Burns chronological table. R. Wright-Kovaleva. Robert Burns Key dates in the life of Robert Burns. Main dates of the poet's life

January 3, 1891 Osip Mandelstam was born in Warsaw into the family of a merchant.
1907 Graduated from the Tenishevsky School in St. Petersburg.
1907-1910 Osip Mandelstam listens to lectures in Paris, in 1909-1910 in Heidelberg.
1911-1917 studies at the Romano-Germanic department of St. Petersburg University, studying Old French language and literature (did not complete the course).
1909 Meeting Vyach.Ivanov and I.Annensky.
1910 Mandelstam's poems first appear in print in the Apollo magazine. In his early poems the influence of Symbolist poetry is noticeable.
1911 Mandelstam became close to N.S. Gumilyov and A.A. Akhmatova, in 1913 his poems Notre Dame and Hagia Sophia were published in the program selection of Acmeists.
1913 The first book of poems is published - “Stone” (2nd, expanded edition, 1916)
1914 First world war Mandelstam first welcomes, then debunks (“Menagerie”).
In Mandelstam’s post-revolutionary poems, along with the acceptance of the revolution in a general democratic spirit (“January 1, 1924”), the personal theme of “renegade,” “sick son of the century,” etc., sounds increasingly louder, which leads to the gradual social and literary isolation of the poet.
1919-1922 Mandelstam leaves hungry St. Petersburg to the south (Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus: memoirs “Feodosiya”, 1925), but refuses to emigrate
1922 He settles in Moscow with his young wife N.Ya. Khazina (N.Ya. Mandelstam), who will become his support for the rest of his life, and after the death of her husband, she will save his legacy. In the same year, Mandelstam’s second book, “Tristia,” was published.
1923 The Second Book is published.
1924-1928 Since 1924, Mandelstam has lived in Leningrad, since 1928 in Moscow, without his own home, earning money through grueling translations.
After 1925, Mandelstam stopped writing poetry for five years; Only in 1928 the final collection “Poems” and the prose story “The Egyptian Brand” were published.
1930 Mandelstam writes the “Fourth Prose,” a harsh denunciation of the new regime, and in 1933 a poetic invective (“epigram”) against Stalin (“We live without feeling the country beneath us...”). This break with official ideology gives him the strength to return to creativity (with rare exceptions, “on the table”, not for publication). At this time, the articles “Save my speech...”, “For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...”, “Armenia”, essays “Travel to Armenia” (1833), “Conversation about Dante” (1933) were created.
1934 Mandelstam was arrested (for the “epigram” and other poems), exiled to Cherdyn in the Northern Urals, and after an attack of mental illness and a suicide attempt, he was transferred to Voronezh. There he served exile until May 1937, living almost beggarly, first on small earnings, then on the meager help of friends. Mandelstam is waiting to be shot: the unexpected leniency of the sentence causes mental turmoil in him, which resulted in a series of poems with an open acceptance of Soviet reality and a readiness for sacrificial death (“Stanzas” 1935 and 1937, the so-called “ode” to Stalin 1937, etc.); however, many researchers see in them only self-coercion or “Aesopian language.” The central work of the Voronezh years is “Poems about the Unknown Soldier.”
1937 After Voronezh, Mandelstam lives for a year in the vicinity of Moscow.
1938 Mandelstam is arrested a second time “for counter-revolutionary activities” and sent to Kolyma
December 27, 1938 Osip Emilievich Mandelstam dies in a transit camp, in a state close to madness, according to the official conclusion, from cardiac paralysis.
His name remained banned in the USSR for about 20 years.

In the period 1787-1794, the famous poems “Tam o’Shanter” (“Tam o’Shanter”, 1790) and “ Honest poverty"("A Man's A Man For A' That", 1795), "Ode, sacred to the Memory of Mrs. Oswald", 1789). In a poem dedicated to John Anderson (1789), the thirty-year-old author unexpectedly reflects on the decline of life, on death.

In essence, Burns was forced to study poetry in between his main work. Last years He spent time in poverty and almost ended up in debtor's prison a week before his death.

Burns died on July 21, 1796 in Dumfries, where he had gone sick on official business 2 weeks before his death. He was only 37 years old. According to biographers of the 19th century, one of the reasons for Burns’s sudden death was excessive drinking. Historians of the 20th century are inclined to believe that Burns died from the consequences of hard physical labor in his youth and congenital rheumatic carditis, which in 1796 was aggravated by the diphtheria he suffered.

Main dates of the poet's life

January 25, 1759 - Robert Burns is born.
1765 - Robert and his brother enter school.
1766 - move to Mount Oliphant farm.
1774 - Robert writes his first poems.
1777 - move to Lochley Farm.
July 4, 1781 - initiated into the Brotherhood of Freemasons at St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton.
1784 - father's death, move to Mossgiel.
1785 - Robert meets Jean, “The Merry Beggars”, “Field Mice” and many other poems are written.
1786 - Burns transfers rights to Mossgiel farm to his brother; birth of twins; trip to Edinburgh.
1787 - the poet was admitted to the Grand Lodge of Scotland; the first Edinburgh edition of the poems is published; trips around Scotland.
1789 - work as an excise man.
1792 - appointment to the port inspection.
1793 - second Edinburgh edition of poems in two volumes.
December 1795 - Burns is in serious condition, possibly related to the removal of teeth.
July 21, 1796 - death
July 25, 1796 - funeral, on the same day Burns' fifth son, Maxwell, was born.

Burns language

Although Burns studied at a rural school, his teacher was a man with a university education - John Murdoch (1747-1824). Scotland was then experiencing the peak of national revival, was one of the most cultural corners of Europe, and had five universities. Under Murdoch's direction, Burns studied, among other things, the poetry of Alexander Pope. As the manuscripts testify, literary English language Burns mastered it impeccably (he wrote “A Countryman’s Saturday Evening,” “Sonnet to a Blackbird,” and some other poems) on it. The use of Scots (“the dialect” of English in most of his works, as opposed to Gaelic - the Celtic Scottish language) is a conscious choice of the poet, declared in the title of the first collection, “Poems predominantly in the Scottish dialect.”

"Burns stanza"

A special form of stanza is associated with the name of Burns: a six-line stanza according to the AAABAB scheme with shortened fourth and sixth lines. A similar scheme is known in medieval lyric poetry, in particular in Provençal poetry (since the 11th century), but its popularity has faded since the 16th century. It survived in Scotland, where it was widely used before Burns, but is associated with his name and is known as the “Burns stanza”, although its official name is standard gabby, it comes from the first work that made this stanza famous in Scotland - “Elegy on Death” Gabby Simpson, Piper of Kilbarchan" (c. 1640) by Robert Sempill of Beltreese; "Gabby" is not a proper name, but a nickname for natives of the town of Kilbarchan in Western Scotland. This form was also used in Russian poetry, for example, in Pushkin’s poems “Echo” and “Collapse”.

The article is devoted short biography Robert Burns is a Scottish poet who made a great contribution to world literature. Burns is the creator large quantity poems and poems in Scots and English.

Burns biography: early years

Burns was born in Scotland in 1759 into a simple peasant family. From an early age the boy learned all the hardships of hard physical work. The family constantly moved from farm to farm, trying to achieve a sustainable income. Nevertheless, Burns' father regretted that he could not get an education in his time, so he hired a teacher for his children. Since childhood, Burns amazed those around him with his academic success and excellent memory. The boy begins to compose his own songs and poems. The future poet no longer had enough home education, but he could not continue his studies.
In his youth, the poet joined the Masonic lodge, which left a significant imprint on his further work. Passionate about the ideas of equality in Freemasonry, Burns comes to the conviction that the Scots language occupies its rightful place among others European languages. After some time, he begins to write poems in one of the Scottish dialects.
In 1784, Burns' father dies and the farm falls into disrepair. The family is forced to move again, this time to Mossgiel.
In 1786, Burns, with the help of a landowner, published his first book of poems in the Scottish language. Other works followed. The poet's fame spreads throughout Scotland.
Biography of Burns: characteristics of creativity
The general public is attracted to Burns's works by simplicity and love for his native nature. The poet, from his own experience, knew well the life of ordinary villagers who are the main characters of his poems. Their simple life and dreams are an ideal for a poet. Simple peasants are bearers of the best human qualities: kindness, mercy, sympathy. The main aspiration of Burns's heroes is simple human happiness, which not everyone has.
The poet contrasts city life with rural life, considering the latter much cleaner and more moral. He stands for simplicity and freedom in relations between people. Burns also slightly criticizes religion for its stiffness and strict adherence to dogmas.
Of particular importance in Burns's work is his appeal to ancient folk legends and ballads. By publishing these works and using them in his own work, the poet significantly increased national identity Scots. English culture looked down on the "primitive" creativity of Scotland. The poet proved that this is completely wrong. Scottish culture has its own distinctive features and is worthy of world recognition.
In Burns's work, motives of sympathy for nature and animals exposed to the destructive effects of human activity stand out. He can be called one of the progenitors of modern ecology.

Biography of Burns: late period

A year later, the poet moved to Edinburgh, where he gained access to high society. The popularity of the poet-farmer was supported by his education and good manners, which was not expected from a simple villager. At this time he became close to the famous figure of Scottish literature J. Johnson. Joint collaboration leads to the publication of a periodical collection dedicated to the culture of Scotland. Many of Burns's works were published in this collection. The poet finally begins to receive some income from his literary activities, but it does not cover his expenses. As a result, Burns enters the government service as a minor official.
In the 80-90s. Burns creates his most famous poems (among them "Honest Poverty"). Literary work occurs simultaneously with public service, which negatively affects both. The poet is in a difficult financial situation, there is a danger of going to prison.
In 1796, while on a business trip, Burns died. The poet lived a very short and unhappy life, but managed to do a lot for the development of Scottish culture and its popularization, forever remaining in the memory of the people of Scotland.

1765 - Robert and brother Gilbert go to Murdoch's school.

1766 - moving to Mount Oliphant farm.

1773 - Robert writes the first poems of “Nelly”.

1775 - school in Kerkosvalde and the poem “Prophesies the coming of autumn.”

1777 - moving to Lochley farm.

1779 - the first poems read at Tarbolton.

1780 - organization of the Bachelors Club. Distribution of poems and songs.

1781 - the beginning of the father's litigation with McLure. Trip to Erwin.

1752 - meeting Richard Brown. Return to Lochley.

1783 - the first “Notebook”;

autumn- old man Burns's appeal to Supreme Court; acquaintance with Hamilton and Aiken.

summer- Robert meets Jean;

in summer And in autumn this year “The Merry Beggars” and many other poems were written;

november- death of brother. Poems of "Field Mouse".

1786 - travel plans to Jamaica;

April- prospectuses of the Kilmarnock Volume;

old man Armor learns about Robert and Jean's secret marriage;

Jean's "betrayal"

July- Robert transfers the rights to Mossgiel farm to his brother Gilbert;

november- Burns goes to Edinburgh.

May- trip around Scotland;

August - letter to Dr. Moore completed;

August- September- work on the “Music Museum”, a trip to the Highlands of Scotland with William Nicol;

October- return to Edinburgh.

February- a trip to Ellisland with my father's friend;

March- trip to Edinburgh. Conclusion of a contract for the lease of Ellisland Farm. Release of the second volume of “The Musical Museum”;

May- homecoming. Burns undergoes a course of instruction in the work of an excise officer;

June- July - Burns lives in Ellisland and is building a house.

1789 , February- Burns in Edinburgh finalizes copyright settlements with Creech;

July- getting to know Grose;

September- beginning of service in the excise tax.

1790, February- release of the third volume of the “Music Museum”; December- the manuscript of “Tema O'Shanter” was sent to Grose.

August- sale of livestock and equipment in Ellisland;

november- Burns' family moves to Dumfries.

1792 - appointment to the port inspection;

March- April- disarmament of the smuggling schooner and purchase of four mortars;

March- publication of Payne’s book “Human Rights”;

May- Payne's departure to France. Banning of his book;

August- release of the fourth volume of the “Music Museum”;

September- beginning of work for Thomson’s publication “Selected Scottish Melodies”; opening of a new theater in Dumfries;

December - the first Friends of the People meeting in Edinburgh;

1793 - execution of the French king;

February- the second Edinburgh edition of poems is published in two volumes. Burns receives twenty copies of the book as royalties;

May - moving to new house(in Melnichny Lane); June- the first volume of “Selected Scottish Melodies” was published;

July- August- trip with Syme around Galloway:

arrests and trial of "Friends of the People" in Edinburgh.

1794 - quarrel with the Riddells;

May- Burns's refusal to work in a London newspaper;

June - second trip with Syme;

December- promotion in the excise department.

1795 - Burns joins the Dumfries Volunteers. The height of correspondence with Thomson about Scottish folklore;

December- severe Burns disease.

1796 , March- food riots in Dumfries;

July- Burns at Brau Wells resort;

R. Wright-Kovaleva. Robert Burns
Key Dates in the Life of Robert Burns

MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE OF ROBERT BURNS

1765 - Robert and brother Gilbert go to Murdoch's school.

1766 - moving to Mount Oliphant farm.

1773 - Robert writes the first poems of "Nelly".

1775 - school in Kerkosvalde and poems “Prophesies the coming of autumn.”

1777 - moving to Lochley farm.

1779 - the first poems read at Tarbolton.

1780 - Organization of the Bachelors Club. Distribution of poems and songs.

1781 - the beginning of the father's litigation with McLure. Trip to Erwin.

1752 - meeting Richard Brown. Return to Lochley.

1783 - the first "Notebook";

Autumn- old man Burns' appeal to the Supreme Court; acquaintance with Hamilton and Aiken.

Summer- Robert meets Jean;

In summer AND in autumn This year "The Merry Beggars" and many other poems were written;

November- brother's death. Poems "Field Mouse".

1786 - travel plans to Jamaica;

April- prospectuses of the Kilmarnock Volume;

Old Man Armor learns of Robert and Jean's secret marriage;

"Betrayal" Jean;

July- Robert transfers the rights to Mossgiel farm to his brother Gilbert;

November- Burns goes to Edinburgh.

May- trip around Scotland;

August - Finished letter to Dr. Moore;

August- September- work on the "Music Museum", a trip to the Highlands of Scotland with William Nicol;

October- return to Edinburgh.

February- a trip to Ellisland with my father's friend;

March- trip to Edinburgh. Conclusion of a contract for the lease of Ellisland Farm. Release of the second volume of "The Musical Museum";

May- homecoming. Burns undergoes a course of instruction in the work of an excise officer;

June- July - Burns lives in Ellisland and is building a house.

1789 , February- Burns in Edinburgh finalizes copyright settlements with Creech;

July- getting to know Grose;

September- beginning of service in the excise tax.

1790, February- release of the third volume of “The Musical Museum”; December- The manuscript of "Theme of O" Shanter" was sent to Grose.

August- sale of livestock and equipment in Ellisland;

November- Burns' family moves to Dumfries.

1792 - appointment to the port inspection;

March- April- disarmament of the smuggling schooner and purchase of four mortars;

March- publication of Payne's book "Human Rights";

May- Payne's departure to France. Banning of his book;

August- release of the fourth volume of "The Musical Museum";

September- beginning of work for Thomson's publication "Selected Scottish Melodies"; opening of a new theater in Dumfries;

December - First meeting of Friends of the People in Edinburgh;

1793 - execution of the French king;

February- the second Edinburgh edition of poems is published in two volumes. Burns receives twenty copies of the book as royalties;

May - Moving to a new house (in Melnichny Lane); June- the first volume of “Selected Scottish Melodies” was published;