Borders of the temporal fossa. Temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossae. Their walls, communications with neighboring cavities, the meaning of these communications. Borders of the infratemporal fossa

temporal fossa , fossa temporalis, located on each side on the lateral outer surface of the skull. The conditional boundary separating it from above and behind from the rest of the cranial vault is the superior temporal line, linea temporalis superior, parietal and frontal bones. Its inner, medial, wall is formed by the lower part of the outer surface of the parietal bone in the region of the sphenoid angle, the temporal surface of the squamous part temporal bone and the outer surface of the large wing. The anterior wall is made up of the zygomatic bone and a segment of the frontal bone posterior to the superior temporal line. Outside, the temporal fossa closes the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus.

The lower edge of the temporal fossa is bounded by the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid bone.

The zygomaticotemporal foramen opens on the anterior wall of the temporal fossa, foramen zygomaticotemporale, (the temporal fossa is made by the temporal muscle, fascia, fat, vessels and nerves).

Infratemporal fossa, fossa infratemporalis (see Fig. 126), shorter and narrower than the temporal, but its transverse size is larger. Its upper wall is formed by the surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone medially from the infratemporal crest. The anterior wall is the posterior part of the tubercle of the upper jaw. The medial wall is represented by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. Outside and below, the infratemporal fossa does not have a bone wall, on the side it is limited by the branch of the lower jaw. At the border between the anterior and medial walls, the infratemporal fossa deepens and passes into a funnel-shaped gap - the pterygopalatine fossa, fossa pterygopalatina. Anteriorly, the infratemporal fossa communicates with the cavity of the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure (the lower segment of the temporal muscle, the lateral pterygoid muscle, a number of vessels and nerves are located in the infratemporal fossa).

Pterygopalatine fossa , fossa pterygopalatina, (see Fig. 125, 126), formed by sections of the upper jaw, sphenoid and palatine bones. It connects with the infratemporal fossa wide upwards and narrow downwards. pterygomaxillary fissure, fissura pterygomaxillaris. The walls of the pterygopalatine fossa are: in front - the infratemporal surface of the upper jaw, facies infratemporalis maxillae, on which the tubercle of the upper jaw is located, behind - the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, medially - the outer surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, above - the maxillary surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone.

In the upper part, the pterygopalatine fossa communicates with the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, with the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, and with the cranial cavity through the round foramen, foramen rotundum, and through the pterygoid canal, canalis pterygoideus, - with the outer surface of the base of the skull and from the outside passes into the infratemporal fossa.

sphenopalatine foramen, foramen sphenopalatinum, on a non-macerated skull, it is closed by the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity (a number of nerves and arteries pass through the opening into the nasal cavity).

In the lower section, the pterygopalatine fossa passes into a narrow canal, in the formation of the upper part of which large palatine grooves of the upper jaw, palatine bone and pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone participate, and the lower part consists only of the upper jaw and palatine bone. The canal is called the greater palatine canal. canalis palatinus major, and opens on the hard palate with large and small palatine openings, foramen palatinum majus et foramina palatina minora, (nerves and blood vessels pass through the canal).

Fossa temporalis - the temporal fossa, limited above and behind by the temporal line, below - by the crista infratemporalis and the lower edge of the arcus zygomaticus, in front - by the zygomatic bone. Fossa temporalis is made by the temporal muscle.
Fossa infratemporalis - the infratemporalis fossa, continues the direct continuation of the temporal fossa downwards, and the crista infratemporalis of the large wing of the sphenoid bone serves as the border between them. Outside, the fossa infratemporalis is partly covered by the branch of the lower jaw. Through the fissura orbitalis inferior, it communicates with the orbit, and through the fissura pterygomaxillaris with the pterygopalatine fossa.
Fossa pterygopalatina is a pterygopalatine fossa located between the upper jaw in front (anterior wall) and the pterygoid process behind (posterior wall). Its medial wall is the vertical plate of the palatine bone, which separates the pterygopalatine fossa from the nasal cavity.

5 openings open into the pterygopalatine fossa, leading: 1) medial - into the nasal cavity - foramen sphenopalatinum, the passage of the corresponding nerve and vessels; 2) posterior superior - into the middle cranial fossa - foramen rotundum, through it the II branch enters the cranial cavity trigeminal nerve; 3) anterior - into the orbit - fissura orbitalis inferior, for nerves and blood vessels; 4) lower - into the oral cavity - canalis palatinus major, formed by the upper jaw and the eponymous groove of the palatine bone and representing a funnel-shaped narrowing downwards of the pterygo-palatine fossa, from which the palatine nerves and vessels pass through the canal; 5) posterior - to the base of the skull - canalis pterygoideus, due to the course of the autonomic nerves (n. canalis pterygoidei)

Newborn skull

The ratio of the size of the parts of the skull of a newborn with the length and weight of his body is different than in an adult. The skull of the child is much larger, and the bones of the skull are fragmented. The spaces between the bones are filled with layers connective tissue or unossified cartilage. brain skull significantly predominates in size over the front. If in an adult the ratio of the volume of the facial skull to the brain is approximately 1: 2, then in a newborn this ratio is 1: 8.

Home distinctive feature the skull of a newborn is the presence of fontanelles. Fontanelles are non-ossified areas of the membranous skull (desmocranium), which are located in the places where future sutures are formed.

In the early stages of fetal development, the skull roof is a membranous formation that covers the brain. On the 2-3rd month, bypassing the stage of cartilage, bone nuclei are formed, which subsequently merge with each other and form bone plates, that is, the bone base of the bones of the skull roof. By the time of birth between the formed bones, areas of narrow bands and wider spaces - fontanelles - remain. It is thanks to these areas of the membranous skull, capable of sinking and protruding, that a significant displacement of the skull bones themselves occurs, which makes it possible for the fetal head to pass through the narrow places of the birth canal.

The anterior, or large, fontanel (fonticulus anterior) is rhombus-shaped and is located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones. It completely ossifies by 2 years. The posterior, or small, fontanel (fonticulus posterior) is located between the occipital and parietal bones. It ossifies already on the 2-3rd month after birth. The wedge-shaped fontanel (fonticulus sphenoidalis)) is paired, located in the anterior part of the lateral surfaces of the skull, between the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones. It ossifies almost immediately after birth. The mastoid fontanel (fonticulus mastoideus) is paired, located posterior to the sphenoid, at the junction of the occipital, parietal and temporal bones. Ossifies at the same time as the wedge-shaped.

Fossa Temporalis:

Limited: from above - linea temporalis inferior;

bottom - crista infratemporalis;

front - arcus jugomaticus;

Walls: medial - lower part of the parietal bone (angulus schenoidalis), temporal surface of the scales. parts of the temporal bone, ala major ossis schenoidalis.

anterior - os zygomaticum.

· Holes: f. zygomaticotemporale (anterior wall).

· Accomplished: m. temporalis, fascia, fat, vessels, nerves.

· Fossa Infratemporalis:

Walls: upper - the surface of a large wing;

anterior - posterior part of tuber maxillae;

medial - lamina lateralis processus pterygoideus.

outside and below - no, but from the side of ramus mandibulae.

Between the anterior and medial walls of the foramen:

fissura pterygomaxillaris - fossa pterygopalatina;

fissura orbitalis inferior - the cavity of the orbits.

Completed by: m.temporalis, m. schenoidalis lateralis, vessels, nerves.

Fossa pterygopalatina - pterygopalatine fossa, located between the upper jaw in front (anterior wall) and the pterygoid process behind (

back wall). Its medial wall is the vertical plate of the palatine bone, which separates the pterygopalatine fossa from the nasal cavity.

5 holes open into the pterygopalatine fossa leading to:

1) medial - into the nasal cavity - foramen sphenopalatinum, the place of passage of the corresponding nerve and vessels;

2) posterior superior - into the middle cranial fossa - foramen rotudum, through it the second branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the cranial cavity;

3) anterior - into the orbit - fissura orbitalis inferior, for nerves and blood vessels;

4) lower - into the oral cavity - canalis palatinus major, formed by the upper jaw and the eponymous groove of the palatine bone and representing a funnel-shaped narrowing downwards of the pterygo-palatine fossa, from which the palatine nerves and vessels pass through the canal;

5) posterior - to the base of the skull - canalis pterygoideus, due to the course of the autonomic nerves (n. canalis pterygoidei), when looking at the skull from above (norma verticalis), the cranial vault and its sutures are visible: sagittal suture, sutura sagitalis, between the medial edges of the parietal bones; the coronal suture, sutura coronalis, between the frontal and parietal bones, and the lambdoid suture, sutura lambdoidea (similar to the Greek letter "lambda"), between the parietal bones and the occipital.

1.27. The structure of the joint: three components, biomechanics of the joint, classification.

The joint is a discontinuous, cavitary, movable connection, or articulation, articulatio synovialis. In each joint, the articular surfaces of the articulating bones, the articular capsule surrounding the articular ends of the bones in the form of a clutch, and the articular cavity located inside the capsule between the bones are distinguished.

1. joint surfaces, facies articulares, covered with sous

tavny cartilage, cartilage articularis, hyaline, less often fibrous, 0.2-0.5 mm thick. Due to constant friction, the articular cartilage acquires a smoothness that facilitates the sliding of the articular surfaces, and due to the elasticity of the cartilage, it softens shocks and serves as a buffer. Articular surfaces usually more or less correspond to each other (congruent). So, if the articular surface of one bone is convex (the so-called articular head), then the surface of the other bone is correspondingly concave (articular cavity).

2. Joint capsule, capsula articularis, surrounding the hermetically articular cavity, adheres to the articulating bones along the edge of their articular surfaces or slightly retreating from them. It consists of an outer fibrous membrane membrana fibrosa, and internal synovial membrana synovialis. The synovial membrane is covered on the side facing the articular cavity with a layer of endothelial cells, as a result of which it has a smooth and shiny appearance. It secretes into the joint cavity a sticky transparent synovial fluid - synovia, synovia, the presence of which reduces the friction of the articular surfaces. The synovial membrane ends at the edges of the articular cartilage. It often forms small extensions called synovial villi, villi synoviales. In addition, in some places it forms synovial folds, sometimes larger, sometimes smaller, plicae synoviales, moving into the joint cavity. Sometimes synovial folds contain a significant amount of fat growing into them from the outside, then the so-called fat folds are obtained, plicae adiposae, an example of which are the plicae alares of the knee joint.

Sometimes in the thinned places of the capsule, bag-like protrusions or eversion of the synovial membrane are formed - synovial bags, bursae synoviales, located around the tendons or under the muscles lying near the joint. Being filled with synovium, these synovial bags reduce the friction of the tendons and muscles during movement.

3. Articular cavity, cavitas articularis, represents a hermetically closed slit-like space, limited by the articular surfaces and the synovial membrane. Normally, it is not a free post, but filled with synovial fluid, which moisturizes and appeals to the articular surfaces, reducing friction between them. In addition, synovia plays a role in fluid exchange and in strengthening the joint due to the adhesion of surfaces. It also serves as a buffer that softens the pressure and shocks of the articular surfaces, since the movement in the joints is not only sliding, but also the divergence of the articular surfaces.

Between the articular surfaces there is a negative pressure (less than atmospheric pressure). Therefore, their divergence is prevented by atmospheric pressure.

If the joint capsule is damaged, air enters the joint cavity, as a result of which the articular surfaces immediately diverge. Under normal conditions, the divergence of the articular surfaces, in addition to negative pressure in the cavity, is also prevented by ligaments (intra- and extra-articular) and muscles with sesamoid bones embedded in the thickness of their tendons. Ligaments and tendons of the muscles make up the auxiliary strengthening apparatus of the joint. In a number of joints there are additional devices that complement the articular surfaces - intra-articular cartilage; they consist of fibrous cartilage tissue and look like either solid cartilaginous plates - disks, disci articularis, or discontinuous, crescent-shaped formations and therefore called menisci, menisci articulares, or in the form of cartilaginous rims, labra articuldia.

All these intra-articular cartilages fuse along their circumference with the articular capsule. They arise as a result of new functional requirements as a response to the complication and increase in static and dynamic loads. They develop from the cartilage of the primary continuous joints and combine strength and elasticity, resisting shock and facilitating movement in the joints.

1.28. The connection of the bones of the skull: types of seams. Temporomandibular joint: structure, classification, muscles acting on this joint, types of movement.

The connections between the bones of the skull are mainly syndesmoses: sutures on the skulls of adults and interosseous membranes (fontanelles) on the skulls of newborns, which reflects the development of the bones of the cranial vault on the soil of the connective tissue and is associated with its primary protective function. Almost all bones of the skull roof, with the exception of the scales of the temporal bone, are connected using a serrated suture, sutura serrdta. The scales of the temporal bone are connected to the squamous edge of the parietal bone through a scaly suture, sutura squamosa. The bones of the face are adjacent to each other with relatively even edges, sutura plana. The sutures are named after two bones that connect to each other, for example, sutura sphenofrontalis, sphenoparietalis, etc. On the base of the skull there are synchondrosis from fibrous cartilage located in the cracks between the bones: synchondrosis petrooccipitalis, between the pyramid of the temporal bone and the pars basilaris of the occipital bone, then synchondrosis sphenopetrosa at the site of fissure sphenopetrosa, synchondrosis sphenoethmoidalis at the junction of the sphenoid bone with the ethmoid. AT meet at a young age Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis between the body of the sphenoid bone and the pars basilaris of the occipital and synchondrosis between the four parts of the occipital bone. Synchondrosis of the base of the skull is the remains of cartilaginous tissue, on the soil of which the bones of the base develop, which is associated with its function of support, protection and movement. In addition to permanent sutures and synchondroses, some people also have additional, non-permanent, in particular frontal, or methodical, suture, sutura frontalis, metopica- 9.3%, with nonunion of both halves of the scales of the frontal bone.

In the sutures, unstable bones of the skull are observed: the bones of the fontanelles, t fontieulorum and suture bones, ossa suturalia. The only diarthrosis on the skull is the paired temporomandibular joint, which connects the lower jaw to the base of the skull.

The temporomandibular joint, articulacio temporomandibularis, is formed by the caput mandibulae and fossa mandibularis of the temporal bone. The articulating surfaces are complemented by intra-articular fibrous cartilage lying between them, discus articularis, which, with its edges, fuses with the joint capsule and divides the articular cavity into two separate sections. The articular capsule is attached along the edge of the fossa mandibularis to the fissura petrotympanica, enclosing the tuberculum articulare, and below it covers the collum mandibulae. There are 3 ligaments near the temporomandibular joint, of which only lig. laterale, running on the lateral side of the joint from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone obliquely back to the neck of the condylar process of the lower jaw. It inhibits the movement of the articular head backwards. The other two links (lig. sphenomandibulare et lig. stylomandibulare) lie at a distance from the joint and are not ligaments, but artificially allocated sections of the fascia, forming, as it were, a loop that contributes to the suspension of the lower jaw.

Both temporomandibular joints function simultaneously, therefore they represent one combined articulation. The temporomandibular joint belongs to the condylar joints, but thanks to the intraarticular disc, movements in three directions are possible in it. The movements that the lower jaw makes are as follows: 1) lowering and raising the lower jaw with simultaneous opening and closing of the mouth; 2) moving it forward and backward, and 3) lateral movements (rotation of the lower jaw to the right and left, as happens when chewing). The first of these movements takes place in the lower part of the joint, between the discus articularis and the head of the mandible.

Movements of the second kind occur in the upper part of the joint. With lateral movements (third kind), the head of the lower jaw, together with the disc, leaves the articular fossa to the tubercle only on one side, while the head of the other side remains in the articular cavity and rotates around the vertical axis.

Small circular movements in 3 planes are possible.

Muscles: m. masseter, m. temporalis, m. pterygoideus medialis, m. pterygoideus lateralis.

Pterygopalatine fossa, pterygopalatine fossa(Latin fossa pterygopalatina) - a slit-like space in the lateral parts of the skull. It is located in the infratemporal region, communicates with the middle cranial fossa, orbit, nasal cavity, oral cavity and external base of the skull. The boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa are:

anterior border: superomedial parts of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla;

posterior border: pterygoid process and part of the anterior surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone;

medial border: the outer surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;

lateral border: pterygo-maxillary fissure;

lower border: part of the bottom of the fossa is formed by the pyramidal process of the palatine bone.

The pterygopalatine fossa contains: 1) pterygopalatine node, formed by branches of the maxillary nerve; 2) the terminal third of the maxillary artery; 3) maxillary nerve (second branch of the trigeminal nerve) with pterygoid nerve (continued facial nerve)

Infratemporal fossa(lat. fossa infratemporalis) - a depression in the lateral parts of the skull, located outward from the pterygopalatine fossa. The infratemporal fossa has no lower bony wall.

Borders of the infratemporal fossa:

Anterior border: infratemporal surface of the body of the upper jaw and zygomatic bone;

upper border: wing of the sphenoid bone and scales of the temporal bone;

medial border: the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the lateral wall of the pharynx;

lateral border: zygomatic arch and mandibular ramus

The infratemporal fossa contains: 1) lower segment of the temporal muscle and pterygoid muscles; 2) maxillary, middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, deep temporal, buccal arteries and pterygoid venous plexus; 3) mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves, string tympani and ear ganglion; 4) On the upper wall of the infratemporal fossa, the oval and spinous openings open; alveolar canals open on the anterior wall. 5) On the upper and medial walls there are two slots: a horizontally directed lower orbital fissure and a vertically oriented pterygomaxillary fissure. 6) In the anteromedial sections, the infratemporal fossa passes into the pterygopalatine fossa.

temporal fossa(fossa temporalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull. It is bounded from above by the lower temporal line, in front by the zygomatic bone, from below by the infratemporal crest and the lower edge of the zygomatic arch. The temporal fossa is filled with the muscle of the same name.

- medial wall: squamous part of the temporal bone, parietal bone, temporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, temporal surface of the frontal bone

- Front wall: temporal surface of the zygomatic bone.

- The upper border of the fossa temporal line;

- Bottom line - infratemporal crest

Infratemporal fossa. It has three walls: anterior, medial and superior

Anterior wall: tubercle of the maxilla

Medial wall: lateral plate of pterygoid process

Upper wall: squamous part of the temporal bone, infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone;

- Pterygomaxillary fissure connects the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa

- Inferior orbital fissure connects the infratemporal fossa with the orbit

Pterygopalatine fossa. Has three walls: anterior, posterior and medial

- Front wall: tubercle of the maxilla

- Back wall: maxillary surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, pterygoid process;

- medial wall: perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;

- Top wall: body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone

- Openings and canals opening into the pterygopalatine fossa:

• Inferior orbital fissure: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit
• Great palatal canal: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the oral cavity
• Round hole: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the middle cranial fossa
• Pterygoid canal: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the region of the torn foramen
• Sphenopalatine foramen: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the nasal cavity

SKULL SHAPE INDICES

cranial index

This is the ratio of the transverse dimension between the parietal tubercles to the longitudinal dimension (from the glabella to the external occipital protrusion), expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- Dolichocephalic form– index less than 75% (elongated skull)

- Mesocephalic form– index from 75 to 80%;

- Brachycephalic form– index over 80% (short skull)

Altitude indicator

This is the ratio of the height of the skull (the distance from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum to the highest point of the sagittal suture) to the longitudinal dimension, expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- hypsicephalic form– index over 75% (high skull);

- orthocephalic form– index from 70 to 75% (average skull height);

- Platycephalic form– index less than 70% (low skull)

facial indicator

This is the ratio of the height of the face (the distance from the middle of the base of the lower jaw to the middle of the fronto-nasal suture) to the zygomatic width (the distance between the zygomatic arches), expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- Chameprosopic form: index from 78 to 84% (wide and low face)

- Leptoprosopic form: index over 89% (high and narrow face)

Facial angle

Characterizes the position of the facial skull in relation to the brain. It is formed at the intersection of the front line (drawn from the fronto-nasal suture to the middle of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw) and the line drawn from the lower edge of the orbit to the upper edge of the outer ear canal. According to the value of this angle, they distinguish:

- Opistognathism: angle greater than 90º. Posterior position of the mandible

- Orthognathism: angle from 80 to 90º. Correct standing

- Prognathism: angle less than 80º. Protrusion of the lower jaw

BONE WALLS OF THE MOUTH

Side walls: Alveolar process of the upper jaw, alveolar part of the lower jaw

Top wall- hard palate (palatine process of the upper jaw, horizontal plate of the palatine bone)

Holes: incisive foramen, foramen magnum, foramina minor

SKULL BUTTERS

These are bone thickenings, through which the force of chewing pressure is transmitted and distributed to the skull: There are buttresses of the upper jaw and buttresses of the lower jaw

1. Buttresses of the upper jaw:

- Fronto-nasal buttress. Passes through the alveolar eminence of the canine and the frontal process of the upper jaw. The right and left buttresses are reinforced with brow ridges. Balances the force of the pressure of the fangs;

- Alveolar-zygomatic buttress. Passes from the alveolar eminence of the 1st and 2nd molars through the zygomatic-alveolar crest to the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic bone redistributes pressure on the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, frontal bone, and maxilla. Balances the force of pressure on the molars

- Pterygopalatine buttress. Passes from the alveolar elevations of the 2nd and 3rd molars through the tubercle of the upper jaw to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;

- Palatal buttress. It is formed by the palatine processes of the upper jaws and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. Balances the force of chewing in the transverse direction

2. Buttresses of the lower jaw:

- Alveolar buttress. Goes up from the body of the mandible to the alveolar cells

- Ascending buttress. Passes from the body along the branch to the neck and head of the lower jaw

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What bones form the cranial vault?

2. What bones form the base of the skull?

3. Where is the border between the vault and the base of the skull?

4. What pits stand out on the inner surface of the base of the skull and how are they limited?

5. What openings open into the anterior cranial fossa?

6. What openings open into the middle cranial fossa?

7. What openings open into the posterior cranial fossa?

8. Eye socket: its walls, their formation, opening cracks and holes;

9. What forms the entrance to the nasal cavity and the exit from it?

10. What forms the walls of the nasal cavity?

11. What nasal passages are formed in the nasal cavity, where are they located and how are they limited?

12. What opens into each of the nasal passages?

13. What is the nasal septum formed by?

14. What is the temporal fossa limited by?

15. What is the infratemporal fossa limited by and what fissures and openings open into it?

16. Pterygopalatine fossa: its walls, fissures and openings, connection with other cavities of the skull;

17. Cranial indicator, its definition and forms of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

18. Altitude indicator, its definition and the shape of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

19. Facial indicator, its definition and forms of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

20. Facial angle, its definition and forms;

21. Bone walls of the oral cavity, their location and formation;

22. Buttresses of the skull, their definition, name and location

Lesson number 4

Topic: MUSCLES AND FASCIAS OF THE HEAD. CHECKING MUSCLES, THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE MOVEMENTS OF THE TEMPOROMANDIAN JOINT. MIMIC MUSCLES. BONE-FASCIAL AND INTERMUSCULAR SPACES OF THE HEAD (CRANIAL CAPITAL, TEMPORAL REGION, LATERAL FACE). THEIR CONTENT, MESSAGES

Repeat first:

1. Bones of the facial skull. Internal and external base of the skull
2. Skull as a whole: orbit, nasal cavity, temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossa
3. Temporomandibular joint. Chewing muscles. Muscles and fascia of the neck

CHECKING MUSCLES

- Temporal muscle: superficial, middle and deep layers;

- chewing muscle: superficial, intermediate and deep parts;

- medial pterygoid muscle;

- Lateral pterygoid muscle

FASCIA OF THE HEAD

Temporal fascia. Covers the temporalis muscle. It starts from the periosteum along the superior temporal line. Above the zygomatic arch splits into superficial and deep plates

Superficial plate: attached to the outer surface of the zygomatic arch

Deep plate: attached to the inner surface of the zygomatic arch

Chewing fascia. Covers the masticatory muscle and fuses tightly with it

Front - goes into the buccal-pharyngeal fascia;

Behind - grows together with the parotid capsule salivary gland;

Upper limit - zygomatic arch

Lower limit - angle and body of the lower jaw

Cheek-pharyngeal fascia. Covers the buccal muscle and continues to the lateral wall of the pharynx;

Pterygomandibular suture- compacted area of ​​the buccal-pharyngeal fascia, stretched between the hook of the pterygoid process and the branch of the lower jaw

MIMIC MUSCLES

Muscles of the skull

Cranial muscle: occipital and frontal belly, tendinous helmet (in structure it is an aponeurosis, covers the cranial vault, starts from the occipital belly and passes into the frontal belly of the muscle, is firmly fused with the skin and loosely with the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault)

Muscles of the eye

- Circular muscle of the eye: orbital, secular and lacrimal parts;

- Muscle wrinkling the eyebrow;

- Muscle that lowers the eyebrow;

- Muscle of the proud

Muscles of the nose

Nasal muscle, its transverse and alar parts:

Muscle that depresses the nasal septum

According to the material of the textbook and atlas, indicate the location, places of origin and attachment, the function of these muscles;

Muscles of the mouth

According to the material of the textbook and atlas, indicate the location, places of origin and attachment, the function of the following muscles:

Circular muscle of the mouth (marginal and labial parts); muscle that raises the upper lip; muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose; muscle that raises the corner of the mouth; large zygomatic muscle; small zygomatic muscle; muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; muscle that lowers the lower lip; chin muscle; laughter muscle, cheek muscle;

- Mouth corner knot: the place of convergence and plexus of the muscles of the perioral region. Lies laterally from the corner of the mouth. This is where the fibers intertwine. circular muscle mouth, buccal and large zygomatic muscles, muscles that raise and lower the corner of the mouth