pain is the most common presentation

The stomach is affected by various diseases relatively often, but, as a rule, in most cases there is no serious disorder, so treating such disorders is also not difficult. Some of the most common diseases are functional gastric dyspepsia and solar syndrome; the symptoms of the disease are manifested by digestive problems without the presence of an organic basis for the disease. Another disease that can befall the stomach is various inflammations (gastritis), which can be acute or chronic. Quite often, people suffer from peptic ulcers, which most often occur in connection with Helicobacter pylori infection. More rarely, a disorder such as gastropathy occurs, which does not show signs of gastritis, but there are some changes in the mucous membrane, the disease is accompanied by digestive problems, and sometimes bleeding. Based on this disease, it can lead to gastric ulcer. The stomach can also be affected by tumors, both benign and malignant.

Bowel diseases

The large intestine often suffers from functional diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), diverticulosis, disorders of the functionality of the colon also include constipation and diarrhea (infectious, non-infectious basis), ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids and, unfortunately, colon tumors (adenocarcinoma) are very common.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia and motor deficits.

Abdominal pain is the most common presentation. It is divided into:

• somatic - occurs due to irritation of the abdominal wall, peritoneum and diaphragm, the pain is acute, limited, localized, often accompanied by reflex muscle contraction (défense musculaire), leads to the sensitive branches of the spinal nerves,
• visceral - caused by irritation of the internal organs (tension of the body or the muscular wall of the organs), the pain is dull, less amenable to analysis, as a rule, localized in the midline, its location does not correspond to the location of the organ, leads to the sympathetic nerves,
• shooting - caused by a strong stimulus or anatomical damage to the organs (passage of stones, compression of the intestine), the pain radiates to the surface of the body, to the places of the innervated spinal nerves from the same roots that feed the affected organ, the typical direction of the pain helps to determine its origin.

When assessing abdominal pain, the following is observed:

1. Character - is the pain dull, squeezing, burning...
2. Localization - the location of the pain may not coincide with the position of the organ.
3. Duration usually varies depending on the type of disease. Cramping pain lasts from a few seconds or minutes to hours, irritation of the mucous membrane is manifested by days or even weeks of pain.
4. Rhythm – whether pain alternates with periods of relief.
5. Irradiation – is more important than localization, it allows you to determine the affected organ, the most common directions:

• up from the epigastrium: damage to the lower part of the esophagus, the cardiac part of the stomach and the upper part of the stomach (in differential diagnosis it is necessary to exclude angina pectoris),
• in the right upper hypochondrium: gastroduodenal ulcer, disorders of the biliary tract, pancreas,
• below the right shoulder blade: gallbladder disease,
• in the left upper hypochondrium and below the left scapula: disorders of the pancreas, stomach, colon cancer,
• between the shoulder blades: inflammation of the esophagus, penetration of gastroduodenal ulcers,
• irradiation to the shoulder: lesions of the diaphragm, subdiaphragmatic abscess, splenic infarction, perforation of a gastroduodenal ulcer,
• in the groin area: kidneys, urinary tract.

Colic is a rhythmically repeating, constantly receding abdominal pain of varying duration, caused by peristalsis of hollow organs (spasm and relaxation of smooth muscles), intensifying when overcoming an obstruction (biliary - stones in the bile duct, renal - stones in the urinary tract, intestinal - intestinal obstruction, dyskinesia).

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is a difficult term to define. Used to briefly express a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract of functional or organic origin or extragastrointestinal nature (metabolism, medications).

Upper (gastric) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• nausea,
• vomit,
• belching,
• heartburn.

Lower (intestinal) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• abnormal bowel movements,
• flatulence (gas waste),
• flatulence (accumulation of gases in the digestive tract).

Dysphagia

Manifested by a feeling of choking when swallowing food. According to localization, it is divided into upper or lower type. The most common causes are ulcers or cancer of the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and spasms.

Paradoxical dysphagia presents with difficulty swallowing liquids. It is functional in nature.

Heartburn

A burning sensation behind the lower sternum associated with reflux of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus. Features of the problem require the exclusion of sore throat.

Vomit

It has a complex reflexive nature and occurs due to irritation of the vomiting center.

According to the causes, the disease can be divided into:

• central – toxic effects (acidosis, uremia), reaction to drugs (Digoxin, Morphine), psychogenic, intracranial hypertension (vomiting without nausea),
• peripheral – gastroduodenal diseases, gallbladder diseases, otogenic disorders and during pregnancy.

Proper assessment of vomiting from a diagnostic evaluation perspective requires the context of its occurrence and assessment of the vomit.

1. Formation - depending on food intake (time and type of food).
2. Appearance – color, presence of food (fresh, digested), blood.
3. The smell - sour indicates the presence of HCl, fecal - associated with intestinal obstruction.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation consists of difficulty defecating and hard stools.

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and gastroenterologists.

Diarrhea is passing loose or watery stool more often than usual.

The examination of a person in both cases is subjective, which complicates the diagnosis.

1. The number of bowel movements, the sequence, and the presence of ingredients associated with food intake are assessed.
2. The feeling of urge to defecate and tenesmus are assessed.

The causes can be functional, infectious, organic, and always require a careful assessment of the possible presence of colorectal cancer.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Melena

Melena means loose stool that is black in color and has a tarry appearance. Characterizes bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach). Assessing the black color of stool can be made difficult by a previous meal containing foods containing animal blood or certain medications (containing iron or bismuth, charcoal).

Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract is manifested by intestinal bleeding (the blood is not digested). The most common causes are colorectal cancer, internal hemorrhoids and ulcerative colitis.

Hematemesis

Manifested by vomiting fresh or digested blood. Coloring depends not only on the intensity of bleeding, but also on the rate of gastric emptying and the presence of HCl. Slow emptying and the action of hydrochloric acid causes a brown-black color, the color of black coffee.

The source of bleeding is most often varicose veins of the esophagus, gastric and duodenal ulcers, tumors and hemorrhagic gastropathy. The presence of blood during repeated, intense bouts of vomiting indicates a high probability of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (laceration - cracks in the mucous membrane of the distal esophagus).

Evaluation of hematemesis requires exclusion of bleeding from another source (epistaxis, hemoptysis) or confusion after ingestion of coloring foods (blueberries, red beets) or drugs (activated charcoal).

Hematemesis can occur simultaneously with melena.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

First of all, it should be clarified that if signs of a serious problem appear (bleeding, vomiting blood, melena), you should immediately consult a doctor!

Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders can be divided into two main approaches: non-pharmacological and pharmacological.

Non-pharmacological approach

It is very important to determine in detail the nature of the disease to a person in such a way that he can mentally cope with this information. Through information and collaboration, which are essential in long-term treatment, better results can be achieved.

Changing your diet and eating habits

Eliminating foods or their components that cause discomfort. In terms of nutrition, fiber, drinking regimen, and regular consumption of small portions of food with a predominance of carbohydrates are important. Often, more spicy foods, milk (especially in large quantities at one time) and unprocessed milk, such as fermented milk products, foods prepared by frying and with a higher fat content, are limited or excluded.

The specialized literature also mentions the possibility of hypnosis and psychotherapy influencing gastrointestinal disorders.

Pharmacological approach

Medicines are selected according to the predominant symptom. Among the drugs mainly considered:

1. Antispasmodics.
2. Antidiarrheal drugs.
3. Antidepressants.
4. Prokinetic drugs and laxatives.

Antidiarrheal drugs

This is the most suitable group of drugs for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with the presence of diarrhea. The most commonly prescribed drug is Loperamide (Imodium) 2-4 mg up to 4 times a day, the drug slows the passage of food through the intestines, increases the absorption of water and ions, and increases the tone of the anal sphincter, which can lead to partial removal of unpleasant accompanying effects in many people. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is therefore preferred over Diphenoxylate or Codeine. The second choice drug is Cholestyramine, which can be used when considering the proportion of bile salts in the etiopathogenesis of irritable bowel disease.

Antispasmodics

The following drugs are available today:

1. Spasmomen.
2. Calcium antagonists, selective for the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Trimebutine (peripheral opioid antagonist).
4. Mebeverine (Duspatalin) with anticholinergic effect.

None of the drugs tested, however, are established, which significantly reduces their use in practice. In this case, the effectiveness of long-term treatment is assessed by reducing exacerbations, duration of symptoms and the occurrence of remission.

Antidepressants

Their use is justified by conditionally coexisting psychological changes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. These include:

1. Sulpiride.
2. Tianeptine (Coaxil).
3. Amitriptyline.
4. Benzodiazepines – only considered as a short-term solution.
5. Other drugs are a very diverse group of substances for which there is little convincing pharmacological research, but their use in medical practice is based on substantial empirical foundations. These include pancreatic enzymes, peppermint, cholestyramine, etc.

Conclusion

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and gastroenterologists. Due to its frequent occurrence, irritable bowel syndrome is often discussed. Objectification of subjective complaints is the most difficult area on which classification and treatment depend.

If you notice symptoms indicating the presence of a gastrointestinal disease, consult a doctor. He will help determine the cause of the disease or refer you for further examination.

Smoking, lack of physical activity, excessive psycho-emotional stress, non-compliance with diet and hygiene - all this can lead to problems with the digestive system. How to prevent gastrointestinal diseases?
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During the period of autumn and spring vitamin deficiency, it is necessary to pay great attention to your own health, especially for people with gastritis. What is gastritis like?

Digestion involves a dozen organs that break down food, absorb nutrients and remove excess waste from the body. This is a “full cycle” system - from the absorption of food products and their processing to the removal of undigested residues. It is extremely important that each of its elements works smoothly and does not fail.

How does the human gastrointestinal tract work?

The digestion process is somewhat reminiscent of going down a slide in a water park. The beginning of the way - oral cavity, where food is chewed, crushed, mixed with saliva and formed into a soft food bolus.

This is interesting
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity has receptors that help recognize the taste, temperature and consistency of food. These sensors transmit signals to the brain, which activates the salivary, fundic and pancreatic glands.

The food journey continues in esophagus- a cylindrical muscular tube 22–25 cm long. The upper and lower esophageal sphincters at the ends serve as valves that prevent food from getting back into the oral cavity.

Stomach- a pouch-shaped muscular organ that connects the esophagus to the duodenum (duodenum). It is like a cauldron in which food is accumulated, mixed into a paste and digested by gastric juices. Stomach juice consists of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, due to which it has pronounced acidity (about 1.5–2.0 pH). Gastric juice breaks down proteins and other chemical compounds, after which they are transported to the small intestine for final digestion and absorption.

Length small intestine, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and occupying most of the abdominal cavity, is about 4.5 m. The small intestine contains glands that produce intestinal juice for the main digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into the blood.

Colon- the lower part of the intestine, in which water, electrolytes, fiber are absorbed and unusable food residues are formed into feces. The large intestine is 1.5 m long and is divided into the cecum, colon and rectum. The rectum - the final section of the digestive tract - ends with an opening (anus). Serves for the accumulation of feces and bowel movements. This is where the “unprecedented journey” ends - processed food remains leave the body.

Digestion also involves the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, gallbladder and liver.

Pancreas located in close proximity to the stomach and duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juice, which promotes complete digestion of food and metabolic processes.

Liver takes part in the metabolism of lipids, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, synthesizes blood proteins: globulins, albumins and fibrinogen. The organ participates in immunological reactions.

Functions gallbladder- store and supply, as needed, concentrated bile, which is constantly produced by liver cells. Bile is directly involved in human digestion and acts as a kind of antibacterial agent.

It is worth mentioning its role in digestion kidneys and adrenal glands related to the urinary system. They process the water coming from the colon, filtering it into what is suitable for the body's needs and into urine, which contains unnecessary impurities and must be excreted.

At each stage of the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, failures are possible, leading to incomplete absorption of food, problems with the removal of waste material and threatening the development of gastrointestinal pathologies.

Among the causes of problems with the digestive system, the leading one is poor nutrition, which comes in various forms. This is overeating and eating heavy food, malnutrition and starvation, irregular meals, quick snacks, scarcity and unbalanced diet. The gastrointestinal tract is negatively affected by poorly purified water and harmful food additives.

Failures in the digestive system negatively affect the entire body, reduce immunity, disrupt metabolism, and lead to deterioration in the appearance of the skin, brittle hair and nails. They are fraught with numbness of the limbs, pain in muscles and bones, and sleep disturbances.

Possible complications for the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, risk of stroke and heart attack. Against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, anular stomatitis, glossitis, bleeding gums, eczema, and neurodermatitis can develop. In advanced forms of gastrointestinal diseases, damage to the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, and thyroid gland is possible.

Gastrointestinal diseases: what the statistics say

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common pathologies in the world.

Medical statistics
Mortality from gastroenterological causes in Russia ranks third after cardiovascular diseases and cancer and is about 0.08% (80 cases per 100,000 people). An average increase of 0.003% in deaths is recorded annually.

Men are 38% more likely to become victims of gastrointestinal diseases, which is associated with both uncontrolled alcohol consumption and late seeking medical help.

Among deadly gastroenterological diseases, over 45% are liver disease caused by alcohol. Twice as many men die as women (16:7 ratio). Acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas are the cause of death in 17% of gastroenterologist patients. Death from peritonitis due to gallbladder rupture is less than 1%.

Lethal intestinal diseases are caused by advanced forms of inflammation and perforations (violation of integrity, formation of holes) in the walls of the small and large intestine. In particular, appendicitis (inflammation of the cecum) is responsible for up to 4% of all deaths associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The same amount is due to infarction (necrosis, necrosis) of the intestine.

Despite the widespread stomach and duodenal ulcers is the cause of death in no more than 10% of the gastroenteral group.

Of the non-lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic gastritis. It affects up to 80–90% of patients in the world, which is facilitated by the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In developing countries, Helicobacter infection in people over 40 years of age reaches 95%.

In Russia, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is noted, according to various sources, in 62–94% of adult patients.

Consequences of gastritis - stomach ulcer found in every 15th inhabitant of the Earth. In our country, the statistics are more optimistic - only 1 in 40 Russians is sick. Men get ulcers 2–4 times more often than women.

Prevalence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reaches 50% among the adult population. Symptoms of the disease occur equally often in both men and women.

Duodenitis- a common disease of the duodenum, which affects 5–10% of patients. In men, it is diagnosed twice as often due to alcohol abuse and poor lifestyle choices.

Relatively common and colitis- inflammatory diseases of the walls of the large intestine. The cause of the disease is pathogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli).

Appendicitis (inflammation of the cecum) occurs in 30% of Russians.

Every tenth man and every fourth woman who complains of abdominal pain is diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis(cholelithiasis).

Common among children and adults dysbacteriosis- imbalance of intestinal microflora, leading to disruption of the digestive system.

Symptoms of the most common gastrointestinal diseases

Typical signs of gastrointestinal pathologies: heartburn (burning sensation from the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus), flatulence and intestinal stenosis (bloating caused by the accumulation of gases in the intestines), belching (gases escaping from the stomach or esophagus), nausea and vomiting, problems with stool (constipation or diarrhea), bad breath, plaque on the tongue.

Less common: dysphagia (impaired swallowing, accompanied by pain and a feeling of stopping the food bolus), impurities in the stool (blood, mucus, undigested food residues), swelling of the tongue, bitterness in the mouth, itchy skin and other allergic reactions. Diseases of a common pathogenesis have both general and specific symptoms.

Stomach diseases

Pain in the epigastric region and dyspeptic syndrome (sour belching, heartburn, vomiting and nausea) may indicate a number of diseases of the stomach, esophagus and DCP.

At peptic ulcer, which is a wound in the wall of the DCP or stomach, there are sharp periodic pains in the left hypochondrium, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and bloody impurities in the stool.

Inflammatory processes of the stomach manifest themselves in a similar way ( gastritis) and duodenum ( duodenitis). The diseases are accompanied by acute, aching or nagging pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and problems with bowel movements. Patients experience a feeling of a full stomach and heaviness in the abdomen, even with little food consumption.

Esophageal hernia It also causes pain in the epigastric region when changing positions and after eating. It is also possible to experience back pain and girdling pain. 20% of patients (mostly over 60 years of age) experience pain in the heart area due to concomitant cardiac diseases.

The intestines often suffer from inflammatory processes and infectious lesions. Inflammation of the large and small intestines ( enteritis And colitis) are accompanied by stool upset (up to 15 times a day). During defecation and immediately after it, the patient experiences severe weakness, dizziness, nausea, and a drop in blood pressure. There is bloating, cold sweat, trembling of the limbs, tachycardia, as well as loud rumbling, splashing noise and pain on palpation.

Signs of paraproctitis, or abscess(purulent inflammation) rectum- severe pain in the rectum or perineum. As the abscess increases in size, the pain intensifies, the urge to defecate becomes painful, the temperature rises, and chills are possible.

Dysbacteriosis manifested by stool disturbances, bloating, cramping pain, dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions (itching and skin rashes).

Hemorrhoids(varicose veins of the rectum) are characterized by bleeding or smearing with blood after defecation, prolapse of hemorrhoids through the anus and pain during bowel movements, which continues for some time (when walking, sitting and lying down).

Symptoms appendicitis determined by the patient’s age, the location of the appendix in the abdominal cavity and the presence of complications. Characterized by a dull pain in the right side, weakness and headache, which may be accompanied by pain in the legs, nausea combined with single vomiting, frequent loose stools, temperature within 38 degrees.

We must not lose sight of one of the most common and yet mysterious pathologies - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), accompanied by abdominal cramps, stool disturbances, and painful bloating. IBS has a negative impact on the entire body: the patient complains of headache, insomnia, increased fatigue, and rapid heartbeat even at complete rest. According to most experts, IBS is of a psychosomatic nature and appears as a result of stress and severe emotional overload. However, to get rid of the problem, it is important not only to achieve peace of mind, but also to apply comprehensive drug treatment. One solution may be to take bismuth preparations, which simultaneously have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Liver diseases

Spicy hepatitis C(inflammatory viral liver damage) is marked by a whole range of symptoms. Among them: weakness, decreased appetite and performance, sleep disturbance, aversion to food, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, pain in large joints, the appearance of a rash, increased body temperature, darkening of urine, yellowing of the skin (hence the popular name for the disease - jaundice).

The first signs liver cirrhosis are: a feeling of a full stomach, decreased performance, pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, bleeding gums and nosebleeds, fever, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Signs of cholecystitis(inflamed gallbladder) - acute pain in the right hypochondrium, bloating, attacks of nausea and vomiting. The pain intensifies with a deep breath while palpating the gallbladder area. Many patients report a slight increase in temperature.

Pancreatic diseases

In patients pancreatitis There are frequent complaints of acute abdominal pain, which is accompanied by nausea and vomiting with gastric juice, mucus, bile, etc. There is also bloating, dry mouth, and belching. Blue spots often appear on the left side and in the navel area.

Most common and life-threatening diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by inflammatory processes against the background of a bacterial or viral infection. Digestion is a single interconnected system and diseases of its organs can sequentially develop according to the domino principle. The source of an avalanche of problems is often in the stomach, which we put to the test of strength every day. Therefore, in the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, an integrated approach using gastroprotective (protective) and antiseptic gastrointestinal drugs is effective.

Allows you to fully digest food. This allows the body to provide the necessary energy. In some cases, malfunctions in the digestive tract may occur, which is explained by the development of various diseases.

The gastrointestinal tract allows food to be digested.

If the patient has diseases of the digestive tract, this leads to pain.

The appearance of diseases in many patients is diagnosed against the background of the development of helminthic infestations in the body. Heredity in most cases causes diseases. They also develop in acute infectious diseases:

1. Intestinal flu;
2. Enterovirus;
3. Salmonella;
4. Viral hepatitis, etc.

Treatment of diseases of the digestive tract is most often aimed at eliminating not only the symptoms, but also the causes of the disease.

Therapy of gastritis and pancreatitis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process on the walls of the stomach.

It is an inflammatory process that occurs on the walls of the stomach. If the cause of this disease is poisoning, then treatment begins with gastric lavage.

After this procedure, the patient should take still mineral water and saline solutions.

In most cases, treatment is carried out using enterosorbents and antispasmodics. If the disease is accompanied by severe pain, then belladonna preparations are necessary.

Bacterial gastritis can be cured with antibiotics - Cephalexin, Levomycetin, etc. Purulent gastritis requires surgical intervention. In this case, it is necessary to treat with antibiotics - Hemodez, Poliglyukin. Patients are also prescribed cardiovascular medications.

Pancreatitis belongs to the category of inflammatory degenerative processes that require timely treatment. When attacks of the disease occur, the patient is given a drip with saline solution into his vein.

To eliminate pain, patients are prescribed antispasmodics, among which antispasmodics have a high effect. Patients are required to be given sodium chloride intravenously.

In order to prevent pancreatic edema, the use of diuretic medications is necessary. Dicarb and Furosemide are quite effective. In acute cases of the disease, the use of enzyme inhibitors is required.

In order to provide full support for a weakened body, the patient is prescribed vitamin therapy. If the patient continues to vomit for a long time, intramuscular administration of Metoclopramide is recommended.

During the treatment of the disease, the patient is required to be prescribed Omeprazole. If the patient has purulent, then the use of antibiotics is necessary - Florquinolones or Cephalosporins. The patient is prohibited from eating for 4 days.

Gastritis and pancreatitis belong to the group of chronic diseases. That is why complex therapy in the acute period requires the use of antibiotics.

The dosage of medications is determined individually by the doctor.

Treatment of helminthic infestations

The drug De-Nol will cure duodenal ulcer.

A significant disadvantage of using these drugs is the presence of a strong toxic effect on.

They are also characterized by the presence of side effects such as pain in the abdomen, vomiting and nausea, impaired coordination of movements, fatigue, convulsions, and hallucinations. Some patients complained of insomnia, trembling of limbs, etc.

Patients are recommended to take traditional medications that support liver function simultaneously with anthelmintic drugs. It is also required to take enzymes, immunostimulants, and vitamins. The choice of a specific medication depends on the type of helminths and the degree of neglect of the disease.

Features of the treatment of peptic ulcers

Motilium is a prokinetic agent for the full treatment of the disease.

The specifics of treatment for peptic ulcer disease are directly influenced by its location, severity, exacerbation phase, complications, etc.

Treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers should be carried out with the use of antibiotics. The most effective medications include Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Nitromidazole, Roxithromycin, etc.

Doctors also prescribe bismuth medications in the form, Gastro-norm. Patients require the use of proton pump inhibitors. A fairly effective drug in this case is Omeprazole.

For peptic ulcers, H2 receptor blockers and nitrofurans are prescribed. After completing the course of treatment, it is necessary to take cytoprotectors in the form of medicinal preparations of licorice root, sucralfate, and smecta.

Treatment of peptic ulcer is a difficult procedure that must be carried out in a hospital setting under the strict supervision of a doctor.

Preventive measures

Proper nutrition is a preventive measure for gastrointestinal diseases.

To eliminate the possibility of gastrointestinal diseases, it is necessary to carry out their prevention in a timely manner. First of all, a person needs to adhere to proper nutrition.

Meals should be frequent and portions small. Eating excessively cold or hot food is strictly prohibited.

How to treat gastrointestinal diseases - watch the video:

According to statistics, recently, disruptions and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract occupy a leading place among other diseases. Residents of large cities are especially susceptible to them. The reason for this is an unhealthy lifestyle and constant stress. Therefore, by the age of 30, every fourth person suffers from gastrointestinal diseases.

Characteristics of the digestive system

It's no secret that the digestive tract plays a very important role in the functioning of the body. With its help we get vitamins, microelements, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and healthy acids. Some of them serve as building material for cells and provide us with energy. Other substances contribute to the smooth functioning of organs and systems. Therefore, gastrointestinal diseases can not only disrupt the normal rhythm of a person’s life, affecting his health, but in some cases lead to death.

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following components: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines, which includes the thin, thick and straight sections. The main functions of all these organs are: the breakdown of food, the removal of its remains from the body, the production of useful enzymes that promote proper digestion and absorption of necessary substances. Without the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, a person feels discomfort, he feels unwell, which, due to lack of treatment, can become chronic.

Causes of diseases

There are a lot of them and most of them relate to the wrong lifestyle. The main causes of gastrointestinal diseases are as follows:

1. Unbalanced diet: constant dieting, overeating, unhealthy snacks and chewing on the go, regular visits to establishments selling fast food, lack of healthy fiber, instead, the predominance of animal fats and hard-to-digest carbohydrates in the diet.
2. Ecology: low quality of drinking water, the presence of large amounts of nitrates and pesticides in vegetables, antibiotics and preservatives in meat products.

Acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases have a number of signs that make it easy to determine whether you have problems with this part of the body. These include the following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain. With ulcers it is sharp, with frequent localization, in the case of appendicitis and hernia - strong, pulsating, when a person has colic - cramping.
• Heartburn. Painful sensations are typical for it with an ulcer, intensification - with a hernia.
• Belching. Sour indicates indigestion, with the smell of rotten eggs - a pathological retention of food in the stomach and intestines.

Symptoms also include vomiting and nausea, which are more typical of chronic diseases. For example, for gastritis. If the vomit contains bloody discharge and clots, it may be an open ulcer or stomach cancer. If a patient regularly suffers from flatulence, he may be diagnosed with dysbiosis, pancreatic secretory insufficiency, or complete or partial intestinal obstruction.

Other signs

Gastrointestinal diseases also have less pronounced symptoms that indicate damage to the digestive system: bad breath, a feeling of bitterness, the appearance of a white coating on the tongue, poor appetite (especially an aversion to meat products), constant thirst, increased salivation, a sharp decrease in body weight, the development of anemia, pallor, dizziness, weakness, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, prolonged bowel dysfunction (constipation or diarrhea), as well as the appearance of bloody discharge in the stool.

These symptoms in themselves are not dangerous, but can disrupt the normal rhythm of life, affect its quality, and also indicate the development of pathology. Therefore, the sooner you see a doctor, the faster and easier the treatment will be, the therapy will work effectively and the result will be complete healing. If the disease is not detected early and not treated, it can cause serious complications or will regularly worsen for the rest of your life.

Major diseases

They are typical for a larger percentage of patients who seek medical help. Firstly, it is gastritis, the development of which is provoked by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, as well as errors in nutrition, bad habits and constant neuroses. With gastritis, the mucous membrane of the gastric walls suffers, which is why a person feels pain and suffers from indigestion. Secondly, it is a stomach and duodenal ulcer. Among other things, it is characterized by painful sensations, heartburn, and problems with digestion of food. An ulcer is formed when the gastrointestinal tract is damaged and the integrity of the tissue is damaged, and this can lead to life-threatening complications.

The third and most common gastrointestinal disease is colitis. Occurs under the influence of pathogenic bacteria, against the background of infection. It is localized in the intestinal mucosa and is inflammatory in nature. Nonspecific colitis causes ulcerative lesions, which cause peritonitis, intestinal bleeding, malignant tumors and obstruction.

Other diseases

Their list is huge. What gastrointestinal diseases are most common among patients? First of all, it is pancreatitis and dysbacteriosis. The first refers to inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, which is characterized by vomiting, nausea, indigestion and pain. The second is the consequences of changes in the natural state of the intestinal microflora, as a result of which its full functioning is disrupted, problems arise with the digestibility of food and its normal excretion from the body.

The most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include the following ailments: cholecystitis - inflammation of the gallbladder, which is accompanied by bitterness in the mouth, nausea, pain, problems with stool and dyspeptic symptoms; cirrhosis of the liver - a deadly disease in which large-scale damage to the cells of the organ occurs. Digestive diseases are also called hemorrhoids and appendicitis.

Clinical picture in children

Unfortunately, recently there has been an increase in cases of digestive pathologies in children. Gastrointestinal diseases in children occur due to several factors: poor environment, heredity and poor nutrition. As for the latter, it manifests itself in the uncontrolled consumption by minors of carbonated drinks, fast food products, and sweets that contain emulsifiers, dyes and preservatives. Doctors say that intestinal diseases in children most often manifest themselves at 5-6 and 9-11 years old. The clinical picture is as follows: the baby has a stomach ache, feels nauseous or vomits, and complains of diarrhea or constipation.

Even babies are not protected from illnesses. They often suffer from so-called colic. The reason is artificial feeding. Therefore, doctors never tire of insisting that breast milk is the best nutrition for the youngest children. It not only has a beneficial effect on the stomach, but also helps strengthen the immune system. An organism that receives a sufficient amount of natural vitamins, microelements and antibodies from mother’s milk can also provide adequate resistance to various bacteria that cause gastrointestinal tract diseases.

Intestinal diseases in children

Acute intestinal diseases of children are classified as a separate group of gastrointestinal diseases. These are salmonellosis and dysentery, which cause intoxication, dehydration and various dyspeptic disorders. Such symptoms are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization. Interestingly, it is children who most often suffer from intestinal infections. This is due to the fact that in babies the body’s defense mechanisms still work imperfectly. The reasons are also children’s ignorance of sanitary standards and the physiological characteristics of their gastrointestinal tract.

Acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can provoke a delay in physical development, “kill” the immune system and cause a number of other serious complications and irreversible consequences. They are usually accompanied by a complete lack of appetite, fever, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The baby complains of weakness and fatigue, he is lethargic and lethargic. Such a child needs medical care: antibacterial therapy is prescribed by a pediatric gastroenterologist.

Treatment

First you need to contact a specialized doctor - a gastroenterologist. Only after passing the necessary tests and examinations will he make an accurate diagnosis. Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, its duration and intensity will depend on the specific disease, the form and stage of its development, the degree of neglect, and the general condition of the patient. Drug therapy is usually used, but in some cases surgical intervention is urgently required.

Tactics are selected individually. The following drugs are usually prescribed:

• Antacids - neutralize gastric juice.
• Alginates - normalize acidity.
• Prokinetics - stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
• Antispasmodics - relieve spasms of smooth muscles.
• Antibiotics and probiotics.
• Enterosorbents - against intoxication.
• Antimicrobial agents.
• Enzyme digestive preparations, etc.

In combination with drug treatment, traditional medicine is also used: infusions and decoctions of medicinal plants. For example, immortelle, nettle, yarrow, lemon balm. They are very effective, but you can only take them under the supervision of your doctor.

Diet for gastrointestinal diseases

All diseases from this series are so different that specific recommendations can be given only after a detailed study of the diagnosis. The diet is subject to adjustment in each individual case. But there are also general requirements for the patient’s diet. Firstly, you need to eat often - 6 times a day. Portions should not be large; it is best if the dish is rare or crushed. This way you won't overload your stomach and intestines. Secondly, the patient needs to drink 2 liters of water per day.

The diet for gastrointestinal diseases must be gentle. Preference should be given to souffles, purees, omelets, low-fat fish and meat broths. Fried, smoked, canned, pickled, salted - are strictly prohibited. You should also give up various sauces, semi-finished products, seasonings and spices. It is also better to exclude vegetables that cause fermentation processes. These are all legumes, corn, peas, cabbage, turnips and radishes. Other vegetables must be thoroughly boiled or stewed. Food should be fresh and easy to digest. The more fiber in the diet and the less refined food, the better the gastrointestinal tract will function.

Prevention

First of all, it’s still the same balanced and proper nutrition. Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases includes the following measures: compliance with the rules of sanitary food preparation and personal hygiene. This way you will protect yourself and your family from intestinal infections. Eat only healthy foods: vegetables, fruits, herbs, low-fat dairy products, fish and meat. Try to ensure that proteins, fats and carbohydrates are in the correct ratio in your daily diet.

Gastrointestinal diseases “love” passive people very much. Therefore, try to move more, play sports, and spend a lot of time outdoors. An excellent option would be swimming, light running, aerobics and even walking. Give up bad habits - they provoke disruptions in the functioning of the intestines and stomach. Try to protect yourself from stress, don’t be too nervous, take natural sedatives: valerian or motherwort. If the first alarming symptoms occur, consult a doctor immediately - this way you will avoid the progression of the disease and prevent it from becoming chronic, and, of course, achieve a complete recovery.